AP Biology midterm

Which of the following statements correctly describes a ribosome

It is an RNA with catalytic activity.

Cells are

classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic

The complexity and variety in organic molecules is due to

chemical versatility of carbon atoms

Which polysaccharide is an important component in a structure of many animals and fungi

chitin

What would be the best method to observe and measure the size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell

transmission electron microscope

A(n) ________ has charge but negligible mass, whereas a(n) ________ has mass but no charge

electrons, neutrons

True or false bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are nonpolar covalent bonds

true

True or false starch is composed of branched amylopectin and unbranched amylose

true

True or false the domains of life bacteria and archaea are classified as prokaryotes

true

True or false the left to right order of elements on the periodic table increase by atomic number

true

True or false the organelle that is primary site of atp synthesis in eukaryotic cells is the mitochondria

true

Phosphorylation Cascade

- A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages.

Know which 4 of the 25 elements that make up 96% of living matter

- Carbon - Oxygen - Hydrogen - Nitrogen (HONC)

difference between geometric isotopes, geometric isomers, enantiomers and structural isomers

- Geometric isotopes- the generation of noticeable H bond geometry changes which would exert internal pressure on the global H-bonded networks and cause new phases in crystals and, therefore, regulate their properties and functions. - Geometric isomers are two or more coordination compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms, and bonds (i.e., the connectivity between atoms is the same), but which have different spatial arrangements of the atoms. - Enantiomers or optical isomers are chiral molecules which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. - A structural isomer, also known as a constitutional isomer, is one in which two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures.

Difference between glucose and fructose

- Glucose is sourced by breaking down disaccharides or polysaccharides, which are larger sugar molecules. - Fructose is found in its simplest form in fruits and some vegetables like beets, corn and potatoes. - Both are carbohydrates

how to determine is if a molecule is hydrophobic, hydrophilic; by looking at structures which can be linked together to form a nucleotide.

- If all the bonds in a molecule are nonpolar, then the molecule itself is nonpolar. Some examples of nonpolar covalent bonds are C-C and C-H bonds. 2. Even if a molecule has polar covalent bonds, if these bonds are arranged symmetrically, the molecule overall will be hydrophobic. - A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamically favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents. They are typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding.

function of the plasma membrane

- The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell. And that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell.

how to determine by looking at a DNA strand how may purines and pyrimidines can be found, and which would be larger

- The pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine are smaller structures with a single ring, while the purines, adenine and guanine, are larger and have a two-ring structure. E. The purines, adenine and cytosine, are large with two rings, while the pyrimidines, thymine and uracil, are small with one ring.

microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate structures

- microtubule network is recognized for its role in regulating cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes. - Microfilaments - protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton - functions include cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, cell motility, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility, and mechanical stability.

How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has a formula of C2H4

2

In an ethane C2H6 molecule each carbon atom is bonded to ____ hydrogen atoms

3

A tripeptide has 4 amino acids and 3 peptide bonds

3 amino acids and 2 peptide bonds

structure of glycerol

3 carbons down the middle, 3 OH's on the right joining to each carbon and 5 hydrogens joing on the left, top and bottom of the carbons

What strand of DNA molecule sequence of bases 5- ATTGCA- 3mRNA synthesize the following template would be

3UAACGU5

How many electrons does on atoms of carbon share to complete its valence shell

4

An ion of 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and a charge of 2+ has an atomic number of

5

The relation between amino acids and polypeptide is similar to the relationship between

A nucleotide and nucleic acid

The molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration is

C18H32016

A decrease in entropy is associated with which type of reaction

Dehydration

Which of the following molecular structures contain codons

mRNA

Which of the following processes occur during transcription

RNA is synthesized

Calvin Cycle Diagram

The Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. ... Energy to fuel chemical reactions in this sugar-generating process is provided by ATP and NADPH, chemical compounds which contain the energy plants have captured from sunlight

All the organisms on your campus makeup

a community

Each bond in carbon dioxide represents

a pair of shared electrons

What is the name of thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction

activation energy

Atoms have no electric charge because they have

an equal number of protons and electrons

Which of the following statements is an important consequence to the first law of thermodynamics for a living organism

an organism obtains all the necessary energy for life from its environment.

The element present in all organic molecules is

carbon

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages

cellulose

Which of the following is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not.

Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________.

exergonic is to endergonic

True or False Thylakoids, DNA, and Ribosomes are all components found in the mitochondria

false

True or false 6 is the maximum number of covalent bonds that an oxygen atom with the atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen

false

True or false Chloroplasts are common to plant and animals cells

false

Characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring _____ are the units of inheritance

genes

Which of the following is not a polymer

glucose

Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted

golgi apparatus

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the sight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

hydrogen bond

Which of the following bonds are broken when water evaporates

hydrogen bonds

What is the purpose of using malonic acid in this experiment

it is a competitive inhibitor

The three categories of cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each has a role, which of the following is correct a match

microtubules and chromosome movement

Carbon 14 has the same

number of protons, but more neutrons than carbon 12

True or False carbon can form both polar and nonpolar bonds

true

Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely

positively charged

True or false In bacteria DNA will be found in the nucleoid

true

Which of the following macromolecules enters the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane

ribosomal proteins

Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells

ribosomes

Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell

rough er -> golgi -> transport vesicle -> plasma membrane

True or false Phospholipids and triglycerides both have glycerol backbone

true

What is the structural difference between starch and glycogen

the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that

the element is required in very small amounts

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules

the polar heads interact with water and the nonpolar tails do not.

The difference between an aldose sugar and a keto sugar is

the position of the carbonyl group

What makes lipids/fats hydrophobic

the presence of relatively nonpolar CH bonds

Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size

the ratio of surface area to volume

Which of the following characteristics is directly related to the coding of a single amino acid during the process of translation?

the three-base sequence of mRNA

Anabolic reaction would decrease the entropy within a cell, true or false

true

Which of the followings a major difference between RNA and DNA

type of sugar