AP EURO chapter 17

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Adam Smith , capitalism, lazziex faire, "invisible hand"

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Leviathan (Hobbes)

An important English political work; the first to explain the social contract theory. The contract could never be broken.

Cesare Beccaria

Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Classical composer

Bach

Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor

The Enlightenment concept of a remote God who does not interfere in the operations of his creation is

Deism

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Barón de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, was inspired by the system of government in

Great Britain

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Which eighteenth-century art movement emphasized grace and gentle action and was prominent in decorative work?

Rococo

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Holding that man's life in a "state of nature" was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, strong," absolutistic government (to bring order out of chaos) was advocated by

Thomas Hobbes

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Whose Treatise on Toleration argued that "all men are brothers under God"

Voltaire

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.

The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

Written by Montesquieu and showed his admiration for the British system—especially the checks and balances. Also included info on which geographical/demographical types of countries needed which types of gov't.

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

In Emile, Rousseau

called for a "natural" education free of the artificial encumbrances imposed by institutions such as the church.

Ecrasez l'infame," Voltaire's slogan of "crush the infamous thing," called for the suppression of

church

Eighteenth-century travel books gave rise to

cultural relativism

Bernard de Fontenelle

direct link between Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. He was the secretary of the French Royal academy. He communicated scientific knowledge in a clear way that appealed to theupper classes. Wrote Plurality of Words based on a womantalking to her friend about new cosmology

In his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke held that human knowledge was derived from

environment and reason.

Liberty," in 18th century thought, can best be described as

human rights and the sovereignty of the people

Carnival was an important social outlet in early modern Europe because

it liberated people, if only for a short time, from hierarchical society

Deism....

it recognized that a deity had created the universe according to natural laws b. it asserted that divine intervention did not exist in the world c. it denied the divinity of Jesus d. it argued that once created, the world operated according to universal natural laws that could be discovered by human reason

Voltaire's Candide reveals that Enlightenment thought was not always

optimistic

"...there is no place for industry...no arts; no letters; no society; and which is the worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." This quotation from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) described the concept known as

state of nature.

Eighteenth-century Physiocrats believed the state should

stay out of the lives of individuals

Rousseau's concept of the ideal government was centered on

the general will.

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

The philosophes of the Enlightenment era disagreed about the specific details of their ideas, but they had in common all of the following EXCEPT

they believed they could understand society, but that reforming it would be impossible

Which is the most accurate statement pertaining to the philosophes of the 18th century?

they were primarily reformers