AP Comp Gov - Massive Review

Revolutionary Guard

Paramilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies

bonyads

Parastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution

describes a system of government in which the president wields extraordinary power and the legislative and judicial branches of government are subordinate to the president.

Presidentialism

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

modernization theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations. According to this model, the biggest obstacle for LDCs is tradition because holding on to old values and beliefs can hinder progress.

Dependency theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Dependency

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploration of poor nations by rich ones.

PURCHASING POWER PARITY

A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries

Recession

A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration.

Mestizo

A person of mixed white, indigenous (Amerindian), and sometimes African descent.

an opinion of a court that does not decide a specific legal case, but instead simply advises other parts of the government on the proper interpretation of the constitution, a law, or regulation.

Advisory Opinion

Lisbon Treaty 2007

After an attempt to establish an EU constitution failed in 2004, the Treaty of Lisbon legalized reforms needed as a result of EU enlargement. The Treaty of Lisbon increased the powers of the EU Parliament (making the EU more democratic), created an EU level position of foreign affairs, changed voting procedures to reflect enlargement and increased the EU's powers over issues on border control and police cooperation.

elite

At the beginning of the 20th century, opposition to the authoritarian Qajar Dynasty came from the educated _____.

__________ exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class.

Cross-cutting Cleavages

Medvedev

Current prime minister. Was president from 2008 to 2012

Khamenei, Ali

Current supreme leader of Iran, as of 1989:

"Mexican Miracle"

Described a country with a rapidly increasing GNP in orderly transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government.

quietist

Description of view within Shiism that rejects theocracy and the direct role of religion in the state

a country with an industrial or post-industrial economy and a high standard of living.

Developed Country

a country with a an economy that has yet to fully industrialize.

Developing Country

the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments.

Devolution

advocates a political system in which the nation or a race is seen as most important, not the individual or even the people as a collective.

Fascism

the actions of a state regarding a particular issue.

Public Policy

Beveridge Report

Published during WWII, it suggested a social insurance program that made all citizens eligible for health, unemployment, pension, and other benefits.

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity. Evens exchange rates between currencies. Compares goods to other countries' goods.

People's Liberation Army (PLA)

The __________ is the unified land, sea, air, and missile forces of the PRC.

Central Committee

The ___________ - consists of about 300 members chosen by the National Party Congress. Members all hold positions of significant power around the country. Theoretically, the ______ is the body that chooses the members of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the general secretary of the party. The ______ exercises the authority of the National Party Congress when that body is not in session, approving party policies. The ______ often plays a crucial role in party policy-making because it is the organ of the CCP in which true political debate between party elites occurs.

Discipline Inspection Commission

The _______________ - has the job of finding corruption within the party, enforcing standards of conduct (including ideological standards), and disciplines party members who do not follow the standards or engage in corruption.

The distribution of a country's GDP by economic sector. For example, the percentages of a country's GDP derived from agriculture, industry, and services. Countries with large service sectors are usually the most developed. Those with large industrial sectors usually come next. Those with large agricultural sectors are usually the least developed.

GDP by economic sector

GDP divided by total population.

GDP per capita

The percentage change in GDP over a given period adjusted for inflation.

GDP real growth rate

A measure of income or wealth inequality within a society. Lower values indicate less income inequality while higher values indicate greater income inequality.

GINI Index

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International trade organization that encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions.

______ is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.

Gerrymandering

the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.

Gerrymandering

_________ is the process through which the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected in the economic, political, and social realms. Many believe that technology is driving _____, although other factors may contribute as well. The increased reliance on market economies seen all around the world, the ratification of numerous free trade agreements, and the increasing importance of supranational organizations, such as the European Union (EU), have also played a role.

Globalization

energy

Globalization is less of a challenge to policy making in Iran than in other 3rd world countries because of its ___ self-sufficiency.

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

Goal is to raise the development of poorer members to that of the wealthiest and create and create a currency union. Euro to be the shared currency of the EU (UK and Denmark opted out of using the euro. All other countries either use the euro or are in theory on the path to doing so.) Example of increased economic integration in the EU.

Mahdi

In Shiism, a term for the "hidden imam," the descendant of Muhammad who will to return to earth to usher in a new age

ayatollah

In Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion

Gradualism

In politics, the concept of gradualism is used to describe the belief that change ought to be brought about in small, discrete increments rather than in abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Gradualism is one of the defining features of political conservatism and reformism.

Irregular Elections

In the UK, General elections do not have fixed dates, but must be called within five years of the opening of parliament following the last election. Other elections are held on fixed dates though in the case of the devolved assemblies and parliaments, early elections can occur in certain situations

Political Participation in Nigeria

In theory, citizens of Nigeria have all the avenues of liberal, democratic political participation open to them. In reality, the structures of government and politics in Nigeria do not function well. As a result, political violence is one of the most common forms of political participation in the country. In the past, coup d'etats have been an important means of changing governments in Nigeria.

The difference between the number of immigrants to a territory and the emigrants from that same territory. A positive value indicates a net inflow of people; a negative number indicates a net outflow.

Net Migration

privatization

To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.

The total number of people who live in a particular territory. Total population is one indicator of a country's global and regional importance. It is no surprise that all six countries covered in this course are among the 25 most populous countries on earth.

Total Population

a system that seeks to forcibly control all fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy.

Totalitarian System

Gender as a cleavage

Traditional Chinese culture places far greater value on male children than on female children. At times throughout China's history, this has led to parents killing female infants. Although it is illegal under current Chinese law, the use of sex-selection abortions is a modern incarnation of this ancient issue in Chinese society.

Single member District

electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office

The first type of question - how do things actually happen? - is known as a factual question, ___________. The answer to such a question tells us the way things actually are.

empirical or positive question

Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

russian political party that is pro-reform and stresses national, aggressive foreign policy, and harsh treatment of non-russian minorities

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

second strongest party in the Duma; not quite like the old Communist party but far less reformist than many other parties today; emphasizes centralized planning and nationalism and implies an intention to regain territories lost with the fall of the Soviet Union

supreme leader

In Iran, the head of the judiciary is appointed by the _____ _____.

political parties that seek to build large coalitions across the cleavages within their society.

"Big Tent" Parties

Basij

"People's militia," which serves as a public morals police (boys who fought against Iraq...)

a legislature which uses little or no independent judgment when approving proposed legislation.

"Rubber Stamp" Legislature

glasnost

"openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship

moharebeh

"rebellion against God"

marxism

- the theory that every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group of people to take economic advantage of another group; taught that history would naturally progress toward perfection (communism)

Father Hidalgo

...

Systems

...

White Papers

1939 - the British helped control the Jewish immigration to Palestine from the Holocaust in Germany. This action contradicted the Balfour Declaration

political efficacy

1. a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events. 2. If citizens have a high level of ____, they believe that the government takes their input seriously and cares about what they have to say. They also believe in their own abilities to understand political issues and to participate in solving problems. If citizens lack ______, they may not believe that it is important to vote, or they may try to ignore the government's efforts to enforce laws.

Porfirio Diaz

A Mexican dictator who ruled from 1876 to 1910. Disposed by the Mexican Revolution.

Pancho Villa

A Northern Mexican peasant leader of the Revolution who, together with Emiliano Zapata, advocated a more radical socio-economic agenda.

religious

A distinguishing political feature of Shiism is the formally trained ____ hierarchy.

Coup D'etat

A forceful, extra-constitutional action resulting in the removal of an existing government.

Import Substitution

A government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods.

education

A major emphasis of the Pahlavi shahs was building a public _____ system.

integrating

A major policy challenge for Iran's government in the first decade of the 21st century is economically _____ the huge population under 30 yrs of age.

Neoliberalism

A political orientation origination in the 1960s. A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

State Capitalism

A political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group. Such interest groups thus attain public status, and they participate in national policymaking. The result is that the state has great control over the groups, and groups have great control over their members.

Good Friday Agreement

A practical peace agreement reached by the major parties in Northern Ireland with the British and Irish government on Good Friday 1998.

Vote of No Confidence

A process in a parliamentary system where a mojority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office

Corporatist State

A state in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the structure.

rulers

A still powerful political legacy of ancient Iran is the notion that ____ should be just and fair.

Neo-Corporatism

A structure in which business, labor, and state engage in bargaining over economic policies.

Proportional Representation

A system of political representation in which seats are allocated to parties within multi-member constituencies, roughly in proportion to the votes each party receives. PR usually encourages the election to parliament of more political parties than single-member-district winner-take-all systems.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A treaty among the US, Mexico, and Canada implemented on January 1, 1994, that largely eliminates trade barriers among the three nations and establishes procedures to resolve trade disputes. NAFTA serves as a model for an eventual Free Trade Area of the Americas zone that could include most Western Hemisphere nations.

Whitehall

A wide thoroughfare in London, England, running north and south between Trafalgar Square and the Houses of Parliament. Named after Whitehall Palace (1529-1698), the chief residence of the Court of London, it is noted for its government offices.

Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador

AMLO. El Peje. Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District from 2000 to 2005. In the 2006 election, he represented the Coalition for the Good of All.

the concept that government officials are responsible to, and may be removed from office by, their constituents or other government officials.

Accountability

__________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following: 1. Family 2. Religion 3. Race or Ethnicity 4. Economic or Social Class 5. Gender 6. School 7. Peers 8. Media 9. Government 10. Political Parties 11. Interest Groups 12. Work 13. Trade Unions

Agents of political socialization

a society in which most economic production comes from agriculture.

Agricultural Society

neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Political Participation in China

Although electoral politics are not a big part of the Chinese system, the government has experimented with elections at the local level. Since the period of reforms that began in the late 1970s, however, many more avenues of political participation have opened up for the average citizen. Especially at the local level, it is common for leaders to meet with citizens to discuss their concerns.

Ethnic Cleavages

Although over 90% of people living within the People's Republic of China are Han Chinese, China must still deal with significant ethnic cleavages in some regions of the country. To address these cleavages, the Chinese government has set up five autonomous regions within the PRC. The five autonomous regions in the PRC are: ~ Tibet ~ Guangxi ~ Xinjiang ~ Inner Mongolia ~ Ningxia Despite the theoretical autonomy of these regions, separatist movements operate within each of them. Both peaceful and violent protests are common in some of these regions. The government in Beijing frequently calls on the military to quell these protests.

First Past the Post

An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single member districts; voters choose between candidates and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat.

Federal Election Commission

An independent regulatory body to safeguard honest and accurate election results.

Accommodation

An informal agreement or settlement between the government and important interest groups in response to the interest groups' concerns for policy or program benefits.

Clientelism

An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron (for example, a traditional local boss, government agency, or dominant party) offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services (such as labor or votes) of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics.

the formal abandonment of one's religion.

Apostasy

the ability of a court to hear an appeal of a case, usually from a lower court.

Appellate Jurisdiction

Expediency Council

Appointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes

Guardian Council

Appointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader)

the process of allocating power to a set of constituencies.

Apportionment

land that is suitable for raising crops. It need not be cultivated to count as arable land

Arable Land

House of Lords

Aristocratic body consiting of persons who have inherited their titles; has little real authority over legislation and its major function is to debate bills passed by the House of Commons and to improve/revise bills

a system of government in which one person has unlimited power.

Autocracy

The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year. Decreasing birthrates are often a sign of economic development.

Birthrate

Pendulum Theory

Back and forth effect between socialist reform and free-market economic development. Swings in politics between left and right.

nonviolent

Best characterizes the Iranian Revolution: A short, relatively _____ upheaval supported by the middle class

the practice of exchanging public resources for votes, and political support. Often seen in corporatist systems, although its existence is not limited to such systems.

Clientelism

a council of high-ranking government officials, wielding at least some of the executive power of government. Members often serve as advisers to a president or a prime minister.

Cabinet

Election Reform

Campaign finance restrictions. Laws that limit contributions to campaigns. Critical media coverage, as media is less under PRI control. International watch teams, as Mexico has tried to convince other countries that elections are fair and competitive. Election monitoring by opposition party members.

Technocrats

Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than political rationale. In Mexico and Brazil, these are known as the tecnicos.

Causation, means that one event caused another. In other words, a certain event, let's call it X, led to or is responsible for a second event, Y. Correlation, on the other hand, simply means that two events are associated. That is, they are often, or even always, seen at the same time. While correlation between two events may hint at causation, it does not prove a cause and effect relationship. For example, two events that occur at the same time may both be caused by a third event. In addition, even if there is a cause and effect relationship between two events, correlation alone cannot tell us which event is the cause and which is the effect.

Causation vs. Correlation

supreme court

Chief judicial body:

supreme leader

Chief spiritual and political leader of Iran

CCP

Chinese Communist Party

the intentional breaking of laws with the intention of exposing those laws' lack of fairness or justice.

Civil Disobedience

a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law. Judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems.

Civil Law (also known as Code Law)

individual rights such as the freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, right to a fair trial.

Civil Liberties

members of a bureaucracy who are chosen for their jobs through a process other than political appointment, and who may enjoy other legal protections from political influence as well.

Civil Servants

_____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other voluntary organizations are part of _______. _______ does not include the structures of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-functioning ___________s are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy.

Civil Society

the concept frequently found in presidential systems that the three branches of government are equal in power to each other, with no branch superior to the other two.

Co-equal Branches

the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own.

Co-optation

No matter which type of governmental system is in place, all governments exercise their power through the use of force from time to time. The coercive governmental structures used can range from the military or secret police, to regular police and a penal system. In many countries, these coercive forces are used to suppress opposition to the government. While in others, they mostly serve to protect against crime and civil unrest., In authoritarian systems, the use of coercive force to suppress opposition to the government is common. Torture, imprisonment without a fair trial, and summary executions of oppositions forces are frequently used to maintain control in such systems.

Coercive Governmental Structures

when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class.

Coinciding Cleavages

the process of bringing individual property and resources under communal control. Normally seen in communist systems.

Collectivization

_______ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. Central planning of all major economic decisions 2. Fixed or government set prices for goods and services 3. Government control of distribution and production of most, if not all, goods in the economy 4. Government control of employment and wages 5. Government ownership of most economic resources 6. Government ownership of all property, or few private property rights, if any 7. Government determined production levels and production quotas 8. Government created economic "plans" (e.g., 3-year plans, 5-year plans, etc.) 9. Small degree of income inequality for the vast majority of the population 10. Little freedom of choice in economic matters, including occupations, jobs, and housing

Command economies

a system of laws created through judicial precedents rather than legislative or executive actions. In common law systems, judicial precedents have the force of law, unless a specific legislative act, or executive regulation, is passed that supersedes these precedents.

Common Law

advocates a political system in which all property is held in common, usually by the state.

Communism

European Council

Comprised of heads of state/government of each member country. Meet two times every 6 months. "Motor" of EU setting policy direction, but does not have legislative power. Council = summit meetings!

Democratic Deficit

Concerns that there is gap between citizens and institutions in the EU. Is the process truly democratic or a complicated bureaucracy that can only be understood by experts? Reduces the legitimacy of the EU. EU Constitution failed to be ratified by citizens.

advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change.

Conservatism

a set of fundamental laws, usually found in a single document, which layout the powers and structures of a government, as well as the relationship between the government and the people.

Constitution

a governmental system in which the power of a monarch is limited.

Constitutional Monarchy

transparency in Nigeria

Corruption remains a serious problem in Nigeria. The courts are not independent and little happens in Nigeria as the constitution says it is supposed to. As a result, despite government attempts at reform, the decision-making process in Nigeria is frequently hidden from the public's view.

the forceful removal of a government, often by the military.

Coup d'etat

Imams

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad considered by Shia to be true political and religious leaders of Islam

a Latin term meaning in fact. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law

De facto

a Latin term meaning in or by law. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law.

De jure

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year Decreasing death rates are a sign of economic development.

Deathrate

civil society in Nigeria

Deep cleavages across Nigerian society have greatly hampered the development of a vibrant civil society within the country. Mistrust among the various ethnic and religious groups within the society remains a significant problem.

rule by the people.

Democracy

movements in a society towards free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers.

Democratization

European Constitution

Does not exist! Failed to be ratified by member states. Instead, the EU is held together by a series of treaties.

the measure of the social and economic progress of countries.

Economic Development

____________ is a measure of the social and economic progress of countries. Increases in ___________ are often indicated by factors such as an increase in the use of new technologies - a move from an agricultural society to an industrial society for instance - and rising living standards.

Economic development

clerical

Economic policy making in Iran today is complicated by ___ control of large segments of the economy.

Assembly of Experts

Elected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away)

a group of people who identify with each other due to a shared culture and/or language.

Ethnic Group (Ethnicity

the system by which voters choose their representatives.

Electoral System

Single-member and multi-member district majoriy

Electoral system for lower house:

voters as a group.

Electorate

European Commision

Essentially the government of the EU! Serve as a cabinet. Represent the EU as a whole. One commissioner from each country runs a portfolio. Powers include: proposing new laws, managing budget, enforcing EU laws with the European Court of Justice, represent the EU internationally.

Council of (National Ministers) of the EU

Essentially the upper house of the legislature. NOT directly elected. Represent individual countries. Pass EU laws, coordinate broad policies, approve budget, develop foreign policy (new role). Made up of ministers from each member country. Ex: On a health issue, each country sends their Minister of Health. Decision reached by a variety of voting mechanisms.

unemployment

Evidence that the oil price increases in the early 21st century have NOT helped Iran's economy includes the increasing _____ rate for young people.

the power to execute or enforce laws.

Executive Power

Enlargement Fatigue

Existing countries are growing tired of expanding the EU. Original countries: Western Europe, wealthier, white, Christian. Newer countries: Eastern, poorer, different ethnicities, potentially non-Christian majorities, large populations. More countries makes decision making harder. Money moves from West to East.

Politicos

Expertise lies in the party, law, and political science. Old style politicians in Mexico. Tell you what you want to hear. PRI.

Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia

FITUR, the successor of the official trade union federation under the Soviet regime, fragmented and weak because of internal disunity and a reliance on clientism with the state

Maquiladoras

Factories that produce goods for export, often located along the US-Mexican border.

The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. Decreasing fertility rates are often a sign of economic development.

Fertility Rate

Yeltsin

First person ever elected by popular vote in Russia (1991); drafted a new constitution similar to France's which established a mixed presidential-parliamentary system anchored in a powerful presidency

Khomeini, Ruhollah

First supreme leader of Iran, from 1980 to his death in 1989

Civility

Formal politeness and courtesy in behavior or speech

Thatcherite

Free market, anti welfarist ideology of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher

1 Articulating ideology 2 Recruiting leaders 3 Staffing the government bureaucracy 4 Proposing, forming, and shaping policy 5 Connecting people to government 6 Mobilizing citizens 7 Aggregating interests 8 Engaging in political socialization and educating the public

Functions of Political Parties

law governed state

Gorbachev's plan to make the soviet union law governed rather than controlled by the communist party through arbitrary use of power. The state must respect the primacy of law over politics

The people in charge of a territory at a given time. Note: This term is also used to describe the prime minister and the cabinet in a parliamentary system. When used in this way, Government is often capitalized.

Government

The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Higher levels of GDP often mean more power in world affairs.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GNP per capita

Gross National Product. The sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year.

of or having to do with, governors.

Gubernatorial

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's Southern state of Chiapas. Government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.

usually the person in charge of the executive power.

Head of Government

the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems.

Head of State

chief justice

Head of the judiciary

a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standard of living.

Human Development Index

clerics

In Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community.

politics based on membership in a particular interest group or segment of society rather than individualized self-interest.

Identity Politics

In an _______, elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties such as free speech and press are not respected. 1 Elections without protections of civil liberties and/or human rights 2 A lack of independent judiciaries 3 Small or weak civil societies 4 Large-scale disenfranchisement, often along racial or ethnic cleavages

Illiberal Democracy

In parliamentary systems, Governments and prime ministers are usually removed through confidence votes or internal actions of the ruling party, while in presidential systems, impeachment is the usual means of removing the executive administration. While there are many differences between these two approaches to government, one of the most important to keep in mind is that confidence votes normally require only a simple majority of the lower house to topple a government, while impeachment often requires that the president first be accused of violating a law (the literal impeachment), and then that a super-majority of the legislature, or some other body, vote to remove the president.

Impeachment vs. Confidence Votes

National People's Congress

In theory, the party's highest body is the _____________. In practice, the Party Congress is too large and meets too infrequently - once every five years - to exercise any real authority. Instead, it functions primarily as a "rubber stamp" of broad policy decisions made by smaller and more powerful party structures.

Co-Optation

Incorporating activists into the system while accommodating some of their concerns.

HDI

Indicator of level of development for each country. Constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

a society with an economy based in the production of machine-made goods.

Industrial Society

the process of moving from an agricultural society to an industrial society.

Industrialization

describes a society in which mechanized production of goods is common.

Industrialized

Para-Statals

Industry partially owned by the state.

The number of deaths of children one year of age or younger per 1,000 live births. Decreasing infant mortality rates are a sign of economic development.

Infant Mortality Rate

PRI

Intended to stabilize political power in the hands of its leaders. Served as an important source of government legitimacy until other political parties successfully challenged its monopoly during the late 20th century.

groups of people organized to support a particular cause.

Interest Groups

half

Iran's population is young, with nearly ___ the population less than 30 yrs old.

clerical

Ironically, Ayatollah Khomeini first gained prominence as a Muslim scholar who argued against ___ involvement in politics

sharia

Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.

the power to interpret the laws.

Judicial Power

The distribution of land between various uses. Often land use is split between arable land, permanent crops and other uses. Can indicate level of economic development. However, simple rules are difficult to create. For instance, a high percentage of agricultural land often indicates a country is still developing. However, some developed countries have a significant, portion of their land growing crops as well.

Land Use

Ejidos

Land granted by Mexican government to an organized group of peasants.

Tehran

Land reform during the White Revolution resulted in massive migration of poor peasants to ____.

Farsi

Language of Iran:

European Parliament

Legislative (similar to a lower house) of the EU. Members of European wide political parties are directly elected by citizens through proportional representation (5 year terms). Representatives represent the citizens of the EU. Powers: debate and amend laws, pass laws with the Council of Ministers, debate budget, publicly scrutinize other EU institutions. Critique: they don't have a lot of power!

the power to make laws.

Legislative Power

Majlis

Legislature of Iran:

In a ______________, free, fair and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected. Traits include: 1 Free, fair, and competitive elections 2 Large scale disenfranchisement is not a.problem 3 Civil liberties and/or human rights are protected 4 Strong independent judiciaries 5 Large, strong civil societies

Liberal Democracy

a political ideology that advocates individual autonomy, respect for civil liberties, and rapid progress.

Liberalism

advocates a political system in which the individual is autonomous, civil liberties are respected, and rapid progress is encouraged.

Liberalism

movements toward greater individual liberty or greater use of free markets.

Liberalization

The expected number of years of life remaining at the time of birth for a given population. Increasing life expectancy at birth is a sign of economic development.

Life Expectancy at Birth

The percentage of people who can read and write at a particular age. (There is no universal definition of what it means to be able to read and write). Higher literacy rates tend to indicate a higher degree of economic development.

Literacy Rates

ummah

Literally, "community"; meant to refer to nation or Islamic community everywhere (Supreme leader policy)

Ostan

Main geographic features (provinces):

A _____ is any type of structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange goods, services,and information. For a true _____ to exist there must be competition. In recent decades, most political and governmental systems around the world have moved toward allowing freer _____s.

Market

a governmental and political system in which the government lets market forces, for the most part, control.

Market Economy

________ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. The law of supply and demand, rather than the government, allocates most resources 2. Private property is largely respected 3. Significant income and wage inequality can be found across a large portion of the society 4. Economic booms and busts (i.e., the business cycle) 5. Persistent unemployment, although the rate of unemployment varies over time 6. Focus is on the profits of businesses 7. Population has significant freedom of choice in occupations, jobs, housing, etc. 8. Competition is expected between workers and between businesses

Market economies

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Benito Juarez

Mexican national hero. President from 1961-1867. Brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico.

Felipe Calderon

Mexico's current president. Elected in 2006.

PEMEX

Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly.

Vicente Fox

Mexico's president since 2000. The first non-PRI president in over seven decades.

Shiism

Minority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad (the Mahdi will come)

Pahlavi, Reza Shah

Monarch of Iran from 1925 to 1941

nationalizing

Mossadeq's reforms in the early 1950's centered on ____ the oil industry.

a system in which more than two parties vie for real power within the political structure.

Multiparty System

Persia

Name for Iran before 1935

Islamic Republic of Iran

Name for post-revolutionary Iran:

A nation which has its own government.

Nation-State

PAN

National Action Party. A conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI.

Caudillos

National military strongmen. Dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

loyalty to and love of one's nation. Nationalism is often displayed by those who live within nation-states, as well as by those who desire to.

Nationalism

a country that has recently moved significantly toward an industrial economy, and, as a result, has seen a significant rise in its standard of living.

Newly-developed Country

Kremlin

Nickname for the executive power (whether it is a czar, general secretary, or currently the president). Also a fortress in Moscow that is the seat of state power.

Guardian

Observers question the democratic nature of Iranian elections because of the role of the _____ council in approving candidates.

rule by the few.

Oligarchy

outside

One of the policy decisions that motivated opposition to the 2nd Pahlavi shah was to assassinate regime opponents ____ of iran

Chechnya

One of the republics that remains a part of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union despite independence movements and violent upheaval.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the power of churches or clergy in politics. In some countries, for example, France and Mexico, this opposition has focused on the role of the Catholic Church in politics.

IFE

Organizing elections of the president and the Congress of the Union. Registering voters and parties. Giving all parties access to the media. Setting the ceiling for campaign expenditures. Allocating public funds fr campaigns. Recruiting and training citizens to run polling places. Confirming the electoral results.

the ability of a court to hear a case at trial rather than having to wait to hear the case only on appeal after another court has heard the original trial. Original jurisdiction is usually the province of lower courts in tiered systems, but is sometimes granted to higher courts.

Original Jurisdiction

Amerindian

Original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people.

PRD

Party of the Democratic Revolution. Mexico's main left-of-center opposition party.

the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters.

Patron-Client Relationships

the distribution of material benefits to supporters in return for loyalty

Patronage

the privileges a government grants its supporters.

Patronage

PRC

Peoples Republic of China

Porfiriato

Period of rule by Porfirio Diaz. Rich getting richer. Poor getting poorer. Influences of the Porfiriato are: stability, authoritarianism, foreign investment and economic growth, and growing gap between the rich and the poor.

are crops that need not be replanted after each harvest, such as coffee, olives, rubber, apples and oranges

Permanent Crops

a system in which groups compete for influence and power.

Pluralist System

Shock Therapy

Policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy as possible.

White Revolution

Policy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran

an informal agreement among a government and important interest groups, in response to the interest groups' concerns about government policy or program benefits.

Political Accommodation

describes the power of government officials derived from their political popularity.

Political Capital

the inability to reach political consensus.

Political Gridlock

an organization created to get and maintain power, usually within a government.

Political Party

the process through which citizens of a country are chosen to be involved in politics.

Political Recruitment

rights of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and protesting

Political Rights

the study of political systems and political behavior.

Political Science

the range of political beliefs in a society.

Political Spectrum

_________ is the ideas one holds about politics.

Political orientation

National Front

Political party in Iran following WWII; it opposed the monarchy and favored greater Iranian control over natural resources; outlawed after Operation Ajax

_________ is the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political orientation), and about government as well. The process of __________occurs through interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next.

Political socialization

legislative electoral systems

Popular elections with universal adult suffrage. Members of both the House and the Senate are chosen by an SMDP system.

The distribution of a population by age. For example, the percentages of a population aged 0-14, 15-49, and 49 and over. An older, or aging, population is often a sign of economic development. Age may also be an important cleavage within a society.

Population Breakdown by Age

The distribution of a population based on ethnic or racial classifications. Examinations of the racial or ethnic distributions within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.

Population Breakdown by Race or Ethnicity

The distribution of a population based on religious classifications. Examinations of the religious distribution within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.

Population Breakdown by Religion

The change in population over time. The rate of population growth often slows as countries become more developed. However, other factors including war, famine, and disease may also slow or even reverse population growth. It is also important to remember that population growth can be affected by factors other than birthrates or fertility rates. Net positive immigration, for example, may be an important factor in the population growth of some countries.

Population Growth Rate

Indigenous Groups

Population of Amerindian heritage in Mexico.

describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production.

Post-industrial Society

Patron-Client System

Powerful government officials deliver state servicing policies and access to power in exchange for the delivery of political support.

Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi

President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, current head of the Expediency Council (rival to Khameinei)

Khatami, Mohammad

President of Iran from 1997 to 2005

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

President of Iran from 2005-2013 (background in higher ed/local govt. instead of theology - he emphasized social justice, religious piety, and confrontation with the West)

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico from 1935-1940. Responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create edijos, or communal farms. Began program of primary and rural education.

Cristeros Rebellion

Priests around the country led a rebellion int he 1920s against new laws against the rights of churches and priests. One of the bloodiest conflicts in Mexican history.

Mosaddeq, Mohammad

Prime Minister of Iran; deposed in 1953 by Operation Ajax

In a _____________, elections are held, and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place, but for any number of possible reasons, including electoral fraud and excessive vetting of candidates prior to the election, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population.

Procedural Democracy

the concept that nations have a right to choose which government will exercise sovereignty over them.

Right to Self-Determination

Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs

RUIE, Russian, largest and most influential associational group that represents the interest of big business and the market economy

pragmatic

Rafsanjani's first terms as president (1989-1997) were marked by _____ economic reforms.

The percentage change in the population that lives in urban areas over a given time.Rapid urbanization is often an indication of economic development. This data may also be useful in analyzing the growth of an urban/rural cleavage within a society.

Rate of Urbanization

Ejidatarios

Recipient of ejido land grant in Mexico.

a vote by an electorate on an issue referred to it by the government.

Referendum

A _______ is a vote on an issue referred to an electorate by the government. The result may lead to new laws or may in some cases amend the constitution.

Referendums

Civil Society

Refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state, for example, professional associations (lawyers, doctors, teacher), trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, and other voluntary association groups. The term is similar to society, although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society.

Second Khordad Front

Reformist party that emerged in Iran to contest 2000 Majlis elections (reformist coalition with Khatami...not very powerful due to conservatives in Guardian Council etc.)

The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time.

Regime

a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.

Rentier State

a governmental system that does not have a monarch.

Republic

secularize

Reza Khan sought to _____ the Iranian educational system

theocracy

Rule by religion or religious leaders

public chamber

Russian advisiory body that deliberates on matters of public policy and civil society

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

party of power

Russian term for a political party created to elect powerful officials to office. built around patronage

The number of likely years of schooling for a child within a given society. Be aware that this figure is of limited use in making international comparisons because it does not take into account the content covered in those years of schooling. Higher numbers tend to indicate that a country is economically developed.

School Life Expectancy

SAVAK

Secret police of pre-revolutionary Iran (the Shah)

having to do with religion.

Sectarian

having to do with worldly rather than religious concerns.

Secular

a political system with a dual executive, usually a president and prime minister.

Semi-presidential System

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

European Central Bank (ECB)

Sets monetary policy for the countries that use the euro as their currency. Does NOT have power over taxes/spending policies. Took leading role during debt crisis. Example of a supranational institution. NOTE: The UK is NOT a part of the EMU, and therefore its monetary policy is set by the UK and not the ECB.

The ratio of men to women in a population. An unusual imbalance in the sex ratio of a society is often an indication that war or disease has had a greater impact on one sex in a society than the other. Such an imbalance may also be an indication that members of the society have chosen to undergo sex-selection abortions. Sex may also be an important cleavage within a society.

Sex Ratio

Oligarchs

Small group of powerful and wealthy individuals who had gained ownership and control of important sectors of Russia's economy such as banks, media, and raw materials

the social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups in a society.

Social Capita

a segment of society grouped together based on economic level or hereditary status.

Social Class

_______________ arise when a segment of society feels strongly about a particular cause. These causes may include environmental issues, concerns over women's or minority rights, concerns over globalization, or just about any other political issue imaginable. Social movements are usually informal in nature, but may lead to the creation of more formal interest groups. ______________ often arise along cleavages in a society, and can have a great deal of influence on political events if the governmental and political system in place allows.

Social movements and interest groups

a political ideology that advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common usually by the state.

Socialism

advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common, usually by the state.

Socialism

Chiapas Rebellion

Southern Mexican state which had large groups of Native Americans, where rebels took up arms and challenged the government, demanding land reform.

In a basic sense, ____________ can be defined as having independent legal authority over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory.

Sovereignty

Sovereign Debt Crisis

Starting in 2009 (in the wake of the US financial crisis), the economies of a number of European countries that used the euro collapsed. Notably hurt were the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain). Banking systems collapsed, government were unable to pay debts, and the ECB and IMF (both supranational organizations) stepped in to bail out governments and banks. Side effects: high levels of unemployment, demands for austerity (tax increases and spending cuts), banking reforms, rise of nationalistic far right wing parties, increasing division between rich and poor countries within the EU.

owned by a government.

State-owned

Para-Statal

State-owned, or at least state-controlled, corporations, created to undertake a broad range of activities, from control and marketing of agricultural production to provision of banking services, operation of airlines, and other transportation facilities and public utilities.

NOT

State-run media in Iran are ____ in competition with independent Iranian newspapers and journals

failed state

States in which legitimate authority has crumbled, bureaucracies are starved of resources, government programs are poorly coordinated, police fail to uphold the law and instead act in a predatory manner towards the population, armed paramilitaries proliferate, because the state's monopoly on the means of violence had been broken

WTO

The World Trade Organization. An international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade. Successor to the GATT.

Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI)

Strategy for industrialization based on domestic manufacture of previously imported goods to satisfy domestic market demands.

a regional or local government.

Sub-national Government

In a ____________, competitive elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population. Peaceful transitions from one government to the next are also an important aspect of _______________ies.

Substantive Democracy

organizations consisting of a number of sovereign states.

Supranational Organization

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

System of EU agricultural subsidies and programs that tries to increase/improve agricultural productivity and product European farmers. Acts like the FDA for EU farm products - regulates and certifies products. Represents almost half of the EU budget. Criticized for protecting farmers from competition at a high cost to average citizens.

a legal limit on the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office.

Term Limits

Informal Sector

That portion of the economy largely outside government control in which local traditional rulers and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure.

rule of law

The 1905 Constitutional Revolution created a short-lived regime governed by the ___ _ ___.

Iran-Iraq War

The 1980-88 conflict between the two countries, started by Iraq

Cuauhtemoc Cardenas

The Aztec military leader defeated by the Spanish conquerors.

Political Socialization in China

The CCP is the main agent of political socialization in China. The CCP is involved in nearly every official structure in Chinese society; from the media and schools to scout troops, and the CCP uses all of these structures to indoctrinate and educate the people of China in the socialist system of the country.

veto

The Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader have ____ power over legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis/Legislature)

religion

The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) resulted in part from Iranian policies about the role of _____ in the state.

Tudeh

The Iranian Communist party (post WWII) (Mosaddeq led this party)

Political Party System in China

The PRC effectively operates under a single-party system. Unlike the other countries covered in this course, the PRC is run by the parallel structures of the CCP and the government. The CCP sets the ideological and policy agenda in the PRC and party members populate virtually all government positions of real authority. The CCP has ultimate control of many of the key agents of political socialization in China, including the media, schools, and the government. Although other political parties are allowed to exist, all legally operating parties in the PRC must be approved by the CCP. Parties that challenge the supremacy of the CCP rarely, if ever, gain official approval.

soldier

The Pahlavi Dynasty was founded by an ambitious ____ trained by the Russian Army.

sovereignty in Nigeria

The People

President of China

The President of the PRC is largely a ceremonial position. All official actions of the president must be done under orders of the NPC and its Standing Committee. The office has no power of its own. The office of president is term limited; the president may not serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. While the office of the president has no official power in the government, it has been traditional since the 1990s for the president to also be the general secretary of the CCP. Since the president is head of state of China, the office represents China to the world. By making the general secretary of the CCP the president, the most powerful political figure in China has also been its public and diplomatic face to the world. As a result, the presidency is a powerful position in China despite the lack of official governmental powers.

Ulema

The Qajars gave the Muslim clergy, the ___, political power.

Shia

The Safavids made Persia _____.

NOT

The Shah did ___ expand the Majlis (parliament)

civil

The Shah's white revolution did NOT enhance ___ liberties.

communists (!)

The US-sponsored coup that overthrew Mossadeq and put the shah back in power was organized by the CIA because some of Mossadeq's support came from Iranian _____.

When it was formed in 1945, the United Nations' main mission was to prevent World War III. Since its founding, the primary structure within the United Nations for achieving this goal has been the UN Security Council. The Security Council consists of five permanent members, and ten members who hold their seats on a rotating basis. The five permanent members of the Security Council are the five victorious powers from World War II: The People's Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, The United Kingdom, and the United States. These powers are also the only countries that are recognized as nuclear weapons powers under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NNPT).

The United Nations

non-Arab

The adoption of Shiism by most Iranian Muslims was in part a reflection of the _____ composition of the population.

chief justice

The apex of the judiciary: a single figure qualified in Sharia law (cleric) and appointed by the supreme leader. Appoints/removes judges.

disqualified

The apparent moderation trend under President Khatami (1997-2005) came to an end when more than 2500 legislative candidates were _____ in 2003.

Islamism (or Islamic fundamentalism)

The belief that Islam should be the source of the political regime:

guanxi

The concept of _____ cannot be easily defined in English. It is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and influences how every aspect of Chinese society operates, including those related to government and politics. ______ describes a personal connection between two people that allows one to ask a favor of the other. ____ also describes a network of contacts which an individual can ask to do a favor, or can call upon to exert influence on behalf of a third party. _____ can also describe the idea that the relationship between two people is such that they needn't speak their needs for the other to take them into consideration before acting. No matter the formal structures in place, much decision making in China still occurs on the basis of ______.

strong, weak

The diversity of Iranian political culture is represented in a ____ regionalism and ____ nationalism.

constitutional court

The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution.

Conservative Party

The late 1600s is when this party comes into precedence. Since WWII, they have been the majority government during most of that particular period. The Tories (conservatives) are tied to the U.S. Republican Party: pro business, anti-regulation, etc. Unlike the Republican Party, there are conservative, moderate, and liberal members in the Conservative Party. They believe in an efficient economic organization, allowing the marketplace to run itself, but also emphasize the ideas of social discipline, authority, family values, continuity, etc. The conservative policies have been uniform - very little change. From an economic standpoint, free market economy and low taxation. They have been involved with a bunch of interparty squabbles which has hurt them. They became divided over Europe with the European Union and the euro.

legitimacy in Nigeria

The legitimacy of the current Nigerian government system rests mostly in its design. With a federal structure and requirements for competitive elections, the Nigerian system is built to assure that all portions of Nigeria's highly diverse population have a say in its governance. In reality, the ineffectiveness of the current government and prior governments as well, greatly undermines this legitimacy. During periods of military rule, the legitimacy of those governments rested heavily in the fact that the religious and ethnic cleavages, which create so much turmoil in Nigerian society, tend to have a smaller impact on the functioning of the military.

Chamber of Deputies, Senate

The lower house of Mexico's legislature.

hostile

The middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often _____ to the clergy.

Ashura

The most important Shia religious holiday, commemorating the death of Hussein, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad

tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

highest

The poverty rate in Iran is one of the ____ in the Middle East.

confiscation

The purges that followed the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran included the _____ of industrial property for Muslim charitable foundations.

Chinese Governmental System

The role of the government of the PRC is to implement the policies of the CCP. Nothing of significance is done by the government of China without approval of the CCP. China operates under a unitary system of government with all power ultimately resting in the capital, Beijing. There is no American-style separation of powers or checks and balances built into the Chinese government's structures.

partying

The second Pahlavi shah prepared for kingship by ___ in Western European cities

Sexenio

The six-year administration of Mexican presidents.

government

The supreme leader functions as a powerful head of state, while the president is more akin to a head of _____.

NOT

The supreme leader is __ democratically elected

Plurality

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. Outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation.

a largely outdated term used to describe countries with low standards of living.

Third World

Magna Carta

This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

party general secretary

Traditionally, the nine-member Politburo Standing Committee holds the most power within the CCP, usually setting the direction of party policy. The Standing Committee of the Politburo holds weekly meetings chaired by the party general secretary. The _____________ is usually the single most powerful political figure in China.

A government is being transparent when it allows the public to see and understand what it is doing and why. No government acts in a completely transparent manner. Many display little transparency at all. Here are some examples of the types of government actions that indicate transparency. 1. Providing accurate political and economic information to the public 2. Allowing information about government policies to be freely disseminated 3. Allowing citizens numerous avenues to gain information about the government and its actions 4. Allowing information about the government to flow freely, including information that could be damaging to the government, with little or no censorship 5. Allowing independent media to operate free from government control 6. Providing open government proceedings, including courts, legislative sessions, and government hearings 7. Publishing the workings of the government, including laws, rules, budgets, and officials' salaries 8. Choosing leaders in an open way, without secrecy

Transparency

Maastricht Treaty 1991

Treaty established the modern EU and created the EMU. The treaty established the original EU institutions (many of which have since been modified). The EU does not have a constitution- rather its powers are derived from a series of treaties beginning with Maastricht.

Integration

Trying to create a sense of European-ness. Bringing the social, economic and political cultures of the 28 member countries together. (This is not integration like during the Civil Rights Movement!)

Operation Ajax

U.S.-and UK-backed overthrow of Iranian prime minister Mosaddeq in 1953:

Supreme People's Court (SPC)

Under the Chinese constitution, the ___________ is responsible to the NPC, and therefore is not a truly independent body, nor does it have the power of judicial review. The ___ is responsible for administering courts of all levels and in all regions of China. Like most supreme courts around the world, the _________ is a court of last resort and has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard in the local courts and the special courts.

a largely outdated term used to describe countries that have not fully industrialized.

Under-developed Country

The percentage of the population, that is willing and able to work, but does not have a job.

Unemployment Rate

The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas. Heavily urbanized societies are often more economically developed. This data may also be useful in analyzing an urban/rural cleavage within a society

Urbanization

Camarillas

Vast informal networks of personal royalty that operates as powerful political cliques.

the power to reject a piece of legislation.

Veto

evaluating for possible approval or acceptance.

Vetting

___________ is the number of eligible voters who actually vote in an election. It can be expressed as either a raw number, or as a percentage. In countries which use electoral systems to choose government officials, it can be helpful to look at level of _______ to determine how satisfied the people are with the current system. However, you must always be aware that _______ can sometimes be coerced, and at other times governments may inflate the numbers to increase their apparent legitimacy.

Voter Turnout

a way to describe the degree of participation of eligible voters in an election. Can be described as a raw number or as a percentage.

Voter Turnout

votes cast that do not influence the outcome of an election.

Wasted Votes

a governmental system under which the government directly or indirectly provides pensions, healthcare, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need.

Welfare State System

A ___________ has governmental policies that provide a "social safety net" by directly or indirectly providing pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need. _________ may also redistribute wealth to provide for the needs of the public. Welfare state systems may have some, or all, of the following policies in place: 1. Government funded poverty relief 2. Government mandated unemployment benefits 3. Government mandated maternity leave and/or paternity leave 4. Government subsidized housing 5. Free job training provided by law 6. Government mandated disability insurance 7. Government subsidized or free university tuition 8. Government mandated retirement benefits or pensions 9. Government funded programs for the homeless

Welfare states

The Iranian constitution basically stated that that document could not be changed until judgement day or when the new messiah appeared, yet if the Majles obtains 2/3 of the votes, they are allowed to make an alteration to the constitution.

What was written in the Iranian constitution different from others and yet is not a reality?

reform, dialogue

What were some reasons Muhammad Khatami won the 1997 elections? (He ran on a liberal ticket promising to ___ the economy, establish a "____ of civilizations" with the west)

Khomeini

When Iranian students occupied the American embassy and held Americans hostage, _____ used the crisis to install his hard line supporters in nearly all positions of authority.

experts

Which of the following is elected in Iran: Assembly of

abstained

Why was one reason Mahmoud Ahmadinejad win the 2005 elections? (reformers were split and some even ___ from voting)

Schengen Area

Within the EU, the free movement of people, goods, services and financial instruments. Effectively removed internal border controls. You can still be asked to show a documentation/passports, but movement is free.

in some political systems it is possible for voters to choose a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot. Such candidates are known as write-in candidates.

Write-in Candidates

EZLN

Zapatista Army of National Liberation. A largely Mayan group that staged an uprising in 1994. Demanded political reform and greater rights for Mexico's indigenous people.

federation court

___ is the court of last resort in Russian administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. It also supervises the work of lower courts. Its predecessor is the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union.

Iran

____ and China share this institutional arrangement: A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws.

Secretariat

_____ - the permanent bureaucratic body of the CCP. Administers party actions, provides staff support to the Politburo, and turns Politburo policies into rules and instructions for subordinate parts of the party apparatus.

corporatism

_____ is a method through which business, labor, and/or other interest groups bargain with the state over economic policy. ______ makes the government appear to be less authoritarian, but in reality the practice eliminates any input from groups not sanctioned or created by the state. Only a handful of groups have the right to speak for the public, effectively silencing the majority of citizens in political affairs. _______ gives the public a limited influence in the policymaking process, but the interest groups are funded and managed by the state. Most people would rather have a state-sanctioned organization than none at all, so many participate willingly with the hope that the state will meet their needs.

Politburo

______ consists of 25 full members, including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The ______ consists of the key decision makers in China. Selects candidates for Central Committee membership before meetings of the National Party Congress.

democratic centralism

_______ is the system of internal political organization used in China. The term was first used to describe the Marxist/Leninist system used in the U.S.S.R. Under the theory of ______, members of the ruling party in a single-party state are allowed to debate policy, but once a decision has been reached by majority vote, all members are expected to follow the decision. In the words of Vladimir Lenin, _______ requires "freedom of discussion, unity of action." In systems that employ ______, the government is usually subordinate to the party. This has been the case in China since the founding of the PRC.

Central Military Commission

__________ - although the chairman of the _________n of the PRC (the government) is technically commander-in-chief of the Chinese military, the ________ of the CCP really controls military policy in the PRC.

Loans for Shares

a 1995 scheme that allowed several oligarchs acquire ownership of some of Russias largest and most valuable companies

Backbencher

a MP who does not hold governmental office or shadow government office

Westminster

a borough of Greater London on the Thames

Nomenklatura

a category/group of people that held various key administrative positions in all spheres of the country's activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the Soviet Communist Party

Unwritten Constitution

a constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decision

Import substitution

a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods, Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries.

Federal system

a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Welfare State

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Parliament

a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain)

IRA

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Constitutional Reform Movement

a movement in the United Kingdom that called for greater separation of powers, especially in the House of Lords. This ultimately culminated in the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act.

Whigs

a party in the Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom, who contested power with the rival Tories from the 1680s to the 1850s. The Whig tendency supported the great aristocratic families. By the first half of the 19th century, however, the Whig political programme came to encompass not only the supremacy of parliament over the monarch and support for free trade, but Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery and expansion of the franchise (suffrage).

perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Solidarity

a small libertarian socialist organisation from 1960 to 1992 in the United Kingdom. Solidarity was close to council communism in its prescriptions and was known for its emphasis on workers' self-organisation and for its radical anti-Leninism.

post-industrial societies

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

theocracy

a state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.

coup d'etat

a sudden, extra constitutional or extrajudicial removal of a sitting government. Usually "coups" are done by a small group within the existing government apparatus such as military officers

patron-clientelism

a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for public support.

Unitary System

a system of government in which constitutional authority lies in the hands of the national government. In such a system, political subdivisions created by the central government take responsibility for much of the everyday administration of the government. Great Britain is an example of a country with a unitary system of government.

Common Law

a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws, (civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

presidential decrees

actions made by the head of state that have the power of laws, but may not alter the Russian constitution or the regulations of existing laws, and may be superseded by laws passed by the Federal Assembly.

The advantages of holding referendums include the following: 1. The government can avoid responsibility for the policy implemented through a referendum, shifting accountability to the people. 2. If, as is often the case, the executive has the power to call a referendum, it allows the executive to bypass the legislature. Although this is only true if the executive branch has the power to call referendums unfettered by the legislature. 3. The government can claim it is acting democratically by putting the issue to a vote of the people. 4. Calling for a referendum on an issue, and actually holding a vote, can force a decision on an issue and shut off debate. This can be very important to a government if it is using up valuable political capital debating an issue that is important to the public, but not a major part of the government's agenda. 5. Calling for a referendum on an issue can lead to greater legitimacy for the policy if the referendum succeeds and the policy is ultimately implemented.

advantages of holding referendums

Gross Domestic Product

all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groups earn outside the country;

economic liberalization

an economic policy that limits the state's control of the economy and increases the power of the market and the private sector. Usage: Global changes may cause a country to adopt policies that lead to economic liberalization. Example: Russia, UK, China

Proportional Representation

an electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.

An ____ is one led by a leader, or a small group of leaders, who has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population. While ________s can develop following elections, as was seen in Nazi Germany in the 20th century, more often _______s arise following coups and revolutions. Many ___________s are ruled by military leaders.

authoritarian system

Similar to power, but with at least a claim of legitimacy.

authority

procuracy

branch of legal system that oversees entire justice system, checks abuses on power, and fights corruption and crime

security council

branch of the United Nations responsible for sending United Nations troops to crisis areas- 5 permanent members are US, UK, China, France and Russia- 10 other countries rotate membership

In general, _________s display a high degree of specialization of functions, as well as fixed rules and a rigid hierarchy. _____ is a part of nearly all governmental systems regardless of size, but is particularly crucial in implementing policy in authoritarian systems led by a single party. In such systems, members of the ______ are usually drawn from party members, and are accountable to the party leadership.

bureaucracy

Political Efficacy

capacity or power to produce a desired effect, (politics) a belief that you can take part in politics (internal efficacy) or that the government will respond to the citizenry (external efficacy)

A ______ is a division in a society that causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular political party, or vote differently.

cleavages

In _____, certain interest groups within society have a special relationship with the government. These key interest groups have a "seat at the table" in return for their cooperation in the creation and implementation of government policies.

corporatist systems

Liberal Democrats

created in the late 1800s. The last prime minister was in the 1920s. Historically, this was the opposition party to the conservatives. The Conservatives were on the right center and the liberals were pure center. Politically, not much of a difference between the two, could live with each of them. The Liberals have declined throughout the 20th century, down to only holding 20 seats. They are around 50-55 seats today.

the term _____ refers to any movements in a society toward free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers that reflect the collective will of the society. These movements need not result in a true substantive, liberal democracy to qualify as _____. _______ is also present when a system transforms in a way that moves it from being an illiberal democracy to more of a liberal democracy. _____ is fully achieved when a country's system meets all the requirements of both a substantive democracy and a liberal democracy.

democratization

Export-oriented industrialization

directly integrates their economies into the global economy by concentrating on economic production to find a place in international markets

a. Coup d'etats, revolutions, resistance movements, and political violence b. Protests, demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and strikes c. Civil disobedience d. Petitioning government (including town hall meetings, letters, emails, phone calls, etc.) e. Forming interest groups, joining social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGO), citizens' policy meetings, etc. f. Joining political parties g. Standing for political office

examples of political participation

In a ________, there is some power that does not ultimately rest in the hands of the central government and such power may not be taken away by the central government through normal law making procedures. Instead, in ______, the power of the sub-national governments is guaranteed in the constitution and only by amending that document can the powers of the sub-national governments be altered or taken away.

federal system

Labour Party

founded in 1900 and came to prominence in the 1920s but was only able to gain outright power in 1945 only after they were able to take power away from the conservatives. The purpose of the party was to build up the welfare state and create national health care system, subsidized education system. People turned on the party in 1951 and stayed out of power until 1961 with Harold Wilson. In the case of labor, it has had a great number of political leaders who were unelectable - couldn't deliver the message of labor. The people went with the Conservatives, but that changes with Blair in 1994.

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of the Bolsheviks in 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the USSR until his death in 1924.

Oxbridge

general term for an ancient and prestigious and privileged university (especially Oxford University or Cambridge University)

Eurocentric

he practice of viewing the world from a European perspective and with an implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the preeminence of European culture. In the UK, followers who believe in the UK's participation in the EU fall under this term.

commercial courts

hear cases arising from civil disputes between firms or between firms and the government; similar to the US Supreme Court

the primary sector

includes farming, fishing, logging, mining and other industries in which raw materials are grown or extracted.

An _____ is one that is not subject to the coercion of other parts of the government.

independent judiciary

The secondary sector

involves the transformation of raw materials and natural resources (from the primary sector) into finished products. (industrial societies)

_______ is the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to rule or exercise power.

legitimacy

State Duma

lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly, created in the constitution of 1993, has 450 members, half of whom are elected by PR, the other half elected in single-member districts (after 2007, only PR)

Shadow Cabinet

members of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, each has a position that coresponds to one in office, and the purpose is to oppose whatever policies the party advocates

political liberalization

minimizing governmental intervention in economy and civil rights and liberties

a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term nation is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.

nation

The second type of question asked by political scientists - how should things happen? - is known as a ______________. The answer to this type of question is subjective, value-laden, and open to debate.

normative question

House of Commons

one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office

Euroskeptic

opposition to the policies of multinational European organizations and/or opposition to UK membership in such bodies

In _____, the ministers of Government who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it. There is no clear separation of executive and legislative functions in such a system. The head of government - often called the prime minister, premier, chancellor, or some other similar term - is a member of the legislature as well, and is usually the head of the majority party in parliament. In many presidential systems, including that of the United States, elections are held on regular schedules. In parliamentary systems, this is rarely the case. Instead, there is usually a maximum term between elections of the legislature, but no minimum. Elections occur on irregular election cycles, and are usually" called" by the prime minister at some point prior to the deadline.

parliamentary systems

per capita

per person

Cabinet

persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers

In _______, interest groups compete, rather than cooperate, for influence over government. ______ are based on the idea that all individuals, political parties, and interest groups have roughly equal access and ability to influence government policy, and that the government is neutral in its treatment of interest groups. In theory, so long as all interest groups feel they have access to the political process and are being heard, such systems will remain stable.

pluralist systems

_________________ describes the way a nation or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example, can help develop and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum.

political culture

A __________ is a set of ethical principles that helps provide an outline of the proper ordering of society, and explains how society should work.

political ideology

_______ describes any means used by people to express their opinions, and perhaps influence political events and/or government actions. The means and methods available vary from country to country, but some are available regardless of the political regime in place or country involved.

political participation

The process of making collective decisions. _______ takes many forms. The concept encompasses what is done within the formal governmental and political structures of a society, but also informal interactions as well.

politics

Legitimacy

popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority.

The ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done.

power

In_______, the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative and judicial powers. This executive branch is usually led by a single president, hence the name. Under normal circumstances, the executive is not accountable to, nor removable by, the legislature. Votes of confidence are not part of presidential systems. As a result of this separation of executive and legislative powers, presidential systems are often slow to act, lack party discipline in the legislative branch, and are prone to political "gridlock."

presidential systems

Public School

private independent secondary school in Great Britain supported by endowment and tuition

privatization

process of converting government enterprises into privately owned companies

1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor) 2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery) 3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular voters) 4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates) 5. Race 6. Ethnicity

sources of cleavages

1. Charisma of a leader 2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths 3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright) 4. Revolutions 5. Religion 6. Constitutions 7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority 8. Competitive elections 9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture

sources of legitimacy

The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. The concept of _____ includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. While a _____ may consist of only a single nation, many ___s rule over two or more nations.

state

Today, groups ranging from the World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF), to the European Union play an important role in world governance. These organizations all have some authority to enforce multilateral agreements on a wide range of issues. At times, member and non-member states have claimed that these organizations infringed upon the sovereignty of nation-states. These organizations can have a significant effect on any number of domestic political issues within member states, including environmental, taxation, and monetary policies. The current standoff in the United Nations over the development of nuclear technology in Iran is but one example of a country claiming that a supranational organization is infringing on its national sovereignty.

supranational organizations

Class Voting

tendency of a given social class to vote for a party that promotes its economic interest

Crown

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

Devolution

the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)

2-Party System

the division of voter loyalies between two major political parties, resulting in the near exclusion of minor parties from seriously competing for a share of political power

United Russia

the largest major political party in the Russian Federation that supports President Dmitry Medvedev On April 15, 2008, Putin accepted the nomination to become chairman of the party

democratization

the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative

politicization of religion

the use of religion to justify political choices and changes or the desire to influence other areas with religion

A system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler, or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests.

theocracy

Question Hour

time reserved in the house of commons for opposition to challenge cabinet on policy issues

Per Capita Gross National Product (GNP)

total amount of goods and services produced divided by the population size

Two and a Half Party System

two large parties win most votes but have to join with a third party to gain a legislative majority. The Liberal Democrats in the UK cause this tendency.

A unicameral legislature consists of one chamber or house, while a bicameral legislature consists of two chambers. Federal systems of government often have bicameral legislatures, while unitary systems of government often have unicameral legislatures. In federal systems with bicameral legislatures, the lower house usually represents the people directly, while the upper house represents regional concerns. This is the basis for the bicameral systems in the United States, Mexico, and Russia, for example.

unicameral legislature vs. bicameral legislature

In a ______, all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government. Any power exercised by sub-national governments (e.g., state, provincial, or city governments) exists because it was granted by the central government.

unitary system

State council

upper assembly decreed to be established by the Czar. Loyal people. Counteracted the influence of the Duma.

Rule by Islamic jurists; also, Islamic Republic's political system, which places power in the hands of clerics

velayat-e faqih

In many parliamentary systems, _____, sometimes called "no confidence" votes, are the means of removing the prime minister and the cabinet from power. In essence, a majority vote of "no confidence" removes the current government from power and sets in motion the procedures to put another government in place.

votes of confidence

League of Committees of Soldier's Mothers

women's organization that marched to protest the end of student's deferments from military conscription