AP EURO FALL FINAL STUDY GUIDE

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

A clockmaker...who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

What is debt peonage?

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep laborers or slaves in debt by giving them more food, shelter or loaning money to them periodically. This allowed them to keep them working longer. This was used by wealthy Spanish landowners to keep indigenous workers on their estates.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

A group of radicals and moderates in the convention knew they might be the next people that Robespierre sent to the guillotine. They hauled him down while he was speaking and it was his turn to be guillotined the next day.

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium lead continental Europe in adopting British Technology for production

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832

Days greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

Destroying the Catholic Habsburgs' grip on territories that surrounded France

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

Educated Europeans and Americans cherished Greek classical culture, Russians admired the piety of their Orthodox brethren. Writers and artists moved by Romantic impulse, responded enthusiastically to the plight of the Greeks

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by

Emelian Pugachev (a Cossack)

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

Who were the Luddites?

English workers who destroyed machinery that they believed was threatening their jobs and protested against industrialization during the 19th century

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

France lacked a central bank and paper currency

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

Fronde

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

Great Britain expected the American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War, which protected the colonies from the French.

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.

Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose

Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, in whom youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution.

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

Human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt (skepticism)

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In england, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as british trade with its colonies grew substantially

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Individual freedom, strict gender roles, in his book: general will and popular sovereignty

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by France's weakening, then threatened by its radical message.

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

It appealed to the middle class/helped the poor.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?

Its importance in community life.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke (1690) (protecting rights of life, liberty, and property)

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Open Field System. Crop Rotation. Wider variety of crops and food. Drained swamps which had rich soil. All of this lead to increase in population

What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

Political competition between the aristocracy in the middle class

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava (Ukraine)

The industrious revolution was a result of

Poor families for choosing to reduce leisure time in the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Portugal

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

Principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened causes restoration of Italian regime

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

Revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

Scientific racism helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the eighteenth century.

How did governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?

The French government refused to consider electoral reform, and people did not have voting rights if they were lower class

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: Maria Theresa retains the Austrian, Bohemian and Hungarian thrones and her husband, Francis of Lorraine, is confirmed as Holy Roman Emperor

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

Their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

There shouldn't be any laws or regulations that prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were more inexperienced and radical

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

To teach people how to think critically and objectively about all matters; "change general way of thinking"

A young woman entering domestic service could expect

To work hard on an endless array of jobs

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

Was a noblewoman with a passion for science, translated Newton's Principia into French and wanted woman to be able to participate in the rights of humankind (the intellect)

The romantic movement was characterized by

a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

by violent revolution

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience. christian revival movement that stressed bible study, new birth conversion, and devout life. Started as attempt to reform the German Lutheran Church and resulted as german pietism immigrants playing large part in religious revivalism mid 18th century (1750s) with beliefs similar to methodists.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of:

debt peonage

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?

dramatic, colorful scenes

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

he extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of france's 32 districts

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

political and social rights for the lower classes

According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

profit stolen from workers

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the

spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility

Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?

students and urban workers

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

that all men have the right to vote

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth century Europe included all of the following: drainage of swamps. inoculation against smallpox in England. improved urban sewage systems. cleaner water supplies. EXCEPT discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague The Discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague is not true.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

the rural poor worked for low wages

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?

they were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

to discover what actually occurred in nature rather to speculate on what should occur

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

were guided by the principle of the balance of power