ap biology final
The PH scale is a range between ______ and measures______-
0-14, H+
A fish pop of 250 in a pond has a maximum annual rate of increase of 0.8. If the carrying capacity of the pond is 1,500 for this species, what is the expected population size after one year?
417
A net movement of water into the beaker occurs in which of the following dialysis tubes?
6
A researcher claims that the synthesis of Atp to adp and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?
ATP hydrolysis is an energy releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?
Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules
In vascular plants, water flows from root to leaf via specialized cells called xylem. Xylem cells are hollow cells stacked together like a straw. A student explains that evaporation of water from the leaf pulls water up from the roots through the xylem, as shown to the right. Which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below.
Which of the following is an example of a density-independent limitation on a population
At higher temperatures, more tomato plants in a population become infested with nematodes than at lower temperatures
A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of
Carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes an alternative hypothesis, stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functioning aquaporins are both placed in distilled water. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?
Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?
DNA
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
Depends on a concentration gradient
Which of the following statements correctly describes a typical trend during the initial stages of succession in a terrestrial ecosystem?
Diversity of plant species increases
Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of plant with blue or pink flowers. Flower color in Hydrangea macrophylla plants is thought to be determined primarily by soil conditions rather than by inherited differences. Which of the following will provide the most direct evidence that flower color in Hydrangea macrophylla is due primarily to soil conditions?
Growing cuttings from the same Hydrangea macrophylla plant under controlled conditions that vary only with regard to soil pH
The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?
H+ ions will stop moving through the protein
Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One process is shown below. Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown above?
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through hydrolysis
The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?
It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?
K+ transport into the cell requires ATP
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion/breakdown of macromolecules?
Lysosome
Changing the shape of morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of the mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?
Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease
______________ is used to build proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is used to build __________ and certain ______________________
Nitrogen, Nucleic acids and Lipids
Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acids to the left? (DNA vs. RNA)
Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.
Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey?
Numbers of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey
Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?
Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency
The molecular structure of linoleic acid and palmitic acid, two naturally occurring substances, are shown above. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?
Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited
Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Which of the following large biological molecules will self-assemble into a bilayer when mixed with water?
Phospholipids
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
Polar covalent bonds
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Protein
Using the diagram to the right, which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?
Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules
Which of the following is a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make a protein?
Some amino acids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
IV solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient
The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood
The figure to the right represents a common process that occurs in organisms. Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in the figure?
The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
Mosquitoes are frequently a target of insect control strategies because of their ability to spread disease. One strategy is to introduce guppies, a type of freshwater fish, into areas where mosquitoes are a problem. Guppies can consume large numbers of mosquito larvae, which cuts down on the number of mosquitoes living to adulthood. Researchers assessing the effectiveness of the guppy solution are concerned that the introduction of guppies might cause more problems than it is fixing. Guppies are hardy, tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions, and fast-reproducing. Which of the following predicts the most likely ecological problem that would occur if guppies are introduced into new areas to control the mosquito population.
The guppies might have no natural predators, which will result in a dramatic increase in the guppy population and an increase in competition for other native species
The figure to the right represents a nucleic acid fragment that is made up of four nucleotides linked together in a chain. Which of the following characteristics of the figure best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?
The identity of each nitrogen base
Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?
The interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of a protein
Using the above figure of water and its interactions with ammonia, which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?
The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge
Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researcher's claim?
The organelle has a double membrane
The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?
The organism does not have nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material
Meerkats live together in groups to help raise and protect their offspring. Meerkat pups are most vulnerable when they are away from their burrow foraging for food. Adult meerkats exhibit sentinel behavior, standing upright and making alarm calls to warn other members in the group that predators are nearby.In a study of meerkat behaviors, scientists observed meerkat foraging groups and recorded the presence or absence of pups along with the frequency of adult sentinel behavior. The scientists determined that sentinel behavior increased when pups were present in the foraging group.Which of the following correctly identifies the dependent and independent variables in the described study?
The presence of pups is the independent variable, and the frequency of the sentinel behavior is the dependent variable
The primary function of the kidney is to exchange molecules across a membrane between the blood and urine. One type of kidney cell has a basic rectangular shape, except for a single surface, which is lined with tiny, finger-like projections that extend into the surrounding extracellular space. Which of the following best explains the advantage these projections provide the cell?
The projections increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange with the environment
The figure shows the population fluctuations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the eastern Pacific Ocean over the course of six years. The major dip in phytoplankton was attributed to a lack of nutrients for phytoplankton. Of the following, which explains why the zooplankton also dipped during the same year and then seemed to cycle over the next three years?
The reduction in the phytoplankton population meant that the zooplanton's energy source was drastically reduced, leading to the decrease in the zooplankton population size. After the dip, the phytoplankton provided a steady energy source, and the zooplankton population fluctuated around its carrying capacity
Which of the following best explains the observations represented in figure 1 (cell in pond water) (cell in sugar solution) (cell in distilled water) There was no net movement of water outside the cell
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water
High concentrations of cadmium in the water negatively affect steelhead trout. In a river community, steelhead trout are part of the trophic structure. Which of the following is the most likely immediate effect of an increase in runoff containing cadmium on the trophic structure of the river community?
There will be a large decrease in the trout population, resulting in an increase in damselfly nymphs.
Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?
They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures.
Wolves, once a native to Yellowstone National Park, were hunted to the point of complete extinction in the park. As a result, the elk population in the park flourished, putting extra demands on the carrying capacity of the park. Many other species, such as certain trees and beavers, were negatively affected by the increase in elk. Years later, wolves were reintroduced into the park. While the elk population decreased after the wolves returned, the beaver and songbird populations began to increase as did the populations of various plant species. Which of the following best explains how wolves are a keystone species in this ecosystem?
Wolves help balance the population sizes of other species, allowing more species to thrive in the wolves presence than in their absence.
All of the following are density-dependent factors that limit animal populations EXCEPT...
weather
