AP Biology Midterm

Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?

The identity of each nitrogenous base

Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?

The interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein.

Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?

The organelle has a double membrane.

Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?

View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells

The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct?

Water

Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?

Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation on how an antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria can be developed?

Which chemical compounds block the 3′ end of a growing RNA strand? Which proteins are used to undergo cell division through binary fission?

Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1 ?

A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2O

Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?

Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.

Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

BUNCHED UP DIAGRAM

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

B

Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi Apparatus

The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

H (first part) H-N (other one) H-N H

Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein

Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?

Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum

Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in Figure 1?

It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.

Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?

It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein.

All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT

Nuclear Envelope

Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2 ?

Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.

Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.

The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ?

Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three.

Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome?

Single-stranded DNA

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?

The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood.

Which of the following best describes the effect of a greater number of cysteine amino acids on the stability of the proteins?

The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1 ?

The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction

During an investigation, researchers discover a new toxin that enters a cell after binding to a carbohydrate on the cell membrane.

The toxin attaches to specific monosaccharides on the cell membrane

Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?

They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures.

Which of the following best predicts how the free guanine nucleotide will attach to the dinucleotide?

Through dehydration synthesis, the guanine nucleotide will form a covalent bond at the 3′ hydroxyl (-OH-OH) of the cytosine nucleotide.

Used to carry the genetic code

nucleic acids

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

plasma membrane