AP ch 6 bones
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels by taking calcium from blood and putting into bone
fills epiphyses limes marrow cavity bony rods depressed by spaces no central canal
Spongy bone
osteons
Structures in bones that carry the blood supply
appositional growth
growth in width shaft
Layers of bone
periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, endosteum, marrow
bone tissue
protein fibers (collagen), cells, and minerals
bone marking
related to specific function
steps of endochondral ossification
1. chondrocytes die and solidify 2. bone formation at shaft 3. vessels invade cartilage 4. osteoclasts break down spongy bone 5. center of epiphysis calcifies
steps to bone repairing
1. fracture hematoma (bloodclot) 2. cells migrate to fracture (osteoblasts) 3. callus forms 4. spongy is replaced by compact 5. thick spot left at fracture site
End of a long bone, covered with cartilage spongy bone no osteons
Epiphysis
endochondral ossification
Process of transforming cartilage into bone.
In a long bone which end has concentric layers surrounding a central canal? (end or shaft)
Shaft- the layers are found in osteons which are only in the dense part of bone
transverse break
Straight across
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
what kind of cartilage does dense bone have
articulate
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
bone resporbtion
bone destruction
inactivity of bones result to:
bone mass loss
open fracture (compound fracture)
broke through skin
how can x rays be used to determine growth
by looking at the epiphyseal plate done growing= epiphyseal line, no cartialge not done= growth plate still there
most abundant mineral in bones
calcium
Chondrocytes
cartilage cells
what kind of tissue is bone
connective tissue
dense bone
covers all bone expect joints parallel arrangements of osteons which contain osteocytes
which resists stress: spongy or dense bone
dense - except side shaft
nondisplaced oblique fracture
diagonal
Parts of a long bone
diaphysis and epiphysis
During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone and which parts of the skeleton is it?
fibrous connective skull, jaw, clavicle
ossification
formation of new bone from cartilage
Green stick fracture
incomplete fracture
calcitrol
increases blood calcium levels by taking calcium from nutrients
PTH
increases blood calcium levels by taking calcium from the bone
Endosteum
lines the medullary cavity (spongy bone)
Does spongey bone contain osteons?
no
what is bone remodeling
old bone being replaced by new bone
closed fracture (simple)
only seen on x ray
what bone cells make new bone
osteoblasts
bone resorbing cells
osteoclasts
what are mature bone cells called?
osteocytes
Periosteum
outermost layer of bone, not covering joints
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone dense/compact osteons
intramembranous ossification includes what bones
skull, jaw and clavicle
parts of the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
displaced (oblique) fracture
snapped diagonally
what does vitamin D deficiency lead to
softening of bones kids- ricketts adults- osteomalacia
linear break
up and down
what is the immature form of bone mineral
vitamin D3