AP classroom question unit 3

In vision, transduction occurs within the

retina

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?

Bipolar and ganglion

Which of the following is the best example of the opponent process theory?

Fred stares at a green book for a minute, and then when he looks at a white page, he sees the color red.

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

The table above is most likely to be used in a study investigating which of the following?

Signal detection

Visual acuity is best in the

fovea

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accomodation

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?

occipital cortex

The area labeled A contains the

ossicles

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of

sensory adaptation

Evidence for the opponent-process theory of color vision is provided by the fact that

the eyes see negative afterimages after staring at saturated colors for several minutes

Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Afterimages

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?

Cones

Negative afterimages are explained by

the opponent-process theory

The graph depicts which of the following?

An absolute threshold

Sensory transduction occurs in which of the following structures?

Cochlea

Bob is concerned because his children have been eating too much of an expensive breakfast cereal, so he brings home a less expensive version that looks and tastes exactly the same to him. His children immediately notice that the new cereal is less sweet. Which of the following concepts best explains the conflicting perceptions of Bob and his children?

Difference threshold

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?

Difference threshold

Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?

Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light.

The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?

Hue

Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye?

It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Makayla and Noah are listening to a song that ends with all the instruments playing the same note. Makayla can distinguish the various instruments playing the note, while Noah cannot. Which of the following best explains their perceptual differences?

Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

Opponent-process theory

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

John walks into art class and is overwhelmed by the smell of paint. However, the longer he stays in the room, the less noticeable the smell becomes. Which of the following appears to be operating in this instance?

Sensory adaptation

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?

Sensory adaptation

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

Sensory interaction

Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following?

The intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors?

The lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?

The optic nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (self explanatory)

Which of the following explains transduction?

The process by which sensory stimuli are converted into neural signals

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

When Kaylee's friends discovered she was going to have her tonsils removed, they told her she was going to be in a great deal of pain. After the surgery Kaylee reported that she was in a lot of pain, although most of her pain should have been alleviated by her pain medication. Given this scenario, which of the following best explains Kaylee's reporting of pain?

Top-down processing

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?

Transduction

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's

absolute threshold

When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the

blind spot

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

Ernie comes in from outdoors on a bright, sunny day and finds it to be very dark inside. Over the next few minutes, however, it becomes easier for Ernie to see inside. The perceptual process this scenario is describing is

dark adaption

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that

falls below the threshold for conscious detection

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's

frequency

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the

location of the source

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that

many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception?

opponent process

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the

red-green system

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of

top-down processing

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

visual cortex