AP EURO CHAP 13 TEST

"Bloody" Mary

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who became queen of England and tried to restore catholicism, married to Philip II King of Spain, burned more than 300 protestants, death ended restoration of catholicism in england

Thomas More

Took an interest in new classical learning and became proficient in latin and greek, started public career that got him the highest reach of power as lord chancellor of england, friend of erasmus, wrote utopia, killed when opposed break in church due to King Henry VIIIs divorce request

Transubstantiation

a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.

Oratory of Divine Love

informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity, favored philosophy of Christ

Pope Clement VII

joined side of Francis I in the second Habsburg-Valois war, didnt want to grant divorce to henry and anne

Charles V

king of spain, grandson of emperor maximilian, elected holy roman emperor, catholic

Gustavus Vasa

led swedish barons to overthrow christian ii, ruler of three scandinavian kingdoms, king of sweden, established lutheran reformation in his country

Protestant education

literature more important to read the bible, all children should be educated, divided into private and public school

Marburg Colloquy

meeting between luther and zwingli, agreed on everything except Lord's supper, creation of different protestant groups

Martin Luther

monk who was never assured of his salvation, became a doctor in theology, started concept of justification by faith, led the protestant reformation

Union of Utrecht

northern protestant provinces of the netherlands, led by william of orange, would become the dutch republic

Francis of Xavier

one of the original jesuit members, brought catholic christianity to the east, died spreading the faith

Jesuits

pursued 3 major activities, established highly disciplined schools, borrowed freely from humanist schools for their educational methods, education important, famous educators, propagation of the catholic faith among non christians

Elizabeth

queen of england, her reign known as the golden age of england, ruled with compromise and moderation

Anabaptists

radicals who believed that the church was an association of believers who underwent spiritual rebirth and had been baptized into the church, adult baptism, tried to return to early christianity, all believers equal, all christians considered priests

Menno Simons

responsible for reviving dutch anabaptism, imposed strict discipline, banned those who refused to conform to the rules, believed in a peaceful, evangelical anabaptism that stressed separation from the world, followers mennonites

Catholic Reformation

revival of roman catholicism where the church had a reformed papacy and strengthened church

The sacraments

rites considered imperative for a Christian's salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reforms of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two-baptism and communion (the Lord's Supper).

Suleiman the Magnificent

ruler of the ottoman forces

Edward VI

son of henry VIII and Jane Seymore, king of England as an infant, moved church in protestant direction

John Calvin

systemic theologian and organizer of the protestant movement, Institutes of the Christian Religion, predestination

Predestination

the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.

Salvation by faith

the doctrine that true salvation comes from faith not good works

Pluralism

the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.

Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ

written by thomas a kempis, judged by what we have read and done, not spoken or religiously lived

Utopia

written by thomas more, account of idealistic life and institutions of the community, means nowhere

Geneva

Calvin set up a theocracy here, vibrant center of Protestantism

Henry VIII's wives

Catherine of Aragon-divorced-daughter Mary I, Anne Boleyn-beheaded-Elizabeth I, Jane Seymore-Edward VI-died, Anne of Cleves-divorced, Catherine Howard-beheaded, Catherine Parr-survives

Peace of Augsburg

End to religious warfare in Germany, turning point in the reformation, division of Christianity acknowledged, each ruler can determine the religion of his territory

Puritans

English Protestans inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

The Praise of Folly

Erasmus engaged in humorous yet effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society, harsh on abuses within clergy

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Henry IV

Henry of Navarre, survived the massacre by converting to catholic, converted back to calvinism, claimed throne of England when henry iii was killed, converted to catholicism

Saint Bartholomew's Day

King Henry IX ordered the massacre of huguenots under influence of the guise family, about 3000 huguenots were killed

priesthood of all believers

Luther's concept that a special class of priest not needed to intercede for you

Act of Supremacy

Made Queen Elizabeth head of church, able to dictate religious policy

The Edict of Worms

Martin Luther made an outlaw, his works were to be burned, and he was to be captured and delivered to emperor charles, but his prince hid him

Council of Trent

Met intermittently between 1545 and 1563, made Divisions between moderates and conservatives, Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings: Scripture and tradition were equal on religious issues, only the catholic church could interpret scripture. faith and good works were necessary for salvation, 7 sacraments, transubstantiation-affirmed this belief, reaffirmed belief in clerical celibacy, purgatory, efficacy of indulgences (no selling), established seminaries in each dioceses for the training of priests

Desiderius Erasmus

Most influential of all Christian humanists, formulated and popularized the reform program of christian humanism, wrote the handbook of the christian knight and the praise of folly, philosophy of Christ

The Peasant's War, 1524

Peasants rose up against their lords after being abused and taxed and experiencing social discontent, followed Luthers idea of rebellion, Luther was against the peasants

Spanish Armada

Phillip sends ships to the netherlands to pick up troops and invade england to re-establish catholic monarchy, fail

Book of Common Prayer

Prayer book and liturgical guide that allowed clergy to marry, elimination of images, revised protestant liturgy

Johann Tetzel

Rambunctious dominican who said, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Munster

Site of an anabaptist uprising that determined the fate of Dutch anabaptism, became a haven for for anabaptists , New Jerusalem

The Battle of Leptano

Spain's leadership of a holy league against Turk encroachments resulted in this victory over the turks

Saint Theresa of Avila

Spanish mystic who was a nun that believed that experiencing a variety of mystical experiences should lead to an active life of service on behalf of catholicism

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus, submitted his will to the will of church, soldier of God, The Spiritual Exercises, principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, hierarchal order, education, dedication to engage in conflict for God, 1st general of the order of the Society of Jesus

The New World

Strict conformity to Catholicism, enforced by aggressive use of the spanish inquisition and the establishment of strong, monarchial authority

Christian Humanism

an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.

Ulrich Zwingli

began the reformation in Switzerland, believed, marburg colloquy, unable to reconcile with luther, didn't believe in transubstantiation

Absenteeism

church officeholders ignoring their duties and hiring underlings who were not always qualified

The Netherlands

consisted of 17 provinces, split into 2 provinces based on religion: Southern Catholic provinces of Netherlands form Union of Arras, Northern Protestant provinces for union of utrecht under william of orange; united provinces of the netherlands will become dutch republic

Pope Paul III

continued renaissance practices, choosing nephews, involving himself in politics, patronized arts and letters lavishly, appointed a reform commission, recognized the jesuits, summoned the council of trent, re-established the roman inquisition

Edict of Nantes

established catholicism as the official religion of france but allowed religious toleration

Philip II

greatest advocate of militant catholicism, king of spain, wanted to consolidate the land and increase his power, strict catholicism

Indulgences

in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century.

Ninety five theses

indictment of the abuses in the sales of indulgences that luther wrote and nailed to the door of the church