AP Euro Ch.20

who were the luddites

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation

who was the william cockerill

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in belgium

in the nineteenth-century, friedrich list believed that industrial development should be pursued

as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

what was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature

establishment of limited liability investment

in 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work

farming and agriculture

the tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families

who invented the spinning jenny

James Hargreaves

what was the key demand of the chartist movement

all men must be given the right to vote

what was the function of the crystal palace

it was the location of the great exhibition in 1851 in London

what was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the industrial revolution

james watt's development of the steam engine between 1760s and 1780s

what did james watt gain from his partnership with matthew boulton

capital and skills in salesmanship

owing to the industrial revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820

how did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution

as modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

how did industry grow in continental Europe

belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production

how did cotton transform the textile industry

cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production

the reformer robert owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

in the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

in primary source 20.1: debate over child labor laws, how did sir robert peel argue against the employment of child laborers in 1818 debates in parliament

he asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution

what was an effect of the factory act of 1833

it limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories

in primary source 20.3: the testimony of young mine workers, what do ann eggley, eighteen years old, and patience kershaw, aged seventeen, have in common

neither girl has learned to read or write

in primary source 20.2: living conditions of the working class, what common problem is cited in the interviews with the two doctors

the dwellings are overcrowded

what did henry cort develop

the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"

the sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality

in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

why did eighteenth century Britain have a shortage of wood

wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry

what major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of james hargreaves and richard arkwright

a weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed

the factory act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment

which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain

combination acts of 1799

how did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century

family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages

in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

in the condition of the working class in England, friedrich engels stated that

in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving"

the great exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain

how did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed

it became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

how did railroads affect the nature of production

markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

what was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780-1851

much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

thomas malthus argued in his essay on the principle of population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence

david ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages subsistence DIFF:Level

how did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century

the spread of coke smelting and the development of steam powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

as the business world grew inincreasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth century Europe

there were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories

how did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths

they supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

in his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did andrew ure conclude about conditions in most factories

they were not harsh and even quite good

in primary source 20.5, what does sarah stickney ellis advise the middle class woman to do

think about how best to help those who need assistance

in nineteenth-century Germany, fritz harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense

what did the mines act of 1842 prohibit

underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten