AP Enviro Unit 5 Study Guide

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A farmer grows several crops on a farm that has mostly shallow, sandy soil. Which of the following irrigation methods would be the best suited for this farm? A Drip irrigation B Flood irrigation C Surface irrigation D Furrow irrigation

A Drip irrigation

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging? A More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change. B Farmers will be able to utilize more land, resulting in a decrease in the number of floods. C Less oxygen will be used by the trees, so more oxygen will be in the atmosphere for humans and other animals to use. D The regulating services of the area, such as nutrient cycling and water regulation, would increase with fewer trees in the landscape.

A More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

Which of the following best describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing? A The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITESCITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species. B The Clean Water Act regulates the discharge of pollutants in surface waters. C The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRARCRA ) provides guidelines for the management of aquatic resources. D The Delaney Clause of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates the harvesting of fish species for human consumption.

A The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITESCITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species.

Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population? A The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught. B A conservation agency creates marine parks where the area is a no-catch zone for the species so that the species can recover and population size can increase. C The state government introduces a subsidy for large fishing companies to help them afford to hire more crew members. D An educational group produces signs and video clips to encourage individuals to buy locally caught seafood and to avoid eating big fish like tuna and shark.

A The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization? A Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks B Filling nearby wetlands to reduce the amount of water in an area C Encouraging construction of housing developments outward into nearby suburban and rural areas D Installing new, more energy-efficient appliances in existing apartment buildings

A Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is A eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use B ozone depletion from fossil fuel use C intercropping by traditional farmers D compaction of soil from adding compost

A eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use

Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that A synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops B synthetic fertilizer remains in the soil longer than organic fertilizer does, reducing the volume needed and, therefore, the cost to the farmer C synthetic fertilizer adds to soil texture and increases the soil's water-holding capacity D organic fertilizer runs off more readily into waterways, leading to nutrient overload

A synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because A the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory B farm-raised salmon often pass on toxic chemicals such as mercury to eagles and other fish-eating birds C invasive plant species common in aquaculture facilities can spread to nearby waters D fewer wild fish will be harvested for human consumption

A the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil? A A scale should be used to measure the mass of both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time. B A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time. C A soil triangle should be used to determine the soil texture in both pallets before and after the water is added to both pallets. D A turbidity meter should be used to determine the amount of particulate matter in both pallets before and after the water is added to both pallets.

B A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time.

Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting? A Transpiration of water from vegetation will increase. B Evaporation of water from the soil will increase. C Runoff from watersheds will decrease. D Siltation of local streams will decrease.

B Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.

Farmers use various methods of irrigation on crops. Which of the following statements correctly pairs an irrigation method with an advantage or disadvantage? A Drip irrigation is readily used in large-scale farming because of the low cost associated with this method. B Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil. C Furrow irrigation is a method in which farmers plant two different types of crops in alternating strips which increases productivity. D Spray irrigation loses the least amount of water to evaporation.

B Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil.

Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight? A Spray irrigation B Furrow irrigation C Flood irrigation D Drip irrigation

B Furrow irrigation

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5)(N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pHpH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown in the table? A Passage of rainwater through the green roofs increased the acidity of the water from the increased formation of carbonic acid. B Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant. C Green roofs are effective at removing all pollutants from rainwater because the plants can absorb the toxins from the precipitation. D Green roofs do little to improve rainwater runoff quality as most pollutants are not significantly different from the control roofs.

B Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant.

If Student 2 wanted to change his or her footprint to be more similar to that of Student 1, which of the following actions would he or she choose based on the data given in table 1 ? A Using mass transit options when available B Reducing the amount of meat in his or her diet C Moving into a smaller home or an apartment complex D Upgrading his or her electronic devices, such as laptops and cell phones, more often

B Reducing the amount of meat in his or her diet

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of utilizing science technology for future agricultural advances? A Using new science technologies to advance agriculture should be done cautiously to avoid unintended, negative consequences. B The only way to meet the global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture. C New science technologies may not suffice in advancing agriculture into the twenty-first century. D Using new science technologies to advance agriculture should be completely avoided because most technologies are too costly.

B The only way to meet the global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture.

B The type of pavers used in the pallets

Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management ( IPMIPM ) techniques. A third group received no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in the number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph above. Which of the following claims would be the best solution to the pest problem, based on the data in the graph? A Use of conventional pesticides is the most successful method because the pesticides can be sprayed multiple times until the pest infestation is under control. B Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area. C Use of the control treatment is the most successful method because insects have a short life span and will die off naturally. D Use of the three different treatments are equally effective in controlling pests because a variety of different methods can be successful at eliminating pests.

B Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area.

Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture? A Aquaculture breeds genetically modified fish to increase the amount of biodiversity in the population. B Aquaculture reduces the number of fishing operations in an area. C Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round. D Aquaculture requires large bodies of water for its operations.

C Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.

Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture? A Meeting an increasing demand for seafood B Decreasing the prevalence of disease in nearby wild fish C Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste D High initial cost of facility

C Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste

Based on the data provided, which of the following descriptions best identifies the types of farms that are being compared? Antibiotics used only for illnesses A, manure is reused A sprayed B. A Farm A is a free-pasture farm for cattle, whereas Farm B is a free-range farm for poultry. B Farm A is a concentrated animal feedlot for beef production, whereas Farm B is a cage-free farm for poultry. C Farm A is a grass-fed pasture for beef production, whereas Farm B is a traditional concentrated animal feedlot for cattle. D Farm A is a cage-free farm for poultry, whereas Farm B is an industrial poultry farm.

C Farm A is a grass-fed pasture for beef production, whereas Farm B is a traditional concentrated animal feedlot for cattle.

The harvesting of livestock for meat consumption affects the planet in various ways. Approximately 25% of the land area on Earth is used for raising livestock. One-third of all water used in meat production goes toward producing beef, and the demand for beef is projected to increase by 95% by 2050. The graph below shows the average meat consumption per capita from 2010 to 2012 and the forecasted meat consumption for 2022 for five different countries. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A As the demand for chicken increases and the demand for beef decreases, changes in meat production will decrease the demand on global water supplies. B Meat consumption per capita will decrease in India between 2012 and 2022 because individuals in that country have a primarily vegetarian diet. C Global meat consumption per capita will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 as the countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed. D The use of growth hormones and antibiotics will allow for an increased yield in meat production in all five countries by 2022.

C Global meat consumption per capita will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 as the countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed.

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of government funding for future agricultural research? A Funding should be obtained primarily through environmental conservation agencies. B There is no need for additional funding because the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative has received a $25 million increase since 2008. C More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported. D Funding should be primarily obtained from the private sector and not from the federal government.

C More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported.

A group of farmers want to change their pest control methods to reduce the amount of pollution in a nearby river. The data on the cost and percent pest population reduction for several methods of pest control the farmers could consider are presented in the table below. Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river? A Using physical traps B Applying a single dose of pesticides C Planting genetically modified crops D Introducing a natural predator to feed on the pests

C Planting genetically modified crops

Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO2eCO2e ) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph? A Producing food for beef and chicken emits a total of 4.67kg4.67kg CO2eCO2e per kgkg of edible meat, released during transport and processing of animal feed. B The carbon dioxide equivalent for farm energy use by chickens is the greatest source of emissions, because the 2424 hours of lighting that chickens require to grow uses a lot of electricity. C Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas. D Chicken manure does not emit any greenhouse gases, because chickens have unique symbiotic bacteria in their digestive systems.

C Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas.

In a rural region of India, scientists collected data of different pesticide residue levels from closely located farming plots. Some of these plots used integrated pest management biopesticides, while others used chemical pesticides to control pests. The data below show levels of four pesticide residues found in tomato and cucumber crops in the two treatment plots. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table? A Crops grown using integrated pest management have higher levels of all pesticides in cucumbers but do not have higher levels in tomatoes. B Crops grown using integrated pest management had lower levels of monocrotophos measured in both tomatoes and cucumbers. C The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers. D Integrated pest management resulted in substantially higher levels of all four pesticides in tomatoes.

C The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers.

C The infiltration rate of the water

One example of the tragedy of the commons occurs when trees are harvested from tropical rain forests without any regulations. Which of the following best describes why this is an example of the tragedy of the commons? A Tropical rain forests have a thin layer of decaying organic matter and relatively low nutrient levels slowing tree growth. B Trees are an important resource, but not all individuals can access the resource. C Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible. D Tropical rain forests have the highest number of species per unit area, and trees are important for stability in the ecosystem.

C Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible.

Which of the following statements best describes the most unsustainable method of clear-cutting forests to harvest timber? A All but the healthiest trees are removed from a forest. B The highest-value trees are selectively removed from a forest. C All of the shade-intolerant trees in a small section of a forest are cut down. D All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

D All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

In recent years, farm production has stopped growing in the United States, and agriculture research is no longer a priority; it constitutes only 2 percent of federal research and development spending. And, according to the Department of Agriculture, total agricultural production has slowed significantly since the turn of the century. We need another ambitious surge in agricultural science. Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's assumptions in terms of a new green revolution? A The global demand for food has remained constant since the 1940s, and therefore there has been minimal pressure to change agricultural practices. B Most current farming practices are eliminating mechanization and increasing profits. C New advances in agricultural technology will need government regulations in order to become effective for large-scale farming operations. D Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.

D Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A Fish farming, a type of aquaculture, produces fish through selective breeding to produce a cheap source of protein, reducing the fishing pressure on wild stock fish. B A collapse of the fishing industry leads to a loss of fishing-related jobs, which will have negative consequences on the economy. C Declines in the fish population lead to a decline in the population of fish predators, affecting the entire food chain. D Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.

D Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.

After reviewing personal footprint data, Student 5 decides to take action to lower his or her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothing. Land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by this change? A Food B Carbon emissions C Housing D Goods and services

D Goods and services

Which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas? A A greater amount of impermeable surfaces in urban areas that prevents organic material from entering soils B Reliance on mass transportation systems in urban areas, such as buses and trains rather than individual cars and trucks, which increases carbon dioxide release C Decreased square footage of living space, per person, in most housing units in urban areas that leads to an increased carbon footprint D Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

D Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization? A Individuals living in cities have more varied employment opportunities than individuals living in rural areas. B Individuals living in cities have greater access to health care than individuals living in rural areas. C Individuals living in cities usually have greater access to fresh, local agricultural products than individuals living in rural areas. D Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

D Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

D Nitrate

A person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the number of hectares per land required. Which of the following is a limitation of using only the data in the table to complete an ecological footprint analysis of the different students? A The footprint for each individual is based on simple calculations to determine approximate resource use. B The footprint uses a top-down approach to provide a complete picture of resource use for comparison between individuals. C The footprint uses global hectares, rather than hectares, to determine the approximate proportion of Earth's surface needed to support the activities of an individual. D The footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.

D The footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.

Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing? A There will be a decrease in the amount of runoff into nearby streams. B There will be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. C There will be an increase in the diversity and size of primary producers. D There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

D There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5)(N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pHpH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. The data in the table show mean concentrations (mg/L)(mg/L) of pollutants in rainwater leaving either green or conventional roofs. Which of the following data would be needed to calculate the total amount of a pollutant leaving the roof during and following a rainstorm? A Distance from street level to roof B Duration of the rain event C Total number of plants on the roof D Total volume of rainfall

D Total volume of rainfall

Many communities experience the tragedy of the commons. One way a local community might regulate a shared and limited resource and reduce the tragedy of the commons is to A eliminate ownership of the resources and make them available to all B reduce the cost of access to the resources C offer subsides to users of the resources in the form of tax breaks D divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

D divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to A help get laws passed that allow more fishing in areas that are not fished currently, therefore opening access to greater numbers of fish B purchase fish harvested through the use of purse seining and long-lining methods so that only the largest fish are caught C invest in companies that fish near coral reefs, which would take pressure off deep-sea species and eliminate the need for advances in technology D eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

D eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

AP Enviro Unit 5 Study Guide

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