AP Euro Final Exam

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of Humanism. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. Searched to revive ancient texts, including those of Cicero.

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Lorenzo Valla

(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

King Henry

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. (enlightenment principle)

Dutch Golden Age

A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world's center for arts and sciences. However, they were a seafaring power, NOT a military power. France will emerge in this era as the dominant military power.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Leon Battista Alberti

An accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Baroque Art and Music

Baraque art was violent, emotional, religious, colorful art that was meant to inspire people back to religion. The Baroque music is mostly classical music.

Patronage of the Arts

Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors

Classicism

Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus

Filippo Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence

Marsilio Ficino

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

Hugo Grotius

He tried to prove that such a thing as a natural law existed and that states were bound by it, first to propose the concept of a "united nations" and believed war should be outlawed. Wrote Law of War and Peace

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

Enlightened absolutists

Monarchs inspired by the enlightenment who embrace rationality. Most enlightened monarchs fostered education and allowed religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and the right to hold private property to their subjects.

Charles V (Rome)

Opposed and attempted to suppress Luther's ideas, Signed peace of Augsburg

Rococo Art

Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs

Criticism(s) of the Catholic Church during the Reformation

Sale of indulgences, uneducated priests,

Neoclassical Art

Severe and unemotional form of art harkening back to the grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome. Its rigidity was a reaction to the over bred Rococo style and the emotional charged Baroque style. Part of a general revival of interest in classical thought.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Commercial Revolution

The expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Jean Bodin

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

The Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.

Smith

Wrote the wealth of nations

Toleration

acceptance of other groups, such as religious groups (enlightenment principle)

Italian Renaissance (Characteristics)

characterized by a profound revival of classical learning and a shift towards humanism. Embracing ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, Renaissance thinkers and artists celebrated the individual, fostering an interest in secular pursuits alongside an appreciation for classical literature, philosophy, and art. This period witnessed unprecedented artistic innovation, with luminaries like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo producing works that reflected a newfound understanding of anatomy and perspective. The Renaissance marked a departure from medieval traditions, emphasizing individual achievement, scientific inquiry, and a more secular worldview. City-states like Florence became vibrant centers of cultural exchange, supported by wealthy patrons like the Medici family.

Pico della Mirandola

humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness

Northern Renaissance (characteristics)

roughly parallel to its Italian counterpart from the late 15th to the 16th century, shared key features while exhibiting distinct regional characteristics. Humanism was a central force, emphasizing classical learning and the value of the individual, but it also incorporated a stronger religious element. Northern Renaissance artists, such as Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Dürer, displayed attention to detail and a preference for realism in their works. Unlike the more secular focus of the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance retained a strong connection to religious themes and spirituality. The printing press played a crucial role in the Northern Renaissance, facilitating the widespread dissemination of ideas. Moreover, the movement was influenced by the socio-political context of the time, including the rise of the merchant class and the impact of the Protestant Reformation.

Niccolò Machiavelli

wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics. Civic Humanism.