AP Euro Ch. 18

In order to make tax increases more palatable, how did the "enlightened absolutists" of Europe actively modernize government?

By enacting administrative and legal reforms

Oxford-educated John Wesley was the founder of which of the following reform movements?

Methodism

Voltaire's campaign to restore Jean Calas's reputation helped to bring about the extension of civil rights to French Protestants as well as what additional reform?

The abolition of the legal use of torture.

Which event dramatically changed the outcome of the Seven Years' War?

The death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia, after which her successor immediately reversed her anti-Prussian policy, allowing Frederick the Great to escape a crushing defeat.

Although eighteenth-century food riots were a direct response to the lack of available food, they were also a reaction to...

the lower classes' lack of access to the political system and their desire for the government regulation of the price of grain.

One way in which nobles and the landed gentry in Britain protected their social status and reasserted their privilege in the face of financial and political challenges was that...

they defended their exclusive right to hunt game and severely punished poachers, who could even be sentenced to death.

In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain?

Canada

The eighteenth-century belief that God created the universe to follow set, logical principles but does not intervene in its functioning is known as what?

Deism

Those who believe in God but give him no active role in human affairs. Deists of the Enlightenment believed that God had designed the universe and set it in motion but no longer intervened in its functioning.

Deists

Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire's ideas?

Empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated

What label have historians given to eighteenth-century rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolutist powers?

Enlightened despots

What new texts did abolitionists use in their petitions and campaigns to end the slave trade and slavery in the New World?

Firsthand accounts of slavery written by freed slaves

Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?

Frederick II of Prussia

Members of Masonic lodges, where nobles and middle-class professionals (and even some artisans" shared interest in the Enlightenment and reform.

Freemasons

Why did Louis XVI restore the parlements in 1774, despite the fact that they had been abolished by his predecessor, Louis XV?

He succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the dissolution of the parlements as an attack on privilege.

How were the spread of Enlightenment ideals and the emergence of a more prosperous middle class in Europe reflected in music?

In the transition from complex polyphony to an emphasis on more popularly accessible melody

Monarchs in many Catholic states used the spread of Enlightenment thought to...

Increase their control over the church by suppressing the influential Jesuit order.

Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?

It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.

Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of "the social contract" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments?

It argued that individuals in a community entered into a contract with one another, not with their ruler.

how did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?

It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously.

The militarization of Prussian society in the late eighteenth century led to which of the following effects?

It kept the peasants enserfed to their lords and blocked the middle classes from access to estates or high government positions.

How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?

It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems.

Although most intellectuals of the Enlightenment publicly embraced the doctrine of religious toleration, many of them were still intolerant of which group?

Jews

Who among the following leaders was the only enlightened ruler to end the personal aspects of serfdom?

Joseph II of Austria

A religious movement founded by John Wesley that broke with the Church of England and insisted on strict self-discipline and a "methodical" approach to religious study and observance.

Methodism

Division of one-third of Poland-Lithuania's territory between Prussia, Russia, and Austria in 1772.

Partition of Poland

While the spread of salons, concerts, and exhibitions took place among the middle and upper classes, what forms of entertainment demonstrated the persistence of popular culture among the lower classes?

Peasants continued to enjoy fairs and festivals, while the urban lower classes went to taverns and cabarets and attended forms of entertainment that included organized gambling.

What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?

Philosophes

In 1772, the territory of Poland-Lithuania was divided among which three European states?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

A massive revolt of Russian Cossacks and serfs in 1773 against local nobles and the armies of Catherine the Great; its leader, Emelian Pugachev, was eventually captured and executed.

Pugachev rebellion

An artistic movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that glorified nature, emotion, genius, and imagination.

Romanticism

What new artistic movement developed in the eighteenth century in reaction to what some saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on the authority of human reason?

Romanticism

One of the most important philosophes; he argued that only a government based on a social contract among the citizens could make people turly moral and free.

Rousseau

Of all the carious positions espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, why is his theory of the primacy of "the general will" the most difficult to comprehend and apply to society?

Rousseau's theory advocated the subordination of individual conscience to the good of the community at large without providing any legal protections for individual rights.

in 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?

Sapere aude ("Dare to know")

A worldwide series of battles between Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden on one side and Prussia and Great Britain on the other.

Seven Years' War

What was Empress Catherine II's response to the Pugachev rebellion, a massive uprising by the long-oppressed serfs of Russia in 1773?

She increased the nobles' power over the serfs and harshly punished anyone who criticized serfdom.

What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)?

That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans.

In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion?

That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition.

What was the underlying message of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile?

That clerical supervision in schools stunted individual development and independent thinking, which were necessary qualities for joining society

The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith made what contention about individual self-interest?

That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society

In the eighteenth century, the ranks of what social class grew steadily in western Europe as the result of economic expansion?

The middle class

Why did the Enlightenment flourish in France?

The political atmosphere in France was ripe, as the French monarchy alternated between encouraging ideas for reform and harshly censuring criticisms.

Over the course of the eighteenth century, what was the trend in the number of out-of-wedlock births?

The quadrupled, as more women began to move to cities and out of the control of their families.

The artistic and architectural style known as neoclassicism gained popularity in the eighteenth century thanks to what cultural phenomenon?

The rise of "grand tours," in which upper-class youths traveled to Greek and Roman ruins

Why did the Seven Years' War have such a significant impact on American-British relations?

The war removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances.

How did local governments respond to the growing numbers of urban poor in the eighteenth century?

They created institutions called beggar houses or workhouses that were part workshop, part hospital, and part prison.

What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?

They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance.

What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.

Why did Masonic lodges continue to multiply throughout the eighteenth century, despite the condemnation of Freemasonry by the papacy in 1738?

They offered a kind of secular religion and a way of declaring one's interest in the Enlightenment and reform.

Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?

They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.

Why was the nobility of western Europe more open to the ideas of the Enlightenment than the nobility of eastern and southern Europe?

Western European nobles had sometimes married into middle-class families and formed with them a new elite, united by common interests in reform and new cultural tastes.

Advocates of the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery.

abolitionists

The painting above depicts the Austrian Emperor Joseph II as...

an Enlightened monarch interested in methods of improving productivity

Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his

emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the "noble savage"

Rulers--such as Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Joseph II of Austria--who tried to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their own supreme political power; also called enlightened absolutists.

enlightened despots

The common link between Princeton University, the Hasidim, and John Wesley is that they all...

flourished because of religious revivalism in the eighteenth century.

Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire argued that...

in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control.

The Sorrows of Young Werther, by the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, is considered to be a reaction against the Enlightenment because its hero...

indulges in intense love, intense melancholy, and suicide.

By the mid-eighteenth century Prussia had vastly increased the size and efficiency of its army, vaulting itself to great power status with the...

institution of the "canton system."

French for "leave alone"; an economic doctrine developed by Adam Smith that advocated freeing the economy from government intervention and control.

laissez-faire

French for "philosophers"; public intellectuals of the Enlightenment who wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticism with the goal of furthering reform in society.

philosophes

The Gordon riots devastated much of London in 1780 demonstrated the fact that...

popular demonstrations did not always support reform or religious toleration.

In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in...

reading and books.

According to Adam Smith, the "invisible hand" would...

reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefits

"I asked him to tell me in what true religion consisted. 'Have I not told you?' (he answered) 'Love God and your neighbor as yourself.'" Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary In the excerpt above, Voltaire was supporting...

religious toleration

"Since my accession to the throne, I have ever been anxious to conquer the prejudices and to gain the confidence of my people. I granted toleration, and removed the yoke which oppressed Protestants for centuries. Tolerance is a convincing proof of the improvement of the human mind." The author of the quotation above was most likely a...

ruler influenced by the Enlightenment precepts

Immanuel Kant, the most influential Herman thinker of the Enlightenment, established the doctrine of idealism, which was based on...

the belief that true understanding can only come from examining the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind.