AP Euro chapter 16/17
Auguste Comte developed the theory of ________. A. positivism B. the science of survival C. evolutionary ethics D. relativity
A
Auguste Comte's works were influential because they ________. A. helped convince learned Europeans that all knowledge must resemble scientific knowledge B. were the first works to provide evidence that nature evolved independently of a supernatural force C. challenged Darwin's theory of natural selection D. provided scientific evidence disputing the biblical story of Creation
A
Britain ________ from its rule of India. A benefited economically B never benefited economically C suffered great losses D failed to recoup its investments
A
By 1914, which of the following was true? A British colonization touched North, South, East, and West Africa. B The Portuguese dominated Madagascar. C American colonization was dominant in southern Africa. D No foreign powers had direct access to the Nile River.
A
By the start of World War I, most major nations of Europe ________. A. began providing free public education for the masses B. provided free elementary and secondary education for the masses C. began providing free university education for the masses D. provided free elementary, secondary, and university education for the masses
A
Darwin's Descent of Man ________. A. contended that neither the origin of humans nor human character required the existence of a god B. was a confirmation that human origins derived from an omniscient god C. gave scientific support to the notion that biology was the basis of social success D. gave scientific support to the notion that Europeans were biologically superior to other humans
A
During the nineteenth century, the dominant religious group that set the pace for missionary enterprises that other Western nations imitated was ________. A. evangelical Protestants from Britain B. Roman Catholics from the Americas C. Roman Catholics from Spain, Portugal, and Italy D. Protestant settlers in British colonies
A
Herbert Spencer and Thomas Huxley were similar in ________. A. writing responses to Darwin's work B. criticizing the institutions but not the teachings of the organized churches C. both originating theories concerning the mechanism of evolution D. arguing against Social Darwinism
A
Historians have traditionally explained the New Imperialism as driven by the need for markets and raw materials. Which of the following weakens this explanation? A colonies' weakness as markets for the great imperial nations B Lenin's argument that competition eventually eliminates inefficient capitalists C Hobson's argument that European economies be restructured to make imperialism unnecessary D Marx's views on capitalism
A
How were the goals of the Russian expansion across mainland Asia similar to those of the early Victorian British administration of India? A Both sought to elevate the native people on the ladder of civilization. B Both used diplomacy to gain the elites' loyalty to the tsar or British Crown. C Both sought to convert indigenous groups to Christianity. D Both sought to gain economic and political domination without actual direct rule or government administration.
A
In A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf concluded that ________. A. both male and female writers should be able to think as both men and women B. female writers should imitate male writers C. male writers were superior to female writers D. female writers should bring their feminine traits to their writing
A
In A Room of One's Own, the "room" of the title symbolized _________. A. a place for creative expression B. financial independence C. a university education D. the life of single women
A
In London, what group excluded women from its ranks, claiming that discussion of primitive people was an unfit subject for females? A. the Ethnological Society B. the Geological Society C. the Society of Ethnological Enlightenment D. the League for Social Order
A
In his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, Count Arthur de Gobineau ________. A. portrayed Western troubles as springing from racial mixing B. claimed Western troubles were the result of resistance to intermarriage C. railed against the racism that had long existed in European culture D. blamed the black race for what he called "contrary discrimination"
A
Laos and Cambodia became protectorates of ________ in the 1880s and 1890s. A France B the United States C China D Japan
A
Liberals and conservatives recognized that ________. A. minimal education was needed to help keep new voters in check B. extensive education was needed for orderly political behavior of new voters C. literacy would jeopardize the productivity of the work force D. education leading to better jobs and political influence was within reach of the masses
A
Many of the books and journals of the late nineteenth century were mediocre because ________. A. many new readers were only marginally literate B. many authors were only marginally proficient C. reading tastes changed frequently D. publishing companies lacked adequate financing
A
Max Weber and Ernest Renan approached Islam as a _________. A. historical phenomenon B. spiritual development C. religion equal to Christianity D. phenomenon caused by Christian crusaders
A
Max Weber believed that ________. A. the emergence of rationalism was the major development in human history B. bureaucratization led to the destruction of modern society C. only economic factors could account for major developments in human history D. human history reached a high point in the Middle Ages
A
Missionaries were most active in providing ________ to non-Westerners. A education B economic development C health care D community development
A
Most of the empires of the New Imperialism ________. A were less enduring than those of the earlier European empires B lasted less than a decade C were located along the Atlantic Ocean D involved a significant number of immigrants as settlers
A
Most social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century ________. A. reinforced traditional gender roles B. supported wider sexual freedoms for women C. embraced some, but not all, feminist ideas about gender roles D. began to take a more liberal view of marriage, family, and child rearing
A
One of the reasons Napoleon III sent forces to Vietnam in 1856 was to ________. A protect Roman Catholic missionaries B establish administrative control over the Vietnamese C protect French financial interests D expand French territory in Indochina
A
Russian expansion into which region came at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Persia? A the Transcaucasus B Far East C Central Asia D southern Middle Asia
A
Scholars in Germany, France, and Britain claimed that humans had written and revised the books of the Bible to ________. A. accommodate problems in Jewish society and politics B. reflect Christian social and political mores C. incorporate scientific knowledge as it became known D. make it more credible to contemporary readers
A
Sigmund Freud was unusual in paying close attention to _________. A. dreams B. religion C. mental states D. psychoses
A
Skeptics who questioned the morality of Christianity cited ________. A. the cruelty and unpredictability of the Old Testament God B. its intolerance against people of other faiths C. the irrationality of the New Testament God D. its lack of equality between men and women
A
The Europeans' power attempt to maximize their strategic control of African territory, markets, and raw materials was known as ________. A the Scramble for Africa B the Amazing Race C Realpolitik D Machiavellianism
A
The Swedish writer Ellen Key believed that ________. A. the government should financially support mothers and their children B. children should be raised in state-supported communes C. the government should assume physical custody and financial support of the children of unmarried mothers D. mothers and fathers had equal financial responsibility for their children
A
The factor that caused the greatest loss of faith in Christianity among literate Europeans was ________. A. doubt about the historical validity of the Bible B. doubt about the morality of Christianity C. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection D. doubt about the scientific validity of Creationism
A
The primary reason churches opposed state- financed schools was they feared ________. A. future generations educated in state-financed schools would lack religious training B. losing students to state-financed schools would result in their demise C. states would require them to improve their educational standards D. states would limit the churches' power to control all aspects of the schools' operation
A
The single most important weapon in colonial warfare by 1900 was ________. A the machine gun B the tank C the land mine D European diseases
A
Uniformitarianism—developed by Charles Lyell—is based on the idea of natural laws that __________. A. are immutable B. change over time C. cannot be determined D. change too rapidly to be formulated
A
What did Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Karl Vogt, and T. H. Huxley have in common? A. They claimed that science showed women were inferior to men. B. They used science to examine the role of humans as a part of nature. C. They used science to explore the inner worlds of humans. D. They claimed that science proved some races were superior to others.
A
What was Queen Victoria's role in India? A. She was named the Empress of India in 1877. B. She owned the East India Company. C. She sponsored expeditions of Christian missionaries to India. D. She advised India princes who swore allegiance to the British Crown.
A
Which of the following statements about evolution is true? A. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace explained how changes in species occur. B. Charles Darwin originated the concept of evolution. C. Alfred Russel Wallace drew on Darwin's work D. Charles Darwin drew on the works of Wallace
A
Which of the following statements about British involvement in slavery and the slave trade is true? A Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and abolished it in its own colonies in 1833-1834. B Britain banned the slave trade and abolished it in its own colonies in 1833-1834. C Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 but never abolished it in its own colonies. D Britain did not participate in the slave trade, but it allowed slavery in its own colonies until 1834.
A
Which of the following was an outcome of British imperial policies in the first half of the nineteenth century? A war with China over forced importation of opium B war against France over keeping China open for free trade C establishment of a trade embargo against European goods D restrictions on trade with the United States
A
Which of these was used by Russia to justify its expansion in the Transcaucasus? A protection of fellow Christians B protection of Jews in the region C protection of oppressed minorities suffering under Turkish rule D the weak state of the Ottoman Empire
A
Who contended that the story of Jesus was a myth? A. David Friedrich Strauss B. William Robertson Smith C. Ernst Renan D. Julius Wellhausen
A
Why did British economic thinkers advocate abandoning closed imperial systems in favor of free trade? A Britain's manufacturing capacity exceeded demands of the population. B Britain's manufacturing economy was dependent on foreign raw materials. C Britain wanted more favorable trade agreements for its import of raw materials. D Britain wanted to decrease its manufacturing costs.
A
________ believed the European economies should be restructured to make imperialism unnecessary. A J. A. Hobson B Karl Marx C Lenin D Benjamin Disraeli
A
One of the primary motives for the New Imperialism was the ________. A need for new sources of raw materials B belief an empire was necessary for a great power C desire to bring Western values to non-Western areas D desire to promote Christianity among non-Westerners
B
Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf ________. A. was a success B. was a failure C. resulted in the release of many bishops from government imprisonment D. paved the path for clergy to transition into a secular life
B
T. H. Huxley claimed to have found ________. A. scientific proof of female superiority B. scientific proof of female inferiority C. scientific proof of equality between men and women D. biological evidence of original sin
B
The Open Door Policy ________. A was strongly supported by Russia B allowed all nations to trade in China on equal terms C divided China into sections, opening trade to the United States and U.S. allies D allowed China to control its own trade
B
The close of European colonization in the Americas resulted in ________. A Great Britain's loss of all of its territory in the Americas B the collapse of Spain and Portugal as significant colonial powers C increased European competition for new colonial settlements D the abolition of the slave trade
B
The first genuinely realistic novel is considered to be ________. A. A Doll's House B. Madame Bovary C. Mrs. Warren's Profession D. Mrs. Dalloway
B
The first transatlantic submarine cable was laid in ________. A 1850 B 1866 C 1872 D 1900
B
The largest missionary society in ________ had over a million members. A the United States B France C Germany D Britain
B
The man generally accepted as the father of popular science fiction was ________. A. H. G. Wells B. Jules Verne C. Jonathan Swift D. Sir Thomas More
B
Theodor Herzl ________. A. believed that liberal politics could protect Jews in Europe B. called for a separate Jewish state in which Jewish rights and liberties would be protected C. called for reforms to benefit Jews living in ghettos D. believed that Jews did not deserve an assurance of rights and liberties without initiating a move toward a new Jewish state
B
What argument did critics of the Contagious Diseases Acts use to justify their demands for their repeal? A. If it weren't for male customers, there'd be no prostitutes. B. Only prostitutes, not their customers, were targeted by the law. C. Prostitution provides a benefit to society. D. Both men and women should be subject to random medical examinations.
B
What ended the passive role of the United States in foreign affairs? A Russian-British rivalry in Asia B Cuba's revolt against Spain C the Boxer Rebellion in China D the sepoy mutiny in India
B
What field of science most influenced racial thinking at the end of the nineteenth century? A. physics B. biology C. evolution D. medicine
B
What technological innovation helped Britain win the first Opium War against China? A quinine B iron steamboat C machine gun D gunpowder
B
What type of view of women emerged in late-nineteenth- century fiction and art, inspired largely by pseudo-science? A. a worshipful view B. a misogynistic view C. a liberal view D. a scientific view
B
What was "gunboat diplomacy"? A iron warships that used force to conquer areas and allow access by European merchants B the use of warships to ensure cooperation of local rulers with European imperialists C negotiations between European merchants and local rulers that took place on warships D naval fleets of European powers that engaged in warfare with other European powers
B
When a European power placed one of its officials in a foreign government to remotely control that government a _________ was created. A. sphere of influence B. protectorate C. annexed state D. territorial division
B
Which country annexed Korea in 1910? A China B Japan C Britain D the United States
B
Which of these regions of Europe had lower literacy rates in the late 1800s? A. western and northern B. southern and eastern C. northern and eastern D. southern and western
B
Who believed that the struggle in nature demonstrated how human beings should not behave? A. Charles Darwin B. Thomas Henry Huxley C. Herbert Spencer D. Julius Wellhausen
B
The Contagious Diseases Acts in England were designed to ________. A. reduce disease in British slums B. wipe out diseases such as cholera, which affected all of society C. protect men from contracting diseases from prostitutes D. impose harsh penalties on military men who spread venereal disease
C
The Government of India Act in 1858 ________. A increased the authority of native rulers B improved the sepoys' wages and working conditions C transferred political authority from the East India Company to the British Crown D transferred political authority from the East India Company to India
C
The period historians call the New Imperialism began in the ________. A. 1645s B. 1840s C. 1870s D. 1910s
C
The salafiyya movement believed ________. A. Arabs should modernize themselves on the basis of a modified version of Islam B. the Arab world should imitate the West C. there was no inherent contradiction between science and Islam D. the West and modern thought were incompatible with Islam
C
What was the first important work by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche? A. The Will to Power B. Beyond Good and Evil C. The Birth of Tragedy D. The Genealogy of Morals
C
Which French physician measured the skulls of human beings from different races and assigned them intellectual capacity on the basis of brain size? A Walter Reed B Carlos Finley C Paul Broca D James Cook
C
Which of the following became a major factor in the emerging mass politics? A. political cartoons B. letters to the editor C. front-page editorials D. transcripts of political speeches
C
Which of the following groups or institutions was the primary forum for feminist writers to advance their ideas at the turn of the century? A. churches B. socialist groups C. literary networks D. universities
C
Which of the following statements about Indians' views of British rule during the 1880s is true? A Most Indians welcomed and supported British rule. B Most Indians resisted British rule and considered it oppressive C Increasing discontent led to calls for liberalizing British policies. D Hindu and Muslim groups called for formation of independent Hindu and Muslim states.
C
Which of the following territories was remained an independent nation in 1914? A Algeria B Libya C Ethiopia D Tunisia
C
Which of these women's domestic roles was emphasized by most male intellectuals of the late 1800s? A. educational B. housekeeping C. reproductive D. service
C
Which of the following modern-day practices would the Social Darwinists of the nineteenth century be most likely to support? A. UN peacekeeping troops in war-torn countries B. welfare states C. universal health care D. price wars between competitors
D
Which of the following most helped the school-teaching profession grow? A. university-educated schoolteachers B. higher-paid teachers C. more male schoolteachers D. state-sponsored education
D
Who believed that struggle against one's fellow human beings was an ethical imperative? A. Julius Wellhausen B. Sigmund Freud C. Charles Darwin D. Herbert Spencer
D
The Petit Journal is an example of ________. A. pulp fiction B. a socialist newspaper C. a right-leaning newspaper D. a mass-circulation newspaper
D
The doctrine of papal infallibility was first formally promulgated in ________. A. 1325 B. 1489 C. 1789 D. 1870
D
Which of the following countries posed the biggest challenge to Britain's dominance of the world stage? A Russia and Japan B Russia and China C Japan and China D Japan and the United States
D
By 1823, one of the few areas where European rule remained in the Americas was ________. A. Haiti B. some of the Caribbean islands C. Brazil D. the Saint Lawrence and Mississippi River Valleys
B
Friedrich Nietzsche portrayed Christianity as a religion that ________. A. glorified the strength that life required B. glorified human weaknesses C. demanded heroic living D. superseded in glory the demands of war
B
In France, the French Catholic Church and the Third French Republic ________. A. agreed to replace religious instruction with civic training B. were formally separated in 1905 C. worked together to improve the education system D. were, essentially, one institution
B
India was formally ruled by which of the following until 1857? A. small local rulers of independent states B. the Mughal emperor C. the East India Company D. the British crown
B
Late-Victorian anthropologists drew a parallel between women and ________ A. children B. nonwhite races C. unlearned men D. animals
B
Modernists were driven by ________. A. admiration for middle-class society and morality B. a concern for the aesthetic C. a deep concern with social issues D. a respect for the values of their predecessors
B
One of the ways nineteenth-century imperialism differed from early modern colonization was ________. A it placed a higher focus on gaining control of territory B the United States' power rivaled that of Great Britain C European nations increased their interest in the non-Western world D Britain became interested in the non-Western world
C
Russia's main rival in southern Middle Asia—the region of present-day Uzbekistan, Turkistan, and areas bordering Afghanistan—was ________. A Germany B the Ottoman Empire C Britain D Muslim separatists
C
The Boxer Rebellion ended when ________. A Chinese troops suppressed the Boxers B the Boxers surrendered C an international army occupied Beijing D China and the Boxers signed a peace treaty
C
Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were most successful in ________. A. converting Muslims to Christianity B. helping to abolish slavery C. educating young Arabs in science and medicine D. promoting more tolerant views of nonwhites
C
From midcentury on, writers used science to question ________. A. ethics B. history C. religion D. philosophy
C
Mass-circulation newspapers, when first introduced, were characterized by ________. A. a high quality level B. a focus on straight news stories C. stories about sensational crimes and political scandals D. an emphasis on weather and commodities prices
C
One of the main legacies of the missionary movements of the eighteenth century is the ________. A spread of Western civilizations around the globe B elevation of native peoples of non-Western regions C establishment of Christianity a genuinely worldwide religion D encouragement of native people to oppose imperialism
C
By midcentury, science had a strong foothold in ________. A. state-funded elementary schools B. church schools C. state-funded elementary schools and church schools D. French and German universities
D
In 1898, British- and French-led forces encountered each other at the outpost of ________, but did not decisively engage each other: A Omdurman B Lagos C Aduwa D Fashoda
D
Literacy rates were lowest in ________. A. France B. Scandinavia C. the Netherlands D. Italy
D
Missionaries in India founded colleges that educated ________. A men and women belonging to the elite classes B men belonging to the elite classes C the children of colonial administrators D women belonging to the elite classes
D
Prior to 1870, which of the following was the greatest threat to British domination of foreign markets? A increased competition by major European nations B resistance to British goods by native populations in foreign markets C opposition to British imperialism in Africa, Asia, and the Americas D government interference in the form of tariffs, subsidies, and price controls
D
The British Empire in the early nineteenth century sought to extend its power and influence primarily through which means? A conquering additional territory B building railroads and canals C defeating small Asian and African states D promoting imperialism through free trade
D
The Manet painting A Bar at the Folies- Bergère shows how ________. A. different social classes did not mix socially in modern urban life B. the middle classes enjoyed a life of leisure C. the working class was excluded from most urban leisure activities D. leisure activities in modern urban life allowed people from different classes to mix
D
The Opium Wars were a conflict between Britain's desire to sell a product in China and China's opposition to ________. A British trade policies B Indian goods being sold in China C Britain's dominance in foreign markets D the import of an addictive product, opium
D
