AP Euro Chapter 13 Terms

Indulgence

An indulgence is a document issued by the catholic church to "lessen" time in purgatory and or forgive all of your sins. They were eventually sold for profit. Reformers like Luther and many others belived that the church officials were abusing their power for financial gain. Many protestants wanted to ban the sale of indulgences and focus of faith. The sale of indulgences was a catalyst for religious conflict during the Reformation.

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism first emerged during the age of reformation. It is defined as an opposition of the clergy. Many 16th century court records, songs, and images showed the popularity of anticlericalism. Anticlerical people often focused on clerical; ignorance, immorality, and pluralism. Complaints were motivated by the illiteracy and greed of church officials.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin embodied his ideas in The Institutes of the Christian Religion. The first time it was published was in Latin in 1536 and it was also published in his native French in 1599. "The "institutes" argue for the majesty of God and for justification by faith alone. The book shaped Calvinism as a major religious and intellectual force in Europe and throughout the world.

Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes was an edict passed by Henry IV. The edict granted Huguenots the right to practice their religions without state persecution. It upheld Protestants in freedom of conscience and permitted them to hold public worship in many parts of the Kingdom. It was signed on April 13, 1598.

Huguenots

Huguentos were French Calvinists. They mainly lived in major cities like Paris, Lyons, and Rouen. They were French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Persecuted by the French Catholic government during a violent period, Huguenots fled the country in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the US and Africa.

Politiques

Politiques was a small group of moderates of both faiths that tried to bring peace to France during the later years of the Wars of Religion. They ultimately saved France. They believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend toward collapse. They favored accepting the Huguentos as an officially recognized and organized group. One of the leaders of the Politiques was Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici.

Predestination

Predestination is the belief that everything was already predetermined by God. It's the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially in the aspect of religion. People who believe in predestination believe that God already decided who goes to heaven and who goes to hell. It's mainly believed by Calvinists.

Protestants

Protestants were originally described as the followers of Luther, Zwingli and other reformers. The word protestant stems from the protests of a small group of German princes who wanted reform during the Diet of Speyer in 1529. Protestants are different from catholics in many ways. They believe that salvation derives from faith. They also believe that the bible holds supreme authority NOT both the bible and church.

Holy Office

The Holy Office was located outside the boundaries of the Vatican City. "In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, often called the Holy Office. It had jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition, a powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation". They were also entrusted with matters pertaining to faith and morals.

Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada was sent to arrive at Flanders in order to attack England. On May 9, 1588 "the most fortunate fleet" was sent. It contained 130 vessels. Before the Spanish Armada arrived in Flanders it was met with England vessels. Since the English ships had better ammunition, maneuvered better, and were smaller they were able to scatter the Spanish Armada. During the Spanish retreat bad weather wiped out the rest.

Union of Utrecht

The Union of Utrecht is an alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and it formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The seven provinces that signed were the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands in league against Spain. It also established a military league to resist the Spaniards and served as the foundation of the Dutch Republic and later kingdom. It was signed on January 23, 1579.

Jesuits

They are an apostolic religious community called the Society of Jesus. They were the most significant new order, Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. It was founded by Ignatius Loyola. Jesuits played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.