ap euro test 3
THe best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by
Adam SMith
following upon Copernicus' heliocentric theories
Johannes kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed copernicus' heliocentric theory but showed the orbits were elliptical
"Here lies Joseph II, who was unfortunate in everything that he undertook"
Joseph II
the role of women in the scientific revolution is illustrated by
Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her daily scientific debates
"If a young man is wild, and must run after women...it is better this should be done abroad."
Samuel Johnson
Which of the following statements best describes 18th century European cities?
They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation
The greatest achievement in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
astronomy, medicine, and chemistry
Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights including all of the following
freedom from taxation
In Rousseau's The Social Contract, he expressed his belief that
freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the "general will"
The greco-roman doctor who had the most influence on medieval medical thought was
galen
among the following, who is not associated with major changes in the sixteenth and seventeenth century scientific research
galen
"i am a monarch of physicians, and i can prove to you what you cannot prove..."
galileo
"Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!"
immanuel kant
Great Britain led the way in the 18th century in producing
magazines, newspapers, coffee houses (all of the above)
Above all, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws was concerned with
maintaining balances among the various branches of government
Galileo's ideas on motion included the
principle of inertia
The German philospher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be
"Dare to know!"
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28- volume encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
Antoine Watteau
"...I would prohibit the division of small farms...as it is sure to be distressing to the people..."
Arthur Young
"I do not know if I was actually ugly as a child, but...I was so often told that I was..."
Arthur Young
"I had...assumed the shape of the letter Z..."
Arthur Young
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with
Beccaria
"The king...was naked to the waist, scratching...himself as if alone..."
Comtesse de Boigne
Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland
England
The establishment of the modern fictional novel is generally attributed to the
English
Antoine Lavoisier
Father of modern chemistry
"He (the magistrate) is a perpetual sentinel, who must watch...the conduct of enemies of the state..."
Frederick II
"I beg my dear papa that he would be kindly disposed toward me."
Frederick II
"The fundamental rule of government is the principle of extending their territories."
Frederick II
"...you know very well that I cannot stand an effeminate fellow who has no manly tastes, who cannot ride or shoot..."
Frederick WIlliam
"One must serve the king with life and limb...and surrender everything except salvation."
Frederick WIlliam
kepler's laws of planetary motion
Gained acceptance despite disproving Aristotle's conviction that the motion of planets was steady and unchanging
Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
Gustavus III of Sweden
The 18th century musical composition that was called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputable a masterpiece of the highest orders is
Handel's Messiah
European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart, who caused a shift in the musical center from Italy and GErmany to the Austrian Empire
"I have made philosophy the lawmaker of my empire..."
Joseph II
"...we should rid ourselves of those who do not want to work..."
M. de la Bourdonnaye
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris
"...I think, therefore I am..."
Rene Descartes
"...our advanced fieldpieces played so warmly and so well...that they were always driven back."
Robert Clive
"...get up at twelve o'clock, breakfast till three, dine till five, sleep till six, drink...till eight..."
Thomas Gray
Which of the following statements concerning the Seven Years' War is correct
With the defeat of the French navy and the Treaty of Paris, Britain became the world's greatest colonial power
The Carnival of the Mediterranean world was
a period of intense sexual activity and gross excuses
In newton's principia, he demonstrated through his rules of reasoning that the universe was
a regulated machine operating according to universal laws
Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by
advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine
Issac newton's scientific discoveries
although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent
"let us persuade men to be just... not because the gods demand it, but because they must please men."
baron d'hollbach
copernicus's heliocentric theory was
based on the observations of several earlier astronomers and his own computations
Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia
became a highly centralized European state.
" I shall consider human actions and desires in exactly the same manner as... lines, and solids."
benedict de spinoza
"one may assert with perfect propriety that women have not by nature equal right with men.."
benedict de spinoza
" if we violate the principle of reason, our religion will be absurd..."
blaise pascal
"this is what constitutes faith: God experienced by the heart, not by reason."
blaise pascal
Emelyn Pugachev is noted in Russian history for
causing greater repression of the peasantry due to his unsuccessful rebellion
"(regarding man) "his powers are but particular ... and he cannot have supreme and absolute power."
cavendish
"such punishments... ought to be chosen as will make the strongest and most lasting impressions on the mind of others, with the least torment to the body of the criminal."
cesare beccaria
the immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of copernicus was
condemnation, especially by protestant leaders like luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the bible
During the 18th century, Spain
continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed
"... I feel no shame in asserting that this whole region... transverse this grand circle... in an annual revolution around the sun."
copernicus
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the 18th century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline
Enlightened absolutism in the 18th century
could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time
"he who wishes to comprehend God with his mind becomes and atheist."
count zinzendorf
John Wesley
created his evangelical Methodist movement using revivalist techniques
"this world is only a mass of molecules"
denis diderot
What was the name of descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe
discourse on method
"the savage nations of the globe are the common enemies of civilized society."
edward gibbon
The catholic roman inquisition attacked galileo for his scientific ideas with the encouragement of
elements within the church pledged to defend ancient aristotelian ideas and catholic orthodoxy
Francis Bacon was important to the Scientific Revolution for his emphasis on
empirical, experimental observation
John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by
environment, not by innate ideas
The Rococo artistic style of the 18th century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neuman
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
fontenelle
What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?
forced to recant them in trial before the inquisition
A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in 18th century Europe was
foundling homes for poor and abandoned children
The leaded of the physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
francois quesnay
"i would certainly dare to approach the public with my ways of thinking if there were more people of your mind."
galileo
The first european to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was
galileo
The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the querelles des femmes was to
generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominace
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was
gin
"if these events were due to happen... I used to have clear and defined visions of them just after sunrise."
girolamo cardono
concerning the first scientific societies' the french academy differed from the English royal society in the former's
government support and control
The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except
guarantees against becoming poor
which of the following statements best applies to denis diderot
his encyclopedia had considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced
Showing the disputatious nature of european scientific thinkers, francis bacon rejected the
ideas of copernicus and kepler and misunderstood galileo
European diplomacy during the 18th century was predicated on the idea that
in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the great in her Instruction
instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility
Catherine the Great of Russia
instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev
Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because
it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order
a major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the pacific ocean adventures of
james cook
(regarding women)"...which one shows to the curious,but which has no use at all"
jean de la bruyere
"our observation... is that which supplies our understanding with all the materials of thinking."
john locke
"... the sharpest criticism of one single understanding man means much more to me than the thoughtless applause of great masses."
kepler
" there is no certainty where one can neither apply any of the mathematical sciences..."
leonardo da vinci
European warfare in the 18th century was characterized by
limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers
France in the 18th century
lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt
The reign of Louis XVI was predominantly concerned with
ludicrous attention to intrigues at court
" the fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down."
martin luther
"if absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in family..."
mary astell
"... the most respectable women are the most oppressed."
mary wollstonecraft
"... there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive."
montesquieu
the ideas of copernicus were
nearly as complicated as those of ptolemy
the key figure of the scientific revolution who would inspire the search for natural laws in other fields, including society and economics, was
newton
18th century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers
novels
The dismemberment of Poland in the late 18th century
occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors
One of the dramatic findings of Galileo's observations was that
planets were not made of some perfect substance but had natural properties similar to earth
The European nobility in the 18th century
played a significant role in the administrative machinery of European states
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crime?
private property
Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes
proper child rearing and human education
Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which
provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes
isaac newton and john locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
A prime minister of Great Britain, Robert Walpole
pursued a peaceful foreign policy to avoid new taxes
Tycho Brahe
recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built with at uraniborg castle
Organized religions in the seventeenth century
rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance
"... the mind cannot be doubted but the body and the material world can..."
rene descartes
The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was
robert boyle
"...whoever refused to obey the general will shall be constrained to do so by the whole body..."
rosseau
Scholars devoted to Hermeticism
saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life
In 18th century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas
The philosophy of rene descartes
stressed a separation of mind and matter.
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to
support copernicus through a publication in italian accessible to a wide audience.
Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief
that humans through science were masters of nature.
Deism was based on
the Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws.
enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life
the general conception of the universe before copernicus was that
the earth was a stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it
The ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as
the geometric conception
Political developments in 18th century Great Britain included
the increasing influence of the king's ministers under George III
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the marquise du chatelet
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class.
all of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the scientific revolution except
the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth century universities
New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
the reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture
Descartes believed that the world could be understood by
the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking
A continuing trend throughout 18th century Prussia was
the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation proved that
through its mathematical proof it could explain all motion in the universe
A key new type of enlightened fueled skepticism about the "truths" of christianity and european society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures
"... it is for our age to make reparation by toleration..."
voltaire
"...if there were just one religion in England, despotism would threaten..."
voltaire
"in the opinion that there is a god, there are difficulties, but in the contrary opinion absurdities."
voltaire
"there is scarce any city or borough in europe, where blood has not been split for religious quarrels"
voltaire
on the fabric of the human body
was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
During the 18th century, the idea of Divine Right
was gradually replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
European population growth in the second half of the 18th century
was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century
Frederick the Great of Prussia
was one of the most cultured monarchs of the 18th century and increased Prussian territory (both a and b)
Benedict Spinoza believed that women
were "naturally" inferior to men.
French Philosphes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world by advancing reason and rationality
The Jews of 18th century Europe
were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities
The Austrian Empire under Joseph II
witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightenment but radical reforms.