AP Bio Unit 2 mutiple choice
how do you find solute potential
-iCRT
equation for surface area
6s^2
The following is an excerpt from a scientific paper written by Fagarasanu & Rachubinski. This physical compartmentalization of the cytoplasm permits the coexistence of a diverse range of chemical microenvironments, each precisely tailored for a defined set of biochemical reactions. Organelles constantly communicate with one another, which leads to the establishment of an effective and cooperative division of metabolic labor.Which of the following best explains how compartmentalization within a cell leads to a "cooperative division of metabolic labor?" Choose 1 answer:
A compartmentalized cell has internal membranes that minimize competing interactions within the cell.
Phenytoin is a prescription drug that is used to treat patients with epilepsy. A side effect of phenytoin is that it can be toxic to mitochondria. Which of the following processes will be most immediately disrupted by this side effect?
ATP Synthesis
An embedded membrane protein spans the entire cell membrane of a single cell.Which of the following must be true about the amino acids that make up the protein?
Amino acids with charged side groups are in contact with the phosphate region of the cell membrane.
Which of the following is true about the amino acids that make up a transmembrane protein? Choose 1 answer:
Amino acids with nonpolar side groups are in contact with the fatty acid region of the cell membrane.
Which of the following questions would best help identify a compartmentalized cell?
Are there membrane-bound organelles within the cell?
Which of the following best describes how high levels of cholesterol affect the cell membrane at certain temperatures?
At low temperatures, high amounts of cholesterol increase the fluidity of the cell membrane.
The sarcolemma, or muscle cell plasma membrane, helps maintain a concentration gradient of calcium ions Ca2 between a muscle cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. When a muscle cell receives a signal to contract, Ca2 moves down this gradient, passing from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm of the cell. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which Ca2 moves across the sarcolemma during muscle cell contraction?
Ca2 passes through membrane channel proteins.
The following is an excerpt from the press release announcing the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells by their more complex intracellular organization. In eukaryotes, specific cellular functions are compartmentalized into the cell nucleus and organelles surrounded by intracellular membranes. This compartmentalization vastly improves the efficiency of many cellular functions and prevents potentially dangerous molecules from roaming freely within the cell.Which of the following best explains how compartmentalization within a cell "improves the efficiency" of cellular processes?
Compartmentalization within a cell results in a high surface-area-to-volume ratio.
A damaged cell is unable to properly modify proteins after they are synthesized, which causes the proteins to misfold. Which of the following structures is most likely damaged in the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
In a study by Porcelli et al., researchers investigated the differences in pH between the intermembrane space (IMS) of the mitochondrion and the cytosol. The results of their investigation are shown in the graph below.Which of the following best explains why there is a difference in pH between the IMS and the cytosol?
Enzymatic reactions in the IMS require an environment that is more acidic than the cytosol.
Which of the following most accurately describes the movement of substances across the lipid region of the cell membrane?
Gases such as N2, O2, CO2 can freely dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane.
Several botanists are studying the effect of high temperature on chloroplast function in Arabidopsis thaliana, a species of flowering plant. The botanists find that extremely high temperatures damage the membrane of the chloroplasts. This causes the contents of the chloroplasts to leak into the cytosol, which makes them nonfunctional. Which of the following is a likely immediate consequence of this damage?
Glucose production in the cell will decrease.
Which of the following best explains how substances are transported across the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic amino acids move across the cell membrane through embedded transport proteins.
Which of the following describes how phospholipid regions are positioned in the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic phosphate regions are positioned toward aqueous environments.
Which of the following best describes how substances move across the cell membrane?
Ions move across the cell membrane through embedded channel proteins.
Which of the following best explains how modified proteins are transported within a compartmentalized cell?
Modified proteins are transported in vesicles that travel between membrane-bound organelles within the cell.
Which of the following best describes how vacuoles differ between plant cells and animal cells?
Plant cells typically have a single vacuole while animal cells have multiple vacuoles.
Which of the following statements is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA sequences.
Which of the following is true about the transportation of substances across the lipid region of the cell membrane?
Small nonpolar molecules can freely dissolve across the lipid region of the cell membrane.
what is the permeability of the cell wall?
Some substances pass across the cell wall because it is a semipermeable structural boundary.
Eukaryotic cells contain an intricate endomembrane system that includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi complex. The Golgi complex and rough ER are often near each other, which is essential for their roles in the endomembrane system. Which of the following most accurately explains why the Golgi complex is often near the rough ER?
The Golgi complex modifies and packages proteins that are produced in the rough ER.
Which of the following statements best describes the selective permeability of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane regulates the transport of specific substances into and out of the cell.
Which of the following best describes the permeability of the cell wall?
The cell wall is a semipermeable structural boundary that allows some substances to enter the internal environment.
A cytologist uses a microscope to compare a human hepatocyte and a human epithelial cell. She observes that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the hepatocyte is larger and contains more folds than the smooth ER of the epithelial cell. Which of the following is best supported by this observation?
The hepatocyte is able to synthesize lipids more efficiently than the epithelial cell
Which of the following best explains why enzymatic reactions within the lysosome are compartmentalized?
The hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome function best within an environment that differs from the cytosol.
Which of the following best describes how the internal environment of a lysosome compares to the environment of the cytosol?
The internal environment of a lysosome is more acidic than the cytosol
Wolman disease affects lysosomal function and results in the accumulation of lipids in the liver, spleen, intestines, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes. Which of the following best explains why excess lipids accumulate in individuals with Wolman disease?
The lysosomes contain an insufficient amount of lipid-digesting enzymes
Leigh syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the central nervous system. Most individuals with Leigh syndrome have mitochondria that cannot meet the energy demands of the cell. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of Leigh syndrome on affected mitochondria?
The mitochondria cannot produce sufficient ATP to power normal cellular processes.
Which of the following statements best explains how the cell membrane is selectively permeable? Choose 1 answer:
The movement of specific substances into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell membrane.
A student uses a microscope to compare a human skeletal muscle cell and a human epithelial cell. The student observes that the muscle cell has more mitochondria than the epithelial cell. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this observation?
The muscle cell requires more ATP than the epithelial cell
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells. It is composed of two parts: the smooth ER and the rough ER. What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
The rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, but the smooth ER does not.
An unknown cell is determined to contain a nucleus, a cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. What is true about the unknown cell ?
The unknown cell can perform photosynthesis.
what is the function of the structures around the rough er?
They translate mRNA into amino acid sequences.
A neuron stimulates muscle contraction by sending signals across the neuromuscular junction, or the point of contact between a neuron and a muscle cell. The signaling process begins when membrane-bound structures inside the neuron fuse with the cell membrane, releasing signaling molecules into the neuromuscular junction. These molecules then diffuse through the junction and binds to receptors on the surface of the muscle cell, leading to muscle contraction. Botulism is a rare illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This toxin, called botulinum toxin, inhibits the process by which signaling molecules are released from neurons at the neuromuscular junction. This disrupts the neuron-muscle cell signaling pathway, resulting in temporary paralysis. Based on the information above, which of the following cell processes does botulinum toxin most likely inhibit?
Vesicle fusion during exocytosis
Root hairs are tubular outgrowths of root epidermal cells in plants. These outgrowths help plants absorb water and nutrients by increasing root surface area. Root hairs form when membrane-bound structures inside root epidermal cells carry macromolecules to one side of the cell. There, the structures fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell. The released macromolecules are then incorporated into the elongating cell wall of the root epidermal cell, which allows the root hair to continue growing. A group of scientists discovered a plant that had no root hairs. The scientists determined that this phenotype was due to a genetic mutation that inhibited the process by which root hair growth takes place. This mutation was located in the rth1 gene. Based on the information above, which of the following cell processes did the rth1 mutation most likely inhibit in the plant with no root hairs?
Vesicle fusion during exocytosis
Which of the following best describes how organelles within the endomembrane system function together to transport proteins?
Vesicles bud off from one organelle and then fuse with others to transport proteins through the endomembrane system.
how does the central vacuole helps support the structure of a plant cell?
When the central vacuole is full of water, it applies pressure to the cell wall and maintains the shape of the cell
A lack of water can cause plant cells to become flaccid. This gives the plant a wilted appearance as shown in the figure below. Which of the following cell structures is most likely responsible for the plant's wilted appearance?
central vacuole
Chlorophyll a is a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and gives plants their green color. Which of the following plant cell structures is most likely to contain chlorophyll a?
chloroplasts
A cell is treated with a toxin that prevents the synthesis of new lysosomes. However, the cell continues to produce the hydrolytic enzymes normally found in lysosomes. In which of the following structures are the hydrolytic enzymes most likely to accumulate?
golgi complex
Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that causes certain lipids known as gangliosides to accumulate in the neurons of the brain and spinal cord. As the gangliosides build up, neurons rapidly degenerate. which cell structures is most likely associated with the accumulation of gangliosides?
lysosomes
equation for volume
s^3
how to find water potential
solute potential + pressure potential
