AP EURO CHAPTER 21
Why did the ideas of liberalism and nationalism go hand-in-hand during the early nineteenth century?
Liberals believed that each national group had a right to its own national government.
Why did Jules Michelet's works appeal to Romantics in the nineteenth century?
Michelet promoted the growth of France's national aspirations.
What statement describes an important view of early nineteenth-century socialists?
Modern capitalism created selfish individualism.
What defined the Romantic art of Eugène Delacroix?
Remote and exotic subjects
What two fundamental principles made up the doctrine of liberalism?
Representative government and equality before the law
Which of the following statements is true about Romanticism and political beliefs?
Romanticism was compatible with many political beliefs.
What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?
Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened
What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution.
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.
The following excerpt is from the Karlsbad Decrees, a set of policies that clamped down on liberal nationalists in the universities and the press (Evaluating the Evidence 21.1): "The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important office intrusted to them. . . ." According to this passage, under the Karlsbad Decrees, a professor could be fired for
promoting ideas that were hostile to the status quo.
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832
gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain
reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
Composers in the romantic movement
abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
What happened to the early liberal governments formed across latin america after independence had been won
They were difficult to implement and often failed
What impact did Romanticism have on music?
Music no longer simply complemented a church service but became an end in itself.
What term do scholars use to define an all-embracing national unity, as envisioned by nationalists in the nineteenth century?
Imagined communities
Who wrote "to every natural form, rock, fruit or flower . . . I gave a moral life"?
William Wordsworth
socialism
A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.
laissez faire
A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
Greater Germany
A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
Reform Bill of 1832
A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
Congress of Vienna
A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain), restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
Holy Alliance
An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
Romanticism
An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
Marxism
An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.
The following excerpt is from the introduction to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales (Evaluating the Evidence 21.3): "These folktales have kept intact German myths that were thought to be lost, and we are firmly convinced that if a search were conducted in all the hallowed regions of our fatherland, long neglected treasures would transform themselves into fabulous treasures and help to found the study of the origins of our poetry. It works the same way with the many dialects of our language. In them a large part of the words and peculiarities that we had long held to be defunct live on undetected." According to this passage, why did the Grimms think it important to study folktales?
Because studying folktales was the key to uncovering the origins of German poetry
Corn Laws
British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
Where did workers first begin to embrace the socialist message?
France
What policies were called for in the doctrine of laissez faire?
Free trade, unrestricted private enterprise, and no government interference
How did Louis Blanc, head of the provisional government in France, respond to the depression of 1848?
He encouraged the creation of a system of national workshops for the unemployed.
How did the work of German thinker Georg Hegel influence Karl Marx?
Hegel argued that history had patterns and purpose.
Karlsbad Decrees
Issued in 1819, these repressive regulations were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
How did the Quadruple Alliance guard against the possibility of renewed French aggression?
It returned the German-speaking lands on France's eastern border to Prussia.
What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
What was the reaction of Spain to the liberal uprisings in its South American colonies?
It sent troops but could not defeat the movements.
What was the British reaction to the Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s?
The British reacted slowly, and efforts were inadequate.
Battle of Peterloo
The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
What argument did Karl Marx make in his economic analysis of history?
The bourgeoisie would exploit the workers until being overcome by the working-class revolution.
nationalism
The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
proletariat
The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie
The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
liberalism
The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Great Famine
The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.
Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich believed that
liberalism was responsible for the bloodshed of the Age of Revolutions.
The following excerpt is from the introduction to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories................. and Household Tales (Evaluating the Evidence 21.3): "The true value of these tales must really be set quite high: they put our ancient heroic poetry in a new light that could not have been produced in any other way. Briar Rose [or Sleeping Beauty], who is put to sleep after being pricked by a spindle, is really Brunhilde, put to sleep after being pricked by a thorn. . . . Snow White sleeps peacefully with the same glowing red colors of life on her cheeks as Snaefrid, the most beautiful woman of all, at whose coffin sits Harald the Fair-Haired [Brunhilde, Snaefrid, and Harald are characters from ancient Germanic myths]. . . . These folktales have kept intact German myths that were thought to be lost. . . . " According to this passage, the Grimms saw folktales as
surviving versions of ancient German mythic poetry.
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power.