AP BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM

all of the following are required for natural selection to create evolutionary change in a population except: A. variation in size or health of genetically identical individuals that is caused by environmental factors. B. genetic variation exists in a population C. individuals that have superior traits produce more offspring than less fit individuals D. genes that produce superior traits are passed to offspring

A

although the seal and the penguin both have streamlines, fish-like bodies with a layer of insulating fat, they arent closely related. this similarity results from A. convergent evolution B. adaptive radiation C. homologous evolution D. coevolution E. analogous evolution

A

greatest diversity of species A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. arctic tundra D. temperate grassland E. desert

A

how does artificial selection produce rapid changes in the phenotype of organisms? A. by changing the frequency of alleles and selecting for new combinations of traits B. by stimulating the species to increase the production of new mutations C. by changing the number of chromosomes D. by selecting only dominant genotypes E. by allowing individuals with all genetic combinations to survive and reproduce equally

A

if a population that contains 16% homozygous recessive individuals(blue eyes)and 84% individuals with brown eyes (homozygous dominant and heterozygotes), what is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population? A. 0.6 B. 0.4 C. 0.32 D. 0.64 E. 0.8

A

all of the following are density-dependent factors that limit animal populations EXCEPT A. weather B. predation C. birthrate D. food competition E. mortality

A

in certain species crosses, such as that between the horse and the donkey, offspring are produced but usually sterile. the most common explanation of this result is that A. the chromosomes of the two species differ too much to pair properly in meiosis B. the two species differ too much in behavior to be able to mate successfully C. embryological development in the two species are incompatible D. hormonal differences between the two species prevent proper development of the sex gametes

A

some varieties of the bacteria, neisseria gonorrhoeae, are now resistant to penicillin, these varieties of bacteria most probably developed as a result of... A. selection B. hybrid vigor C. coevolution D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution

A

the banding patterns of viceroy butterflies is an example of: A. mimicry B. homology C. polymorphism D. mutualism E. commensalism

A

the establishment of a genetically unique population through genetic drift A. founder effect B. kin selection C. competitive exclusion D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution

A

the studies of changes between black and light color in populations of the peppered moth show that A. natural selection can quickly change allele frequencies and common phenotypes in a population B. species can always adapt to environmental changes C. predators prefer light colored moths D. dark colored moths are physiologically superior to light colored moths

A

which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells? A. mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA B. mitochondria and bacteria possess similar nuclei C. glycolysis occurs in both mitochondria and bacteria D. both mitochondria and bacteria have microtubules E. neither mitochondria nor bacteria possess chloroplasts

A

which of the following is a correct statement about mutations? A. they are a source of variation for evolution B. they drive evolution by creating mutation pressures C. theyre irreversible D. they occur in germ cells but not in somatic cells E. they are most often beneficial to the organissm in which they occur

A

which of the following is most often associated with the elaborate courtship rituals conducted by many birds? A. species recognition B. migration C. feeding responses D. altruism E. kin selection

A

A LARGE POPULATION OF LAB AANIMALS HAS BEEN ALLOWED TO BREED RANDOMLY FOR A NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. AFTER SEVERAL GENERATIONS, 49% OF THE ANIMALS DISPLAY A RECESSIVE TRAIT aa THE SAME PERCENTAGE AS AT THE BEGGINING OF THE BREEDING PROGRAM. THE REST OF THE ANIMALS SHOW THE DOMINANT PHENOTYPE, WITH HETEROZYGOTES INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANTS. what proportion of the population is probably heterozygous Aa for this trait? A. o.07 B. 0.42 C. 0.51 D. 0.09 E. 0.21

B

How does natural selection affect the frequency of mutations? A. under conditions of high selection pressure, beneficial mutations occur more frequently. B. natural selection doesnt affect the frequency of mutations C. all mutations increase when selection pressure is high D. when there is no selection pressure, mutations do not occur E. mutations occur less frequently when selection pressure is high

B

assuming that the population was in HWE for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962? A. 2% B. 4% C. 8% D. 20% E. 64%

B

assuming that the population was in HWE for the g locus, what was the frequency of allele g in the moths that emerged in 1980? A. 0.33 B. 0.50 C. 0.67 D. 0.75 E. 1.00

B

fossils of some intermediate forms have not been found because A. new types of organisms can appear suddenly without progressive changes determined by natural selection B. fossils are very rare; fossils of only a small fraction of species have been found C. all fossils are the same age D. species produced by punctuated equilibrium do not leave fossils E. the ages of many fossils are not calculated correctly

B

in a small group of people in kentucky, there is a high incidence of "blue skin", a condition that results from a variation in structure of the hemoglobin. all of the blue skinned residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. the unusually high frequency of blue skin is an example of A. mutation B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. sexual selection E. heterozygote advantage

B

in the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds is performed primarily by: A. fungi B. bacteria C. green plants D. herbivores E. carnivores

B

over ten inches of precipitation per year. long cold winters and short summers. dominant vegetation is gymnosperm A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. arctic tundra D. temperate grassland E. desert

B

the appearance of a fertile, polyploidy individual within a population of diploid organisms is a possible source of a new species. if this individual is capable of reproducing to form a new population. scientists would consider this to be an example of: A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation C. polygenic speciation D. genetic drift E. hardy weinberg equilibrium

B

the embryonic development of vertebrates provides evidence for evolution because A. each organism passes through the entire evolutionary history of its species as it develops from a fertilized egg to a full grown individual B. the more recently species have shared a common ancestor, the more similar their embryological development C. a small number of mutations can convert the embryo of one species into another species D. the dna sequences of embryos change as they develop

B

the genotype frequencies for the black hair locus are 25% homozygous dominant BB 71% heterozygous Bb and 4% homozygous recessive bb. this info shows that A. the dominant phenotype is less fit B. there may be a heterozygote advantage C. the recessive allele will disappear in a few generations D. the population isnt in HWE

B

the wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale, and the forelimb of a horse appear very different, yet detailed studies reveal the presence of the same basic bone pattern. these structures are examples of A. analogous structures B. homologous structures C. vestigial structures D. balanced polymorphism E. convergent evolution

B

A LARGE POPULATION OF LAB AANIMALS HAS BEEN ALLOWED TO BREED RANDOMLY FOR A NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. AFTER SEVERAL GENERATIONS, 49% OF THE ANIMALS DISPLAY A RECESSIVE TRAIT aa THE SAME PERCENTAGE AS AT THE BEGGINING OF THE BREEDING PROGRAM. THE REST OF THE ANIMALS SHOW THE DOMINANT PHENOTYPE, WITH HETEROZYGOTES INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANTS. what is the estimated frequency of allele a in the gene pool? A. 0.51 B. 0.49 C. 0.70 D. 0.30 E. 0.07

C

For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive allele: A. increases with each generation until it reaches 50% B. decreases each generation until it reaches 25% C. remains the same in every generation. D. decreases due to negative selection pressure on homozygous recessive individuals. E. increases due to the occurence of new mutations

C

IN A CERTAIN FLOCK OF SHEEP, 4% OF THE POPULATION HAS BLACK WOOL AND 96% HAS WHITE WOOL. ASSUME THE POPULATION IS IN HW EQUILIBRIUM if black wool is a recessive trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? A. 4% B. 20% C. 32% D. 64% E. 80%

C

IN A CERTAIN FLOCK OF SHEEP, 4% OF THE POPULATION HAS BLACK WOOL AND 96% HAS WHITE WOOL. ASSUME THE POPULATION IS IN HW EQUILIBRIUM what percentage of the population is homozygous for white wool? A. 20% B. 40% C. 64% D. 80% E. 96%

C

a species is defined as A. a population of organisms similar in size shape and color B. a group of organisms that live in the same habitat C. a population of organisms that are able to interbreed D. a population of organisms that have the same # of chromosomes E. a population of organismss with a common ancestor

C

all of the following are criteria for maintaining an HW equilibrium involving two alleles except A. gene flow from other populations must be zero B. there should be no natural selection C. the frequency of all genotypes must be equal D. matings must be random E. populations must be large

C

during the carbon cycle, which of the following carbon compounds would be utilized as an energy source by heterotrophs? A. calcium carbonate B. carbonic acid C. organic molecules D. carbon dioxide E. carbon monoxide

C

permafrost; temperatures range from approximately -50c to 25c. growing season of 60 days or less A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. arctic tundra D. temperate grassland E. desert

C

the bones of a human arm are homologous to structures in all of the following EXCEPT a A. whale flipper B. bat wing C. butterfly wing D. bird wing E. frog forelimb

C

which of the following is an example of convergent evolution A. similar amino acid sequences of hemoglobin in humans and chimps B. similar bones in the forelimbs of horses and bats C. similar body shape of dolphins and fish D. different beak shapes of galapogas finches E. similar plant species on islands and the nearest continent

C

less than ten inches of precipitation per year. extremes of hot and cold. large daily temp variations A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. arctic tundra D. temperate grassland E. desert

E

the condition in which there are barriers to successful interbreeding between individuals of different species in the same community is referred to as A. latent variations B. sterility C. structural differences D. geographic isolation E. reproductive isolation

E

the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups resulting from adaptation to similar environments A. founder effect B. kin selection C. competitive exclusion D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution

E

what is the only factor that can change allele frequencies in populations to produce adaptive evolutionary change? A. mutation B. gene flow (immigration) C. non-random mating D. genetic drift E. selection

E

which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophic levels in a food chain? A. most carnivores function at more than one trophic level B. trophic levels above this number contain too many individuals C. top carnivores are too few in the number to prey effectively D. the ecosystem contains too much biomass E. energy is lost from each trophic level

E

which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cant fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so? A. penguins live on land and feed in the water, therefore they have no need to fly B. the antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren, so there's no place to fly C. ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in water, so they passed their genes for shorter wing structure to their offspring D. ancestral penguins didnt use their wings for long periods of time, so todays penguins have tiny nonfunctional wings

C

which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the g allele between 1965 and 1972 A. emigration of white moths from the population B. chance C. selection against the gray phenotype D. speciation E. mutation

C

which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin's original theory of evolution by natural selection? A. Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over long periods of time. B. Variation occurs among individuals in a population. C. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. D. More individuals are born than will survive.

C

which of the following statements best describes the effect of a genetic drift on the gene frequencies of a population? A. genes enter a population through immigration, thus changing gene frequencies B. genes leave a population through emigration, tus changing gene frequencies C. chance alone can cause significant changes in gene frequencies of small populations D. Mutations over time cause gene frequencies to change

C

DNA sequences can be used to determine the evolutionary relationships of species because A. organisms with similar anatomy will develop similar dna sequences by convergent mutations B. dna sequences for proteins never change, so two species that have the same protein will have hte same dna sequences C. natural selection causes organisms that live in similar environmental conditions to have the same mutations in their dna sequences D. mutations occur randomly in dna at a steady rate, so the number of dna difference is equivalent to the time since a pair of species that shared a common ancestor

D

If a population is ini Hardy Weinberg equilibrium then: A. it is evolving to adapt to environmental changes B. the frequency of alleles is changing with each generation C. mutations, immigration, and selective mating are changing allele frequencies D. it is not evolving and allele frequencies remain the same with each generation E. Homozygous recessive individuals are less fit.

D

assuming that the population was in HWE for the g locus, what percentage of gray moths emerged in 1980 was heterozygous A. 0% B. 25% C. 33% D. 67% E. 100%

D

during which of the following periods could the population have been in HW E for the G locus? 1 1960-1964 2 1965-1972 3 1973-1980 A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 3 only E. 1, 2, and 3

D

genetic drift is increased by all of the following EXCEPT: A. small population size B. bottleneck effects when the population size is greatly reduced, then recovers C. founder effects when a small number of individuals are isolated and reproduce to form a new sub-population D. movement of individuals from one isolated population to another E. genetic isolation of a small groups within a population

D

in a HW population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. what is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype? A. 0.16 B. 0.20 C. 0.60 D. 0.48 E. cant tell from info provided

D

lack of water common in summer; seasonal temp variations; maintained by periodic fires A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. arctic tundra D. temperate grassland E. desert

D

sl millers classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds. all of the following gases were used in this experiment EXCEPT: A. hydrogen B. methane C. ammonia D. oxygen E. water vapor

D

the difference in cricket calls among sympatric species of crickets are examples of A.habitat isolation B. temporal isolation C. physiological isolation D. behavioral isolation E. geographical isolation

D

the different species of finches on the galapagos islands are believed to have arisen as a result of natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced A. convergent evolution B. gene flow C. the bottleneck effect D. geographic isolation E. hybrid sterility

D

the evolution of several species from a single species, each occupying a different niche A. founder effect B. kin selection C. competitive exclusion D. adaptive radiation E. convergent evolution

D

which of the following is true about secondary consumers in an ecosystem? A. they eat only plants B. they are eaten by primary consumers C. they are smaller and weaker than primary consumers D. they are fewer in number than primary consumers E. they contain the greatest total biomass

D

all of the following statements about characteristics of predator-prey relationships are true EXCEPT: A. a rise in the population of a prey is followed by a rise in the population of predators B. a rise in population of predators is followed by a decrease in prey C. camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey D. the production of large numbers of offspring within very short periods of time ensures the survival of some prey populations E. the population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey.

E

for some traits such as birth weight, natural selection favors individuals that are average and the extremes are selected against this is known as: A. diversifying selection B. directional selection C. adaptive radiation D. disruptive selection E. stabilizing selection

E

in a population that is in HW equilibrium, the frequency of a recessive allele for a certain hereditary trait is 0.20. what % of the individuals in the next generation would be expected to show the dominant trait? A. 8% B. 16% C. 32% D. 64% E. 96%

E

in certain native american groups, albinism due to a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway for melanin is sometimes seen. if the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.06, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (assume the population is in HW equilibrium) A. 0.04 B. 0.06 C. 0.16 D. 0.36 E. 0.94

E