ap euro chapter 21
Self-interest drives people to action and the Invisible Hand of competition acts as an automatic regulator so that the market will generate wealth for the nation.
-Government must not interfere with the market if it is to perform properly and efficiently -liberalism -
liberals favored...
-Laissez-faire economics -Representative government -Equality before the law -Freedom of speech and press
fundamental beliefs of conservatism:
-obedience to political authority -dislike of revolutionary upheavals -organized religion is crucial to society
Marxism
-workers are inevitably exploited by their employers -history is fundamentally about class struggle -value of any object in determined by the labor that went into making it
Concert of Europe, Congress met to address three upheavals...
1. Spain: against Ferdinand VII 2. King of Naples and Sicily 3. Italy: against Ferdinand I
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property; derived from the Enlightenment; popular among the property-owning middle classes
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
Holy Alliance included:
Austria, Russia, Prussia
Diplomats believed they were forming a new ___________________
Balance of Powers
Which nation-state refused to be a part of the Principle of Intervention because they didn't believed in interfering in the internal affairs of other nations, except in France?
Britain
Who worked to prevent European powers from interfering with the revolutions in Latin America?
Britain
Greeks were able to win their independence from the Ottoman Empire because:
Britain, Russia, and France put pressure on the Ottoman Empire on behalf of the Greeks
Latin American countries were now dominated more by...
British
The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was
Charles X's repudiation of the Constitutional Charter
Who is contributed to the beginning of conservatism?
Edmund Burke
In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of...
Elba
June Days
Fighting between workers and the army in Paris when the national workshops were cancelled
Romanticism
Focusing on the dynamism of nature
What European countries experienced the greatest degree of political instability in the nineteenth-century?
France
According to Flora Tristan, the wave of feminism in France is in the spirit of what?
French Revolution
Who would most likely agree with Spencer?
Friedrich Nietzsche
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832:
Gave greater representation in the House of Commons to industrial cities
liberals were against...
Government-sponsored social welfare programs
The Treaty of Adrianople gave Russia, France, and Britain the authority to decide the fate and declare independent which kingdom?
Greece
Theory of Four Movements
He advocated the construction of communities called PHALANXES in which liberated living would replace boredom and dullness of industrial life. It would be agrarian rather than industrial.
The restored Bourbon king Louis XVIII:
Helped preserve constitutional monarchy for France
the painting's style is what?
Impressionism
Which of the following is true of the Romantic movement in early nineteenth-century Europe?
It was, in part, a reaction to the classicism of an earlier period
Who would most likely disagree with White Man's Burden?
John Stuart Mill
Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after the February 1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe
Louis Blanc
13. Prince Klemens von Metternich used the Quadruple Alliance and the Holy Alliance to:
Oppose liberalism and nationalism in Central Europe
French Revolution (1848)
Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850
Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?
Prince Klemens von Metternich
What principle was Metternich guided by?
Principle of Legitimacy
Greek Revolution
Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820 for independence; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.
The repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain in 1846:
Reflected the changes in Parliament since the Great Reform Bill
Alexander II
Serfs were made free of their landlords. Ex-serfs were then allowed to: own property, buy land assigned to them from their previous owner's estates, marry according to their choice, trade freely, sue in courts, vote in local elections
Who led the independence movement of Venezuela and Columbia?
Simon Bolivar
By placing high tariffs on foreign grain, the Tories responded to failing agricultural prices with the ____________________.
The Corn Law of 1815
Congress of Vienna
The political leaders negotiated the settlement to further their own national interests
Which statement would best coalesce with the Syllabus of Errors?
The pope is infallible on matters of faith and morality
The concept of the European balance of power, as it emerged by the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, had which of the following as its most fundamental aim?
The prevention of the domination of the one power in Europe
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
In Great Britain, who was the ruling party made of landed gentry?
Tories
In Great Britain, who was beginning to gain popularity through new industrial growth?
Whigs
The Battle of Peterloo refers to the
Working class demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges
Conservatism
a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion; ex. austria
The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except...
a rejection of nature
Romantic Nationalism
aggressive pride in and devotion to one's country; ex. France --> french revolution
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental belief of conservatism?
allowance of representative governments and civil liberties
The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be
as little government intervention in the economy as possible
Karl Marx
believed in a classless society; He reached the conclusion that the new industrial workers labored for wages that barely kept them alive while creating enormous wealth for their capitalist employers;
Which French dynasty was restored to power after Napoleon's fall?
bourbon
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution
How would Spencer feel about charity?
charity should go to no one
Romanticism was, in part a rejection of
classicism
Metternich represented...
conservatism
The thesis from "The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861: A Charter of Freedom or an Act of Betrayal" does what?
contradicts prevailing scholarship on the emancipation of the serfs
Utopian socialism was built upon the idea that
cooperative living would create a better environment for all people
picture of buildings with lots of smoke from the industrial revolution shows what?
criticizes the environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution (setting is Britain)
The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861: A Charter of Freedom or an Act of Betrayal is most closely concerned with...
economic and social history
Ireland suffered the decimation of its population due to...
famine
The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of
free trade
utopian socialism
hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in
hungary
the passage from White Man's Burden is used to justify...
imperialism
The apprenticeship referred to in the third paragraph of Tristan's essay is...
in domestic work
Carlsbad Decrees
instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation
the painting mentioned above is most likely set...
just prior to the unification of Italy
Greater Germany
liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers
The painting portrays Garibaldi's conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and reflects....
nationalism and romanticism
The Congress of Vienna's orders resulted in...
no major conflicts for almost a century
The most important factor influencing the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain was
political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
According to Joseph Proudhon, property was
profit stolen from workers
The revisions to the Corn Law in 1815 were intended to
protect the economic interests of the aristocracy
After Austria, _______ was the most important German state
prussia
Which of the following innovations would have been used to transport goods in and out of this factory town at the time of the picture?
railroad and steamship
According to Tristan, mothers and grandmothers...
restrict girls' career opportunities
in Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors, the passage was a reaction to the Catholic Church's loss of stature in light of...
science and secularism
the passage from Herbert Spencer, "Survival of the Fittest Applied to Human Kind" endorses what?
social Darwinism
French Revolution (1830)
the 'July Revolution' in which barricades went up in Paris as a provisional government led by a group of moderate liberals was hastily formed and appealed to Louis Philippe, the cousin of Charles X to become the new Constitutional Monarch of France; Charles X fled to Britain
As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832,
the Commons became the most important legislative body
What best describes The Principle of Intervention?
the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to power
In 1821, the Greeks revolted against ________________
their Ottoman Turk masters
Tristan may be described as what?
utopian socialist
Early French socialists believed in all of the following except
violent class warfare
Charles Fourier
wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women; Theory of Four Movements; concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success; workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies...
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
