AP Chapter 3

Code of Hammurabi

set of laws that dealt with business practices, property ownership, medical practice, marrige, and childcare, the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, one of the earliest legal code known in its entirety. Hammurabi claimed the law code was inspired by Marduk, the chief god of Babylon, to "bring about the rule of righteousness in the land to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers, so the strong could not harm the weak." In some states, religion justified unequal power. The Code of Hammurabi undermined this way of thinking.

Hyksos

the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner") ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt from 1650 to 1535 B.C and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes, conquered Egypt for some time and introduced horse-drawn chariots and other tools. may have enslaved egyptians and treated women and children badly. A group of leaders and rebels created an army and pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt.

Historical Objectivity

A historian tries to make an interpretation with neutrality. Ways to approach world history: everything equal, duration, concentrate on change, population density, influence, consider the audience

Amazons

A kingdom on the western coast of Africa known for its powerful military and commercial empire in the 17th C. It's primary source of wealth was from selling prisoners of war as slaves to European slave traders for transport across the Atlantic to the New World. The military of the kingdom was made up of fierce female warriors.

Comparative History

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Moche

100-800 C.E. Irrigation and fishermen. Social and political structure dominate by shaman-rulers and on the bottom were prisoners. Elaborate ritual burials for elite warriors/rulers/priests, highly socially divided, celebrated the elite. , 1st Millenium, Northern Peru, in the Moche River Valley was a civilization known for the large Pyramid of the Moon, their advanced artisanship, and their sophisticated irrigation system.

Chavin

1000 B.C.E. - 200 B.C.E. religious movement, art and culture inspired by geographical location near rainforest and ocean, spread of Chavin religion paralled to trade routes linking mountains to coast. Change: religious cult integrated an economy and culture to mountains in Peru. , Lived in the Andeans. Had a cult with a mysterious but very popular South American Religion. Not centered around a river valley and had to acclimate to existing in a mountainous area with a narow, dry coastline on one side of the mountain range and a rain forest on the other side.

Maya Civilization

250-900 C.E. located in present day Guatemala and Yucatan. Intellectual societies. City-states, local land lords, regional kings with no central authority similar to the competeing states of Mesopotamia

Black Death

534-750 C.E. outbreaks of the bubonic plague. Ocurred in waves of disease. , the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Chaco Phenomenon

860-1130 C.E. Encompassed 25,000 square miles and linked some 70 outlying settlements to the main centers. Hundreds of miles of roads radiated out from Chaco. Accurately displayed the solar and lunar cycles, they were elite astronomers

Mound Builders/Cahokia

900-1250 C.E. Cahokia was the capital of the surrounding territory and held the largest population in North America. Cahokia was known for their trade routes and their connections with other civilizations, , Both Demonstrated how large settlements emerged after beginning to plant corn. Sharp class distinctions and high class.

rise of the state

A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership. Many civilizations had ideas that suggested that inequalities were normal and religion helped further this concept because kingship was associated with the sacred. Example: the Mesopotamian rulers were thought of as stewards of the gods.

trans-Saharan slave trade

A very small-scale trade with West African slaves captured in raids being exported across the Sahara for sale mostly as house hold servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade, The very earliest external slave trade. The introduction of camels made transporting a large number of slaves possible. Once captured, these slaves would travel across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert. Unlike other slave trades, most of the captives were servants/soldiers, and mostly female.

Srivijaya

Based on isle of Sumatra. Built powerful navy and controlled SE Asian waters. Compelled port cities to recognize authority. Maintained all sea trade route between China and India, A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. It also grew into a major center of Buddhist observance and teaching.

Aswan Dam

Benefits of this: regular supply of water, more effective floodwater, more farmable land; Problems: people relocated, less fertility of farms, higher rates of Malaria, high evaporation rates, Built in Egypt in mid 1900s; produces hydroelectric power, but its construction flooded ancient Nubian sites

Ghana, Mali, Songhay

Between 500-1600, a group of West African kingdoms between Lake Chad and the Atlantic Ocean, A series of important states that developed in the western and central Sudan, in response to the economic opportunities of the trans-Saharan Trade.

three Cs

Comparison: identifying and explaining similarities and differences in the experience of the world's peoples-effective against Eurocentrism. Connection: involves interactions, encounters, and connections among different and distant peoples-counteracts the habit of thinking of particular groups as self-contained and isolated communities. Change: what changes, what persists, and why-changes that affect the big picture of humankind. All three bring understanding to the multiple and complex world history.

hunting and gathering societies

Comprised of foragers, food collectors (not producing). Moved with animals. 250,000-10,000 years ago. Small groups of nomadic people. Low productivity of this economy did not usually permit surplus nor transporting an accumulation of goods. No written sources/languages. Egalitarian societies-no specialists, main difference between man and woman.

Nubia

East African trading empire that developed south of Egypt on the Nile River., The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush - left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century). Nubia experienced cultural borrowing from Egypt such as the worshiping of Egyptian gods and the use of hieroglyphic writing. Nonetheless Nubia remained a distinct civilization.

Olmec civilization

Emerged around 1200 B.C.E. along the Gulf coast in southern Mexico. Agricultural economy based on maize, beans, and squash. Evidence of the first written language in the Americas. Known for the 17 large colossal basalt heads. Decorated elaborate temples, pyramids, and tombs for rulers.

Indus Valley Civilization

Emerging around third millennium B.C.E.,an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa, no political hierarchy* or centralized state compared to other Middle Eastern counterparts, city planning and trade, well-planned cities, and sophisticated sanitation systems. Literate culture evidenced by a written language. Connection: irrigated agriculture provided economic foundation. Some of the culture in this region still remains in the present such as style of clothing, yoga positions, and religious symbols.

Swahili Civilization

Emerging in the 8th C C.E. Commercial city-states along the east African coast. Each Swahili city was governed by its own kind and in competition with other cities. There was no imperial unifiying entity in the Swahili civilization. Had a cosmopolitan culture. Like Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam like Swahili cities to the larger Indian Ocean world.

Homo Sapiens

Exhibited communication through cave paintings and body jewelery. Fish adds to diet and they begin cooking food. The body's focus moves from stomach to brain. Tool techniques are smaller and finer compared to Neanderthals. Knowledge accumulates from generation to generation.

Neanderthal

Extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia. 95% of human history. Hand tools are large and heavy. Compared to modern humans, they were mainly meat eaters. Hunting and gathering communities.

Sand Roads

Introduction of the camel into African commercial life, allowed longer distances to be traveled. Major international trade routes fostered new relationships among distant peoples. , A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan Africa. The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior West Africa. Along these trade routes, the peoples between the forests and the desert were in the best position to take advantage of the new opportunities to construct a series of city-states that drew upon the wealth of the trans-Saharan trade. slavery found a place in western Africa

Axum

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity

Indian Ocean trading network

Larger quantities of goods could be transported across the Indian Ocean-products for a mass market rather than luxury goods. Monsoon winds allowed for seasonal travel back and forth. Ports had more in common with eachother than their own inland people.

Teotihuacan

Located near today's Mexico City. 150 B.C.E.-550 C.E. very urban and complex architecture, effective political and military strategies to gain valued foreign goods. Comparison: the art does not glorify the individual like Mayan art nor written transcriptions. Oligarchy rather than Monarch. , an ancient city- state whose remains are located outside of Mexico City. First began in the first century, when the inhabitants of the village located on the site began to plan and build a huge city. At its peak in the 700s, had between 150,000 and 200,000 people living there, making it one of the largest cities in existence at the time. Had more than 20 pyramids consecrated to the gods, but the largest was the Pyramid of the Sun. It became the center of a thriving trade network that extended far into Central America. There is no evidence that it conquered its neighbors or tried to create an empire, however, evidence of the art styles and religious beliefs from the city have been found throughout Mesoamerica. After centuries of growth, the city began a sudden and abrupt decline, which is believed to have been caused by an invasion from outside forces or a fight among the city's nobility. It was abandoned by 750.

Uruk

Mesopotamia's largest city, walls more than 20 feet tall, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.

Mohenjo Daro/Harappa

Mohenjo Daro was Indus Valley's largest city flourishing around 2000 B.C.E. along with the sister city of Harappa. Complex sewage system and houses had indoor plumbing. Streets laid out in grid like patterns, Two ancient cities that existed at the same time. About 40,000 inhabitants.

Myths of origin

Narrative with the purpose of discovering meaning in cosmos, family, and self. They seek to explain what happened in the beginning and they provide people with a sense of place, purpose, and belonging. Less factual than the modern scholars attempt to explain how rather than why.

Niger Valley Civilization

Niger River Valley in West Africa, Distinctly city-based civilization located in the flood-plain in the middle of Niger River and included cities like Jenne-jeno, was an economically distinct specialized settlement, but there was no despotic power, rural 300 B.C.E.- 900 C.E.

Meroe

Nile Valley south of Egypt in Nubian Civilization, black kingdom, governed by an all powerful monarch, class system-economic specialites, rainfall based agriculture, power due to trade, downfall due to infiltration of other cultures and worn use of land

Bantu expansion

South of equator in Africa. Civilizations united through language. , the Bantu speakers profited from their mastery of yam agriculture to begin a steady expansion south and east from the general region of Nigeria and Cameroon in west africa though the rain forest before 1000 BC.They established a series of small kingdoms in eastern, central, and southern africa. to accomplish this, they used canoes to navigate the waters of the Congo river and stone axes to clear the forest for farming. they acquired iron technology and learned to breed livestock and grow grain crops in the grasslands.

Black Pharaohs

The Black Pharaohs of Nubia ruled and Egyptian-Nubian empire that extended from the Mediterranean to south down the Nile around the 8th C B.C.E. The pharaohs incorperated Egyptian culture, art, and philosophy into their kingdom. They built a temple in Meroe. They also used pyramids for their monarchs like the Egyptians.

Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literary fiction., Some of the richest accounts of Mesopotamian myths and legends appear in this long poem. It is one of the earliest works of literature in the world. Depicted a pessimistic view of the gods, partially due to the unpredictable rising of the rivers. The environment had the capability to be precarious and violent. Influenced the Hebrews and the Old Testament with the "eye for an eye" concept and the flood that destroyed the world.

Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"

The Nile rose predictably every year to bring the soil and water that nurtured a rich Egyptian agriculture. Egypt developed a more hopeful outlook on the world because of the stable and predictable environment compared to Mesopotamia whose environment was more precarious and unpredictable.

Great Zimbabwe

The growing state of Great Zimbabwe is connected to the growing trade in gold to the coast as well as to the wealth embodied in its large herd of cattle. Trading center because inland here were rich sources of gold in demand on the Swahili coast. Peak of power between 1250-1350. Constructed huge stone enclosures. An example of the reach and transforming power of Indian Ocean Commerce.

domestication

The taming and breeding of animals for human use, such as work or as food. Occured during the agricultural revolution. Humans had a much closer proximity to one another and to animals which increased the chance of diseases

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade, although it is debated whether or not his accounts are accurate based on the some of the important Chinese culture he never wrote about such as foot binding and tea. It is also said that Polo did not even write the book himself, but rather dictated a romance writer to write the book, whom may have romanticised Polo's accounts of China as well.

Ishi

Was the last of the Yahi people found in 20th C in CA. His tribe had been murdered by white men years early. He was important because he was the last surviving untouched Indians that provided anthropologists a chance to study him and present him to the world. Significant because he taught modern people the skills they lost from the hunting and gathering communities of ancient times, such as arrow-making. While Ishi taught the anthropologists, they also taught Ishi-he learned English.

Slave Castle

a crowded dungeon place where captured African slaves were held before they were loaded on ships and taken to the new world, similar to the Auschwitz for the Jews. Slavery existed before the Europeans in the palaces. They were very well centralized and established governments.

Cosmic Calendar

a imaginary concept to examine the history of our planet compressed into one year-Carl Sagan, human civilzation doesn't come on the scene until almost the last few seconds. This made people realize how insignificant human society is on the grand scale of time and the imense universe especially in the human-centerd view of religions.

agricultural societies

a more settled lifestyle, closer proximity to other humans and animals make disease more prevalent. Lose skills of hunting and gathering societies. Populations increasing. Purposefully cultivating plants and actively changing what was found in nature to meet specific needs. Agriculture was a response to an impending food crisis. Climate change (end of Ice Age) caused extinction of various food sources for the Paleolithic people, but brought new food sources such as more wild plants. Located in the Fertile Crescent about 12,000 years ago or near resource rich areas close to water. Resulted in growth of villages, specialized occupations and long distance trade, increase soil erosion, increased deforestation, increased manipulation of nature and urbanization.

Eurocentrism

belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans, The view of the world from the standpoint of European culture, The tendency to favor European or Western history, culture, and values over other cultures. The notion that Europeans or people of European descent have long been the primary movers and shakers of historical process, everyone else was some degree stagnant. Example: when Europeans saw Mach Picchu, they thought it was so highly advanced architechture that the natives there couldn't have made it because they were not that smart. They concluded that aliens was a more reasonable answer. Same with the civilization of Cahokia-mound builders.

patriarchy

change from Paleolithic Era where men and women were more equal. Women were dependent on the men in societies. Laws sought to establish the unquestioned authority of men in Mesopotamia. Men and women in Egypt had greater opportunities of equality than those in Mesopotamia. They were seen as legal equals.

Norte Chico/Caral

coast of Peru, a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton., An urban civilization in the Supe River Valley (Peru) distinguished by its smaller cities, less economic specialization than Mesopotamia , rich fishing, agricultural supported by irrigation, and unlike Egypt or Mesopotamia, civilization did not rest on grain-based farming, quipu-no writing, lacking defensive walls, little evidence of warfare, and receiving only the import maize, different because it was a self-contained society. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time.

Ouidah

densely populated, prosperous kingdom on the west coast of Africa. Infamous slave trade port, slavery ended only 100 years ago there, voo doo came over with the slaves from there. In the 17th C it established itself as a powerful, organized society of traders, slavers, and warriors.

Big History

historical study that examines history on a large scale across long time frames through a multi-disciplinary approach[1] and gives a focus on the alteration and adaptations in the human experience.[2] It arose as a distinct field in the late 1980s and is related to, but distinct from, world history[2], as the field examines history from the beginning of time to the present day. In some respects, the field is thus similar to the older universal history

American Web

limited to N and S trade. A much smaller web than that of the Indian ocean. A lack of animals to transport travels prevented trade and culture penetration from moving long distances and because of the abscense of these animals, the Americas were much healthier civilizations. Rather, there was a slow and gradual diffusion of maize from the Mesoamerican origin into North and South America. The more intense regions of exchange and communication occured within the Mississippi Valley, Mesoamerican, and Andean regions.

Historical Context

the historical setting for an event or a primary source, more than just facts necessary for understanding and having critical thinking. Takes into account: politics, religion, technology, natural environment, generally accepted attitudes (racial inferiority), science, conflicts/wars

Borobudur

the largest Buddhist temple in the world, located on Java, built in 9th C C.E. Borobudur represents the process of Buddhism becoming culturally grounded in a new place. Example of the penetration of Indian culture. , Srivijayans greatest architectual legacy, Buddhist temple built on island of Jaca

Silk Roads

the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods, culture, religion, disease such as the black plague, and ideas among civilizations. Many connections of communities. Buddhism changed along the silk roads-picked up elements of other cultures. Outbreaks of disease ocurred on the silk roads because communities were being exposed to diseases that they had never encountered and therefore had no immunity. Disease crippled civilizations but on the other hand it strengthened religion because it offered compassion in time of suffering.