AP Euro test overall
Joseph stalin
rose to power after the death of lenin in the soviet union and ruled that country from 1927-1953
V. lenin
russian communist and first head of soviet union, developed Leninism, replaced provisional govt. Germany helps him return to russia so he can sign peace treaty with them to end Russia's role in ww1. PEACE LAND AND FOOD
Montesquieu
separation of powers, wanted political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates.
Red army (who joined)- the workers and peasants of russia
soviets joined to keep power
Great purges-who was arrested, how many 'disappeared', methods
stalin had 1000s of old bolsheviks who helped stage the revolution were arrested, put on trial with tortured confessions and executed for 'crimes against the soviet state' Police had a quota of criminals to arrest and could be arrested themselves if they didn't meet quota. When it was over, stalin had gained control over the govt and and communist party. Estimates of people who disappeared or were killed range from 8 million. Most notable: purge in the military that killed all the experience officers weeks before the soviet union was invaded by germany and drawn into ww2
Common lands
village's natural pastureland
Leon trotsky- led soviets to take over duma and declare themselves govt
was a Marxist revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician. Initially supporting the Menshevik internationalist faction within the Russian Social democratic party , and joined the Bolsheviks just before the 1917 October revolution, immediately becoming a leader within the Communist party. He would go on to become one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 to manage the Bolshevik Revolution; Lenin's military commander
T.E. Lawrence (aka Lawrence of Arabia)
was a british archaeologist and military officer who helped Hussein (an Arab leader) by leading Arab soldiers in a successful guerilla war against the Turks on the Arabian Peninsula.
Chinese reaction to Imperialism and world trade
widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-58. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.
Czarina alexandra
wife of czar nicholas II and was disliked because of her german roots and her faith in Rasputin damaged her popularity
Bombing of guernica
4/26/1937 during spanish civil war; nazi planes launched a massive air attack on guernica, a town in north-central Spain. Bombs were dropped, and some planes flew low to shoot bullets. Was blamed on the reds (communists)
French Directory
5 man body created by the new Assembly to prevent another monopolizing power
Spinning Jenny
A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765
Storming the bastille (why, effects)
A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly; Mob tried to get gunpowder from the Bastille, overwhelmed the soldiers, and the Bastille fell into the control of the citizens. Fall of the Bastille became a great symbolic act of revolution the the French people
Rationalism
A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies
Treaty of Utrecht
A series of treaties, from 1713-1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
Tanzimat
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility
Boer War
Boers did commando raids and fought a guerilla war, British burned fars, imprisoned women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps; British win and created Union of South Africa from all the Boer Republics and Zulu territories
revolution of 1848; Prussia: causes
Liberal German reformers had sought to transform absolutist Prussia into a constitutional monarchy, hoping it would then lead the 38 states of the German Confederation into a unified nation-state. Prussian king Frederick William IV promised to grant Prussia a liberal constitution and to merge Prussia into a new national German state, but urban workers wanted more.
Russian civil war-when, why, who, outcome
SOVIETS, PEASANTS AND WORKERS VS ARMY OFFICERS AND TROOPS. The causes of Russia's Civil War were the failure of provisional government of Kerensky, the growing power of the soviets, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk angered Russians, and the Bolsheviks wanted to wipe out all their enemies. The outcome was the Bolshevik victory over the Whites and 14,000,000 dead.
Impact of colonization of India-Positive
New railroads, roads, dams, bridges, schools, end of suttee, new civil service class, better sanitation and health, British protection. Higher literacy & end to local warfare Negative-Racial discrimination, segregation, loss of self-determination, cash crops depleted food production leading to famines. Brits hold most economic and political power
Consequences from new view of physical world that emerged from Scientific Revolution?
New view of the universe-heliocentric. Separation of science from the domain of Church; Rejection of Aristotelian principles and ancient/medieval ideas; New idea- natural science and reason can explain all aspects of life; Personal success of scientists and scholars depended on making new discoveries, and science became competitive; As governments intervened to support and sometimes direct research, the new scientific community became closely tied to the state and its agendas. Academies of science were created under state sponsorship in Paris, Berlin, and later across Europe. Scientists also developed a critical attitude toward established authority that would inspire thinkers to question traditions in other domains as well.
Revolution of 1848: Austria: causes
News of revolutions in France caused excitement: liberals demanded written constitutions, representative government, and greater civil liberties from authoritarian regimes. When govts. hesitate, popular revolts ensued
Copernicus
Polish cleric and astronomer who came up with the heliocentric theory in the 1500s
John Locke
Political philosopher that maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function (protecting the natural right of life, liberty, property) becomes a tyranny.
Camillo Benso di Cavour
Prime minister of Parliament: weakened church, built up industry (railroads, harbors) freed peasants from manorial duties. Provoked war with Austria to gain territory in the North. Italy was helped by France but then France changed course.
Otto von Bismarck
Prime minister; through a series of strategic wars gained territory and united Germany
liberalism
Principal ideas were equality and liberty;liberals demanded representative govt. And equality before the law as well as individual freedoms like freedom of press, speech, assembly, worship, and arbitrary arrest
Areas 'liberated' by the soviet union
Ukraine, most of the Baltic states, Eastern Prussia, most of Russia, and belarus
Sino-Japanese war and Russo-Japan War-who fought, who won, cause, and effects
Russo-Japan War: Japan defeats Russia in claim over Manchuria; Sino-Japanese war: 1894-1895; China and Japan; marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea.
Hume
argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions. His rationalistic inquiry ended up undermining the Enlightenment's faith in the power of reason
White army (who, role of europe and US)
army troops and officers to take back power. The U.S. joined to help. Europe and the US helped the whites to stop the spread of communism. REDS/COMMUNISTS WIN CIVIL WAR
General Louis cavaignac
assumed dictatorial powers and crushed the revolt (10,000 dead) victory for the conservatives. Nov 1848: new constitution provided for an elected president and a now house legislature
ideas of communist manifesto
brief publication that declares the arguments and platform of the Communist party. Written in 1847, by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Had 4 chapters: Bourgeois and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature, Position of the Communists in Relation to Various Opposition Parties
Mestizos
described people of mixed American and European descent
Characteristics and tools for a totalitarian state-totalitarianism
dictatorship and one party rule, dynamic leader, ideology, state control over all sectors of society and individual, dependence on modern technology; a radical dictatorship that exercises 'total claims' over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society
US entry to war-why, impact on war effort
drawn bc of general sympathy for Triple Entente. Declared war on germany 4/1917, tipping the balance in favor of the British, french, and allies
Erwin rommel
early 1944: Rommel was entrusted with French Channel coast's defense against possible Allied invasion. Around same time, he began to express doubt about Germany's reasons for participating in war and Hitler's capability of peace-making, and the field marshal was told by a group of friends that he should lead the nation once Hitler was overthrown. He dismissed suggestion, unaware at time that the men had been planning to assassinate the German leader.
French Revolution Long term causes
enlightenment ideas-liberty and equality, example furnished by the american revolution, & social and economic injustices of the Old Regime
The Socialist International
federation of national socialist parties. Had a permanent executive, and every 3 years delegates from the different parties met to interpret Marxist doctrines and plan coordinated action.
Seven Years War
first "world war"; pushed Britain further into bankruptcy which caused to colonists to be taxed and revolt; pushed France into an even worse debt and greater uneasiness therefore
Voltaire
hated religious intoleration; reformed politics. 'Citizen only depends on the laws which protect the freedom of the feeble against the ambitions of the strong'
Armenian deportation (massacre)
located between russian and ottoman fighting; when they welcome russian armies as liberators, the ottoman govt ordered a mass deportation of its armenian citizens. Modern ethnic cleansing: about 1 million armenians died from murder, starvation and disease
Panama Canal-Where located and why so important for US Asian aspirations
located north of columbia and connects the atlantic and pacific sea. Make sea travel significantly shorter and faster than going south below Africa
The new weapons of war-list and describe effect these had on casualties and strategy
machine guns, flamethrowers, and hand grenades
congress of Vienna
meeting of the quadruple alliance-russia, Prussia, Austria, and great britain-restoration france, and smaller european states to fashion a general peace settlemetn
Bourgeoisie
merchants and artisans: highly educated and often wealthy, paid high taxes but lacked privileges, believed strongly in enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, owned 30% of land
Long term causes WW1
militarism, nationalism, imperialism, and alliances
Weakness of the league of nations
no way to enforce illegal wars/violations of treaties
Rasputin
monk who scammed Alexandra and her family by saying he had magical powers and claimed to cure their son's hemophilia
Black shirts
mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing socialists out of the city govt of northern italy
Kaiser Wilhelm II
new aggressive leader; shipbuilding, commercial rivalry, pursued colonies (1890)
Serfdom
peasants who lived and worked on their lord's land, often for no pay
Mulatto
people of African and European descent
Creoles
people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas
Diderot
philosophe who edited and published the Encyclopedia, wanted to change the general way of thinking
Annexation of Korea
1910-1945
Cossacks
Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the 14th century onward. By end of 16th century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state
Bayle
French Huguenot "historical and critical dictionary"nothing could ever be known beyond all doubt
US gains from Spanish American War
Philippines, Guam, & Puerto Rico
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who believed that if left to themselves, humans would compete violently for power and wealth. Solution was a social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign.
Mary Wollstonecraft
"A Vindication of the Rights of Men" demanded equal rights for women, and advocated coeducation out of the belief that it would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent
D-day
"Operation Overlord" Supreme Allied Commander war Dwight D Eisenhower. 6/6/44-Allied invasion of French Coast. Paratroopers dropped behind German defense lines. Sea invasion using landing boats. Once on land, the Germans are forced to retreat.
Maximilien Robespierre
"Reign of Terror"
Adam Smith
"Theory of Moral Sentiments" argued that the thriving commercial life of the eighteenth century produced civic virtue through the values of competition, fair play, and individual autonomy "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" attacked laws and regulations that, he argued, prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity
Charles Townsend
"Turnip Townsend" developed crop rotation and suggested that farmers grow turnips in bad climates to nourish the soil and feed cattle
Lebensraum
"living space" Hitler's desire to push out "subhumans" out of Germany
Pearl harbor
12/7/1941-Japanese kamikazes launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; turning point that pushed US into the war
Joseph goebbels
(1897-1945) named key post of minister for public enlightenment and propaganda. charged w/presenting Hitler to public in most favorable light, censoring content of all German media and fomenting anti-Semitism. forced Jewish artists, musicians, actors, directors & newspaper and magazine editors into unemployment, and held a public burning of books considered "un-German." also spearheaded production of Nazi propaganda films and other projects. remained in this post and loyal to Hitler until end of World War II
Adolf hitler
(4/ 20/1889-4/30/1945) Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, serving as dictator and leader of Nazi Party for most of his time in power. His policies led to WW2 and led to the genocide known as the Holocaust. With defeat on the horizon, he committed suicide on 4/30/1945
King Louis XVIII
(Brother of the guillotined king) Bourbon king, was unpopular among his subjects, especially the peasants
Ivan the Terrible
(Ivan IV) First tsar. Defeated remnants of MOngol power, added new territories to the realm, and laid the foundation for huge, multi-ethnic russian empire. Tied peasants more firmly to land and noble landholder.
Baroque
(Odd shaped imperfect pearl) Artists appealed to the senses and thereby touch the souls and kindle the ordinary churchgoers while proclaiming the power and confidence of the reformed Catholic Church. Drew its sense of drama, motion, and ceaseless striving from the Catholic Reformation.
Janssen
1540s. Dutch. Made first microscope (was maker of eyeglasses)
Vesalius
1543. Flemish Physician. Published "On the fabric of the Human Body) Dissected human corpses
Galileo
1581, Italy, Discovered law of pendulum, made telescope, published newsletters "starry messenger"
Bacon
1600s, England, Attacked scholars for relying on abstract theories-urged scientists to use experimental method
Descartes
1600s. France, Developed analytical geometry (linked algebra and geometry)
Jean Colbert policies
1)French industry must produce all things needed by French. 2)To increase exports and limit imports A)created new industries (luxury goods) B) enacted new production regulations C) Created guilds to boost quality standards D)encourage foreign craftsmen to immigrate to France E)abolished many domestic tariffs F)raised tariffs on foreign products G)port dues on all ships that use their ports 3)Attempted to make Quebec, Canada part of French empire A)sent 4000 colonists
Why did Enlightenment have such profound effect on politics in France and rest of Europe? What does Enlightened Absolutism imply about ruler and his ideology?
1)French was the international language of the educated 2)King's unpopularity/absolutism called for reforms 3) Philosophes of France wanted to spread their ideas to Elites elsewhere
Characteristics of an Absolute Monarch
1)Sovereignty based on divine right 2)Absolute monarchs secured the cooperation of Nobles. They eliminated competing jurisdictions and institutions in territories. 3)Bureaucrats were dispatched to collect taxes and administer the territories. Nobles gained their money from monarchs. 4)Absolute monarchs maintained large, permanent standing armies. 5)Increase in national identity as regimes glorifies the STATE above all and used WAR to divert attention from domestic problems.
Why did the Dutch lead the agricultural revolution? Why and how did this spread to England? What were the new innovations?
1)Was densely populated in Europe; were forced much earlier to seek maximum yields from their land and to increase the cultivated area through the steady draining of marshes and swamps. 2)The growth of towns and cities: the growing urban population provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best; Innovations: expert steady draining of marshes and swamps
Navigation Acts
1)prohibited foreign ships from engaging in coastal trade in England 2)required all goods imported from Europe to be on English vessel.
Harvey
1628. English. "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals" Described function of blood vessels
Boyle
1661. Irish. "The Sceptical Chymist" Proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles
Peter the Great
1682-1725 Sought to reform and expand Russia. Tried to westernize Russia.
Newton
1687, England, Published "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
Priestley
1774. English. Separated pure gas (oxygen) from air
Austro-Prussian War
1866- Gained control over northern territory and made a favorable peace treaty with Austria.
Meiji era
1868- a group of Samurai overthrew the Shogun ruling Japan, restored Emperor to political power, and had an intensive modernization program
Franco-Prussian War
1870- The completion of German unity; new idea of german nationalistic pride! Both sides used railroads, electric telegraph, rifles, and breech loading artillery for the first time. Led to long lasting hatred between Germany and France. Also led to the collapse of the French Second empire and rebellion in Paris that established the Paris commune, later crushed by French troops
French Revolution Old Regime-3 estates and who belonged to each
1st: Clergy: less than 1% of pop., owned 10% of land, pay no taxes but made contributions every 5 years, take up to 10% tithe from the citizens; 2nd: Nobles: UP to 2% of population, own 20% of land, paid almost no taxes; 3rd: 3 groups: Bourgeoisie, Urban workers, Peasants
Winston churchill
2nd GB prime minister "We shall never surrender!" Didn't allow GB to surrender and stood alone for awhile before they created Allies.
May Day
5/1, declared an annual international one-day strike of marches and demonstrations.
Negotiations for treaty of versailles
6 months of negotiation and discussing and arguing between The Big four which eventually put forth a punishment for Germany and included a League of Nations and left out Germany and Russia.
Into World War 1 we go, who was first, then who, know order of declarations
7/28. 1914: A-H declares on Serbia; 8/1/1914: Germany declares on Russia; 8/3/1914: Germany declares on France, invades through neutral Belgium; 8/4/1914: GB declared on Germany; 9/3/19 Schlieffen plan fails as the German advance is stopped at the Battle of Marne
Stalingrad
8/1942-11/1942: Germans controlled 90% of city. 11/9/42-Soviets launched counter attack. Hitler refused to allow a retreat and German soldiers were surrounded with no supplies. From an army of 330,000 Germans, only 90,000 lived through the winter. The Soviets lost over 1 million men in the defense of Stalingrad. After this battle the Germans are on the defensive and retreating.
German-russian non-aggression pact-impact, outcome
8/23/1934 signed between USSR and Germany. Agree to not attack each other and divide Poland. 9/1/1939 Germany invades Poland; France and GB declare War; WW2 begins.
balfour declaration
A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for Jewish People in Palestine
socialism
A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property
Economic Liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
Tabula Rasa? Discuss how view of man in a "state of nature" determines the function and role of government
A blank state.
Continental system
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
Social Darwinism
A body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest
Steam Engine
A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769
Time of Troubles
A chaotic period for Russia after the death of Ivan IV and his successor
Crimean War
A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian empire
Dreyfus affair (causes and outcome)
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French govt. severed all ties between the state and the church
Debt peonage
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
Separate Spheres
A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner
Realism
A literary movement that, in contrast to romanticism, stressed the depiction of life as it actually was
Railroad
A great increase in trade and manufacturing production led to the need to find less expensive and more efficient ways to transport goods. Factories needed both to receive large amounts of raw materials and to export finished products in sufficient amounts to make profits to keep the factory running.
Philosophes
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment
Petrograd soviet
A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of 2000-3,000 workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905
Estates general-how was this organized, voting procedures, conflicts with King
A legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614; Clergy, Nobles, and everybody else Bourgeoisie, Urban Workers, & Peasants); Each would meet and vote separately; King prepared to use violence to restore his control
Power Loom
A loom powered by mechanical or electrical energy.
reform bill of 1832
A major British political reform that increase the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas
Bloody Sunday
A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy
Berlin Conference
A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa
Zionism
A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl
Sun Yat-sen
A nationalist leader who replaced the Qing dynasty in 1912, tried to bring western style democracy and have a republic
League of nations
A permanent international organization, established during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars
Jacobin Club-leaders and goals
A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans; Young, prosperous, well-educated middle-class men
Thermidorian Reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Cottage Industry
A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
Social impact of WW1-women's roles, new behaviors, effect of war for voting
A state of depression settled over everyone and effected art and literature. Women worked as doctors and nurses, and were the majority of workers in ammunition factories, eventually in 1920 women got the right to vote, soldiers who returned had PTSD and suffered from a number of disorders, or were disabled and unable to work.
How did napoleon gain power-Coup d'etat
A sudden seizure of political power
Mercantilism
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.
How did the system of patronage work? Role of women at Versailles?
A system of patronage-in which a higher-ranked individual protected a lower-ranked one in return for loyalty and services. At court the king's wife, mistresses, and other female relatives recommended individuals for honors, advocated policy decisions, and brokered alliances between factions. Noblewomen played a similar role, bringing their family connections to marriage to form powerful social networks.
Millet system
A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders
Industrial Revolution
A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century
Empiricism
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation
TOTAL WAR
A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the govt. plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons
Central powers- why named this? Who fought for this side
A-H and Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria; germany was the dominant country in the war; was named thai b/c the location of these countries
Who worked initially in factories, what technology cause factories to thrive, which industries had the first factories?
Abandoned children became prime source of labor, family units would be hired to please the family; textile industry
How and why did Meiji govt modernize Japan
Abolished feudal state and created a strong central govt. Created a free economy with 100s of state-sponsored factories including shipbuilding and weapon productions. Built a modern navy and army-sent Japanese abroad to learn from Germany (army) and GB (navy). Began conscription (draft). Adopted American system of universal public education, studied western technology-hired western specialists
National Convention-changes made to previous constitutional monarchy
Abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Adult male citizens were granted the right to vote and hold office, but not women.
Open Door Policy
Advocated by the US: opened China for trade, but no formal annexation of China, trade in china but not make china colony
Citizen army
All unmarried young men were subject to the draft. Well trained, well equipped, and constantly indoctrinated, the enormous armies of the republic were led by young, impetuous generals
War guilt clause
An article in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting
Iwo jima
American invasion of Iwo Jima during World War II stemmed from need for a base near the Japanese coast. Following elaborate preparatory air and naval bombardment, 3 US marine divisions landed on island in 2/1945. Island was defended by about 23,000 Japanese army & navy troops. Despite difficulty of conditions, marines wiped out the defending forces after a month of fighting. Iwo Jima was attacked by 3 marine divisions after extensive preparatory air/naval bombardment (6800 tons of bombs, 22,000 shells). The battle was marked by changes in Japanese defense tactics-troops no longer defended at the beach line but rather concentrated inland; the marines experienced initial success but then got bogged down in costly attritional warfare. The Japanese fought from an elaborate network of caves, dugouts, tunnels, and underground installations that were difficult to find and destroy. Except for 1,083 prisoners, the entire garrison was wiped out. American losses included 5,900 dead and 17,400 wounded.
Holy Alliance
An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in Sept. 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe
Alfred Dreyfus
An army officer in France who was falsely convicted of spying for Germany (treason). Exposed by famous writer Emile Zola, who put it in the paper.
Suez Canal-Where did this connect, Why was this strategically important?
An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea through the Isthmus of Suez. considered to be the shortest link between the east and the west due to its unique geographic location; an important international navigation canal linking between the Mediterranean sea at Port said and the red sea at Suez. Unique geographical position of the Suez Canal makes it of special importance to the world and to Egypt as well. Also firmed up its importance; This importance is getting augmented with the evolution of maritime transport and world trade. The maritime transport is the cheapest means of transport, whereas more than 80 % of the world trade volume is transported via waterways (seaborne trade). Saving in distance, time and in operating costs for vessels that transit the Canal
romanticism
An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life
Marie Antoinette-family background, popular opinion of her, why so hated
Austrian Hapsburg princess; the French did not like the Austrians, her marriage was a political play for peace; spent tons of money on fashion and other things in the castle; her behavior was thought to be frivolous and immoral, became the laughingstock of France for not giving Louis an heir early in their marriage; known as the "Austrian *****", did nothing to help with the food crises
James II actions that supported Catholics
Appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army the universities, and local government. Opened new Catholic churches & schools and issues tracts promoting Catholicism.
Abbe Sieyes
Argued that the nobility was a tiny, over privileged minority and that the third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation
revolution of 1848; Prussia: who led and outcome from the revolts
Austria and Russia forced Prussia to renounce all schemes of unification in late 1850. Attempts to unite the Germans, first in a liberal national state and then in a conservative Prussian empire, had failed completely
3 provinces that composed the Austrian (Habsburg) Empire language and religion for this region
Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Vienna-capital German-language Catholicism-religion
Emperor hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WW2; refused to allow Japan to surrender, even when it was a lost cause.
Class consciousness
Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interest might conflict with those of other classes
Countries and leaders for AXIS and ALLIES
Axis: Germany (Adolf Hitler), Italy (Benito Mussolini), and Japan (Emperor Hirohito) Allies: U.S. (FDR), GB (Winston Churchill), and Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin)
Causes (short and long term) of revolution of 1848
Bad harvests, uneven industrial development failed to provide jobs or raise incomes, and revolts and insurrections rocked Europe
Guerrilla war
Bands of Spanish peasant fighters
Which battles were the turning point in this war for GB, US in pacific, soviet union
Battle of El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad, D-Day, Battle of Midway, Battle of the Bulge
Frederick William I (1713-1740)- The soldier king
Believed that the strength of king and state depends on a strong army; Encouraged prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe. He molded the most militaristic society of modern times.
Kepler
Brahe's assistant in early 1600s who wrote 3 laws about the orbit of the planets around the sun
Battle of Waterloo-details
Britain and Prussia attacked the exhausted French, and chased them from a field two days later
1783 Treaty of Paris
Britain recognized the independence of the 13 colonies and ceded all its territory between the Allegheny
Second Coalition
Britain, Austria, & Russia- formed 1798; Outcome: all 3 nations sign peace treaties and peace occur in 1802
Combination Acts
British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824
Hobbes
British philosopher wrote of mankind's selfish and greedy person (supports absolute monarchy)
Locke
British philosopher wrote that the mind at birth is Tabula Rasa. Human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance
Stamp Act
British put a tax on all common goods for the colonies, and a stamp would be placed on the item to prove they paid the tax
Brown shirts, ss, & gestapo
Brown shirts: Stormtroopers, SA, protected party meetings, marched in Nazi rallies, and physically assaulted political opponents. SS: murdered 100s of Hitler's enemies. Gestapo: eastablished as Nazi's secret police; strikes were made illegal. Millions of people were put to work building up the military
Militaristic State
Built an exceptionally honest and conscientious bureaucracy. ELiminated last traces of Parliament, estates and local self-government. Harsh peasant bondage and Junker tyranny
George Stephenson
Built the locomotive Rocket, which sped down the track of the just-completed Liverpool and Manchester Railway at an astonishing max of 24 mph
Scorched Earth Policy
Burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so that the enemies would have nothing to eat
Causes of Bloody Sunday
Business and professional classes wanted a liberal, representative govt, while urban factory workers were organized in a radical and still-illegal labor movement. Minorities (poles, ukrainians, and latvians) called for self rule
Where did the Ottoman Empire originate? Capital of Empire? Religious influences?
Came out of Central Asia as conquering warriors, settled in Anatolia (turkey). Constantinople (Istanbul) was capital. Provided Jews, Muslims, and even some Christians safety from the Inquisition and religious war.
1763 Treaty of Paris
Canada and all French territories east of the Mississippi River went to Britain and Louisiana went to Spain. France also gave most of its holdings in India to England
thirty years war- who, when, where, winner
Catholics vs. Protestants, 1618-1648, Holy Roman Empire, Germany
War with Austria 1792-causes and effects
Cause- Austria and Prussia proposed that France put Louis back on the throne; Effect-20,000 men and women invaded the palace, and the mob brutally massacred the king's Swiss guard; Effect-September massacres
Women's march to Versailles-causes and effects
Cause- price of bread rising; What happened- hundreds of poor Parisian women angrily stormed Versailles (killed some people to get in) to find the king and queen as well as bread. They wanted to kill Marie and probably would've torn her to shreds; Effects- the women took flour from the royal storehouses and demand that the king and queen move to Paris
What factors influenced the population growth of the 18th century? What improvements in the 18th century contributed to the decline of disease and famine?
Causes: more mouths to feed, more hands to employ, women had more babies than before because new opportunities for employment in rural industry allowed them to marry at an earlier age. Improvements: Stricter measures of quarantine in Mediterranean ports and along the Austrian border with the Ottoman Empire helped by carefully isolating human carriers of plague (preventative measure: smallpox vaccine) Improvement to water supply and sewage resulted in somewhat better public health and helped reduce diseases. Human beings were also more successful in their efforts to safeguard the supply of food. Advances in transportation (canals and road building) lessened the impact of local crop failure and famine.
War of Spanish Succession
Childless Spanish king Charles II died. His will gave Spanish crown to Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV grandson. Will violated prior treaty by which the European powers had agreed to divide the Spanish possessions between the king of France and the Holy Roman Empire, both brothers-in-law of Charles II. Claiming that he was following both Spanish and French interest, Louis broke with the treaty and accepted the will. English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians formed the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV.
Louis Philippe
Charles' X cousin; duke of Orleans; put on the vacant throne by the upper middle class after Charles fled France; accepted the constitutional charter and adopted the red, white, and blue flag of the Revolution
revolution of 1848; Austria: effects
Coalition of revolutionaries lacked stability, the newly free peasants lost interest in the political and social questions agitating the cities, and the coalition of urban revolutionaries broke down along class lines over the issue of socialist workshops and universal voting rights for men
Napoleonic code-details
Code of Laws: A uniform set of laws that was more authoritarian and restrictive. Restricted freedom of speech and the Press; Women lost any gains made during revolution (couldn't sell property); reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the Revolution of 1789: equality of all male citizens before the law, and security of wealth and private property.
France Intendants
Commissioners for each of France's 32 districts who were appointed directly by the monarch, to whom they were solely responsible. Recruited men for the army, supervised the collection of taxes, presided over the administration of local law, checked up on the local nobility, and regulated economic activities in their districts.
Imperialism
Competition for countries increases rivalries and leads to conflicts
Age of Metternich
Conservative policies crushed reform in Austria, Italian peninsula, and the entire German confederation
quadruple alliance
Conservative, aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and GB
The 3 mistakes that napoleon made that led to the downfall of napoleon's empire
Continental system, peninsular war, & invasion of russia
Extent of British Empire
Controlled 400 million people/ ¼ world population and 20% of the World's Land Mass
French empire-size at its greatest, areas included, boundaries
Controls much of europe due to military victories; controls the greatest area from 1807-1812. North sea to the north; atlantic ocean to the west; central italy to the south; russian border to the east; everywhere except great britain, sweden & ottomans were allied with napoleon (portugal and russia were free)
Stenka Razin
Cossack who led large rebellion. Killed landlords and government officials and proclaimed freedom from oppression, but was defeated in 1671
How did Europeans divide Africa
Countries had to have a strong presence in the country that they claimed
Accomplishments of Ivan IV
Created the financial, economic system to be controlled by the monarch. Traded with England and opened Russia to foreign trade
Reforms of Peter the Great
Created western style schools to train technicians for the army. Brought western ideas and technology to russia. Modernized army, raised women's status, started russia's first newspaper, forced western style dress, new calendar, and imposed a beard tax
Brahe
Danish astronomer in late 1500s who produced tons of accurate data based on his data
causes of Ireland's great famine
Deficiencies and diseases in the potato crop occurred with disturbing frequency; most families would literally live on potatoes, supplemented maybe with a bit of milk or grain.
Crop Rotation
Deliberately alternating grain with crops that restored nutrients to the soil
Wars of Peter the Great
Denmark/Poland/Russia vs. Sweden (Great Northern War)
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
Building of St. Petersburg
Drafted 25,000-40,000 people each summer. Nobles were ordered to build costly palaces and live in them most of the time. Merchants and artisans were required to settle and build in the new capital. Enormous direct tax levied on the wealth, with the peasantry forced to do the manual labor.
Netherlands-Dutch Republic Why was the 17th century a "Golden Age"
Dutch ideas and attitudes played a profound role in shaping a new and modern worldview
French Revolution Immediate Causes
Economic crisis-famine and govt. Debt, weak leadership, & discontent of 3rd Estate
What motivated European imperialism in africa
Economic/Political gain; believed that they needed to civilize these 'savages', their advancement in technology
Why was there a financial crisis?
Effort by Louis XV to raise taxes to meet expense of wars were thwarted by parlements; Noble judges resented threat to their tax exemption; Had to finance its expenditures during American revolution with borrowed money; 50% of budget went to interest, 25% to military, 6% by royal family and Versailles, less than 20% served productive functions; Had no central bank and no paper currency
Netherlands-Dutch Republic Political System
Elected a stadholder (executive officer) who carried out ceremonial functions and was responsible for military defense.
English Order of Succession
Elizabeth, James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William & Mary
Elector Frederick III
Employed military power and taxation to unify Prussia and brandenburg into a strong state; Absolutism-established a standing army; taxation system- increased power over nobles
French Revolution Immediate Effects
End of the Old regime, execution of monarchs, war with the 1st coalition, reign of terror, and rise of napoleon
Effects of revolution of 1848 (France)
Ended in spectacular failure, the february coalition of the middle and working classes had become locked in mortal combat.
East India Company
English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter. Started as a monopolistic trading body, became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century. Activities of the company in China in the 19th century served as a catalyst for the expansion of British influence there.
Jethro Tull
English innovator- adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research
Mines Act of 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten
Factory Acts
English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
Puritans
English protestants who wanted to purify the church of catholic protestants
Joseph Lister
English surgeon who grasped the connection between aerial bacteria and wound infection
Characteristics of the industrial revolution (causes)
Enlightenment culture allowed British industrialists to exploit the latest findings of scientists and technicians from other countries, expanding Atlantic economy and trade with India and CHina were serving Britain well, mercantilist colonial empire built by Britain provided raw materials for British goods, strong demand for British manufacturing, English farmers were 2nd in productivity, plentiful crops and low food prices, high levels of literacy and numeracy, canal-building boom, high tariffs on imported goods
Equality
Equal rights under the law; equality of opportunity
Alexander II
Established one institution of local government, abolished serfdom, about 22 million emancipated peasants received citizenship rights and the chance to purchase about half of the land they cultivated
alliances- how did each contribute to beginning of WW1?
Europe divides into 2 rival alliances- triple entente: GB, France, and Russia; triple alliance: germ., Austria-hungary, & italy
Impact of colonial rule on Africa, Negative:
Europeans developed cash crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, coconut, and rubber. These crops replaced food grown by farmers to feed their families, famines killed many, many died of European diseases such as smallpox and TB , men were forced to leave villages to work in European mines, farms or to build railroads, europeans developed and took away wealthy mineral resources, divided african continent with artificial boundaries
ideas of early socialism/socialists
Everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. Opposite of capitalism
Nationalism
Excessive pride in empire spurs competition among European nations
Revolution of 1848
France, Austria, Prussia, the German Confederation, and the Frankfurt National Parliament
Describe Schlieffen plan, why it's important for future developments, Battle of Marne I
Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
Young Turks
Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms
Zollverein
German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. Created a free-trade area throughout much of Germany and is often seen as an important step in German reunification.
Tokyo firebombing
First US bombing that specifically targeted civilians. Lasted 2 days, US dropped 2000 tons of incendiary bombs over Tokyo.
Third reich
Following appointment of Hitler as chancellor on 1/30/1933, Nazi state (aka Third Reich) quickly became regime in which Germans had no guaranteed basic rights; after suspicious fire in Reichstag (the German Parliament), on 2/28/1933, govt issued decree that suspended constitutional civil rights and created state of emergency where official decrees could be enacted without parliamentary confirmation.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III
France, formed the second empire; dismissed the conservative Assembly and seized power, encouraged investments in banks and railroads, granted workers rights to form Unions, Universal Manhood Suffrage and gradual move to democracy, state should provide jobs and stimulate the economy. Strong leader will overcome all the special interests of groups and unite the Nation
Describe Japan's treatment of conquered people
Forbade Koreans from having any industry-sent Japanese businessmen to set up all industries. Took land from Koreans and gave it to Japanese. Shut down Korean newspapers and closed Korean schools and replaced study of Korean history and language with that of Japan. Disbanded the Korean Imperial army. All public protest is illegal!
First Coalition-who
Foreign powers united against the French Revolution (Prussia, Austria)
English bill of Rights
Formulated in direct response to Stuart absolutism. Laws had to be made in Parliament, couldn't be suspended by Parliament, had to meet at least once every 3 years, no standing army in peacetime, Protestants could bear arms but not Catholics, freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters, but not Catholics
Battle of britain 7/10/1940-6/1941
Fought entirely in the air. GB stubborn refusal to surrender leads to Hitler to cancel planned invasion known as "operation sea lion" GB advantages-Radar! Enigma code machine. German advantages-better trained pilots, more planes. US legally forbidden to help wartime nations due to neutrality acts passed in the 30s. Lend-lease: allowed the US to lend to GB for leases or GB territory (Greenland). Frustrated by lack of GB surrender, Germany invades USSR 6/1941
terms of peace settlement
France paid 700 million francs, had to support a large army of occupation for five years, and the bourbon dynasty was restored
Financial Impact from 7 year war
France was catapulted into an even deeper poverty and most of the population could not afford food
Louis Pasteur
French chemist who developed the germ theory of disease
Rousseau
French philosopher who argued that people were born pure; men knew neither vice nor virtue since they had almost no dealings with each other. Their bad habits are the products of civilization. Social contract theory
Marquis de Lafayette
Frenchman who fought in the American Revolution as a close officer to George Washington; brought feelings of revolution back to France after the Americans were done fighting
Neville chamberlain
GB prime minister who just wants to 'appease' hitler
Allied powers-which countries
GB, france, and Russia, US, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Italy, Japan
King Frederick I (1688-1713)-the Ostentatious
Gained the title of king for his support to emperor in the war of spanish succession (1701)
German actions in occupied territories
German armies occupied huge swaths of the Russian empire in central europe. Installed a vast military bureaucracy, used prisoners of war and refugees as forced labor
Legacy of WW1-immediate effects-lives lost, economic problems
German, Russian and Habsburg empires gone, Russia renamed USSR aka Soviet Union, Russia's capital changed to Moscow, U.S. came out of war as industrial leader and world military, inflation, employers let go of workers, 20 million died from Influenza and about 8 million died on the battlefield
Kant
German, argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public sphere
Max Weber
German- the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism- argued that the dude if capitalism was directly linked to Protestantism in northern Europe
NORTH AFRICA battle of el alamein
Germans were forced to retreat westward by the GB and then surrounded by Operation Torch-led by US. Afrika Corps .(Gen. Rommel) was smashed by may 1943
START OF WAR what event started WW1
Germany invaded Poland
Triple axis
Germany, Italy, and Japan
James Watt
Gifted, young Scot, created a new invention that greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. After over 20 years of constant effort, he had made the coal-burning steam engine a practical and commercial success in Britain.
compare/contrast ideas of fascism and communism Both:
Government controls all human activities, No individual rights, Glorifies military and war, Has a secret police, Attempts to control religion, ideology is most important or paramount, Dictatorial one party rule, Devotion to the state is most important or paramount, Total control of the press, Ultra-nationalism: country and/or race, Authoritarian leader knows all and is "worshipped", No unions or strikes, Use of propaganda to control the thoughts and actions of society, Use of youth groups, Use of mass rallies and parades to foster support.
action taken by GB to Ireland's great famine
Govt. continued to collect taxes, landlords demanded their rents, and tenants who couldn't pay were evicted and their homes destroyed.
Luddites
Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern england in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work
Haitian Independence-cause/effect
Haitian independence was influenced by the French revolution. Laws and the economy initially favored whites and free people of color, but later excluded free people of color in most areas. Slaves were also treated horribly (obviously) and led the uprising. This eventual revolution led to Haiti being the first country to be free because of slave revolts
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand-who was he? Why killed? Describe black hand
Heir to the A-H throne; archduke; black hand=terrorist group, 7 young people who were mostly unsuccessful if it wasn't for one stroke of fate by archduke's driver making a wrong turn
Main Reason/What type of people migrate
Hindus and muslim, divided all of india into india for the hindus and created pakistan for the muslims. Said that they wouldn't be able to live together peacefully. Today: Neither are friendly to each other and have nuclear weapons aimed at each other; still fighting over Kashmir region Small peasant landowners & village craftsmen typically left Europe because of the lack of available land and the growing availability of cheap factory-made goods, which threatened their traditional livelihoods.
Liberty
Human rights and freedoms; the sovereignty of the people's-right to choose leaders
Final solution, who were the victims? How may? Where? Allied actions?
Hitler's plan to have all Jews executed. 6 million Jews were killed
Leo Tolstoy
Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values. Combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing.
Issues and problems in France that created a revolutionary mood
Immediate origins in government's financial difficulties; Unfair and out-of-date by reforms; Maneuverings among political factions at court further distracted king and prevented decisive action from government
Committee for Public Safety
Led by Robespierre, decided who should be considered enemies of the republic; often had people tried in the morning and guillotined the same afternoon
Munich agreement
In a last-minute effort to avoid war, Chamberlain then proposed that a four-power conference be convened immediately to settle the dispute. Hitler agreed, and on September 29, Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini met in Munich, where Mussolini introduced a written plan that was accepted by all as the Munich Agreement. (Many years later it was discovered that the so-called Italian plan had been prepared in the German Foreign Office.) It was almost identical to the Godesberg proposal: the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by October 10, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas. Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. The Czechoslovak government chose to submit.
Beginning of Indian Nationalism-what two groups formed and what did they demand
Indian National Congress (mainly Hindu) and the Muslim league to fight for Indian concerns
Karlsbad Decrees
Issued in 1819; designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
Benito mussolini
Italian dictator who created the Fascist Party in 1919 and eventually held all the power in Italy as the country's prime minister from 1922 until 1943
Beccaria
Italy, "on crimes and punishments" reform of the penal system that decried the use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment, and advocated the prevention of crime over the reliance on punishment.
Adam Smith
Leaders of Scottish Enlightenment; one of the best known critics of government regulation of trade and industry
Paris Commune of 1871
Leaders wanted to govern Paris without interference from the conservative French countryside
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Led the liberation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from the Bourbon dynasty, led the Red Shirts in liberating Southern Italy
key leaders of congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich (Austria) Robert Castlereagh (Great Britain)
Hideki tojo
Known within army as "Razor Tôjô" bc of his bureaucratic efficiency and for his strict, uncompromising attention to detail, climbed the command ladders. became the Kwantung Army's chief of staff in 1937. played a key role in opening hostilities against China in July. Seeing the military occupation of Chinese territory as necessary to force the Nationalist Chinese government to collaborate with Japan, continued to advocate expansion of conflict in China when he returned to Tokyo in 1938 as army vice minister, rising to army minister in July 1940. He pushed for alliance with Germany and Italy, and supported formation of a broad political front of national unity. In 10/1941 he became prime minister.
William Cockerill
Lancashire carpenter, hired British workers to work for hi, in Belgium, so that he could, in 10 days, boast of an industrial advance occurring in Britain.
Battle of the bulge
Last major battle in the race to Berlin; 12/1944-Germans attempted a counterattack and lost. 3/1945- troops led by General George Patton's 3rd army crossed Rhine; entered Germany from the west. *Soviet troops are "liberating" Eastern Europe; enters germany from the east
social classes of romantics
Lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity: obsessive love affairs, duels to the death, madness, strange illnesses and suicide were common
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Long-term developments in European culture, as well as borrowings from Arabic scholars 1) Medieval universities-Renaissance patrons played a role in funding scientific investigations, as they did for art and literature 2)Developments in technology-encouraged the emergence of the Scientific Revolution (printing press)
Why was Edict of Nantes revoked? Effect?
Louis hated division within the realm and insisted that religious unity was essential to his royal dignity and to security of the state. His new law ordered Catholic baptisms of Huguenots, the destruction of Huguenot churches, closing of schools, and exile of Huguenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith. Result was departure of some of the king's most loyal and industrially skilled subjects.
Versailles: Why did Louis XIV move there? Why did nobles go to Versailles?
Louis moved his court and government to the newly renovated palace at Versailles, a former hunting lodge. He required nobles to spend at least part of the year in attendance on him. More so he could keep an eye on their activities. They had no choice because he controlled distribution of state power and wealth.
Charles X
Louis' XVIII successor; wanted to re-establish the old order in France, but was increasingly blocked by the opposition of the deputies.
Racism
Many went out to 'civilize' non-europeans and bring them up to higher standards of 'great' nations
battle of dunkirk
Massive evacuation of stranded forces by the british 5/27-6/4 GB, french belgium troops circled at beach and cut off from french army. Over 338,000 men rescued and taken across channel to Britain. Morale boost for the British but french left to fight alone. 6/10/1940- Italy joins WW2 against GB and France. Germans occupy Paris by 6/1940. France surrenders 6/22/1940. GB stands alone except for support from US
Role of technology and science in helping Europeans to be Imperialistic
Maxim gun- invented in 1889, world's first machine gun?; Steam engine- allowed for easier travel over rivers; Railroads and steamships- better transportation to move goods; Quinine- cure for malaria;Telegraph- made communication with colony easier
When, where, why did industrial revolution begin where it did?
Mid 18th century, Britain, vibrant scientific and Enlightenment cultures
Divine Right Theory
Monarchs get their power from God and do not have to answer to anyone in this world for their choices. KING or QUEEN because GOD chose them.
What was industrial revolution's effect on production?
More food with a smaller workforce, rate of industry growth grew from 0.7% to 3%
Peter Paul Rubens
Most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters. Developed his own rich,sensuous, colorful style, which was characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and monumental size.
Sans-culottes
Most radical left wing group. Consisted of Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower food prices, and the laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
Hundred days
Napoleon's frantic, short rule after he had already been exiled
Charles Darwin
Naturalist, argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die.
romanticism's view of nature and society
Nature could be awesome and tempestuous, a source of beauty or spiritual inspiration. Saw the growth of modern industry as an ugly, brutal attack on their beloved nature and on venerable traditions.
Kristallnacht
Nazi gangs smashed windows and looted over 7,000 Jewish-owned shops, destroyed many homes, burned down over 200 synagogues, and killed dozens of Jews. German Jews were then rounded up and made to pay for the damage
phony war 9/1943-4/9/1940
No military conflict yet to the West. Then Hitler invades Denmark (4 Hrs) and Norway (2 months). Ends with invasion of low countries. Once again Germany invades through Belgium to the north. French are aligned along the Maginot line on the border
Junkers
Nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.
Emigres
Nobles and others who had fled France during the peasant uprisings-on the extreme right; plotted against the government and hoped to restore the old regime with foreign help
Italian Unification-3 approaches, which one prevailed
North-Sardinia- a constitutional monarchy ruled by King Victor Emmanuel and Camillo de Cavour. Cavour weakened Church, built up industry, freed peasants from manorial duties. Cavour provoked war with Austria to gain territory in the North. Italy was helped by France but then France changed course. South- Garibaldi led the liberation of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies from the Bourbon dynasty. Led the Red Shirts in liberating southern Italy. Italy became a Parliamentary Monarchy under King Emmanuel II.
Peninsular War
Occurred when Napoleon put his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne, and the Spanish people were afraid. They attacked French troops in Spain using Guerrilla warfare
Douglas MacArthur
On 12/8/ 1941, his air force was destroyed in a surprise attack by Japan, who soon invaded Philippines. MacArthur's forces retreated to Bataan peninsula, where they struggled to survive. In 3/1942, on orders from FDR, MacArthur, his family and members of his staff fled Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia. In 4/1942, he was appointed supreme commander of Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific and awarded the Medal of Honor for his defense of the Philippines. spent next 2.5 yrs commanding an island-hopping campaign in Pacific before famously returning to liberate the Philippines in 10/1944. In 12/1944, was promoted to rank of general of Army and soon given command of all Army forces in the Pacific. On 9/2/1945, MacArthur officially accepted Japan's surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. From 1945 to 1951, as Allied commander of the Japanese occupation, MacArthur oversaw the successful demobilization of Japan's military forces as well as the restoration of the economy, the drafting of a new constitution and numerous other reforms.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches. His organ music combined baroque spirit of invention, tension, and emotion in an unforgettable striving toward the infinite.
Why was India "Jewel in the Crown" of Great Britain
Over 300 million people; lots of natural resources
Factory Act of 1833
Parliament outlawed labor for children under 9, 9-13 yrs: 8 hrs/day, 14-18 yrs: 12 hrs/day
Govt. and laws-role of govt. in building/financing, role of banking, limited liability, tariffs and competitive strategies utilized by govts.
Parliament passed over 500 laws to related to building more and better roads; continental governments bore the cost of building roads, canals, and railroads to improve transportation; Belgium govt. owned the railroad system; Prussian govt. guaranteed that the state treasury would pay the interest and principal on railroad bonds if the closely regulated private companies in Prussia were unable to do so; Germany enacted Zollverein, a tariff union that allowed goods to move among member states without tariffs; govts allowed banks to enjoy limited liability: if the bank went bankrupt, stockholders could now lose their original investments in the bank's common stock, and they could not be forced by the courts to pay for any additional losses out of other property that they owned.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-terms and conditions for Russian surrender
Peace treaty signed in March 1918 between the central powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in world war 1 and ceded Russian territories containing a third of the Russian empire's population to the central powers.
Describe how factory system differs from the cottage industry
People had to show up on time everyday, and were told when they could take breaks, mass production of goods/ Cottage industry: could work when they wanted, take breaks, spread their work out over a time period.
How did the Reign of Terror influence or even change many aspects of everyday life?
People were tired of the reign, and had Robespierre guillotined. People of all classes were tired of the skyrocketing prices of bread, salt, and other necessities of life after the Terror. New constitution was drafted
The battle of trafalgar-who, outcome, long term effects
Plan to invade Britain stopped in 1805 when Admiral Horatio Nelson wins the Naval Battle of Trafalgar; This British victory ends any Naval strength and any hopes of a british invasion
Nativism
Policies and beliefs, often influence by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
Thomas Malthus
Population growth will outpace food supply; war, disease, or famine could control population; the poor should have less children; food supply will then keep up with population
What areas did Ottomans control at their peak?
Possessions stretched from western Persia across North Africa and into the heart of central Europe
What type of economic system is favored by Adam Smith? How does this compare to mercantilism?
Preferred more highly developed "division of labor" entailed separating craft production into individual tasks to increase workers' speed and efficiency "system of natural liberty" (Mercantilism-the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.) 3 rules: govt. Should provide defense against foreign invasion, maintain civil order with courts and police protection, and sponsor certain indispensable public works and institutions that could never adequately profit private investors
Harry s truman
President after FDR; US was preparing to invade Japan. Approved use of atomic bomb in Japan, said he would do it all over again the same way if need be.
chartist movement
Pressed British elites for more radical reform, Inspired by the economic distress of the working class in the 1830s and 1840s, demanded universal male suffrage. Working poor failed with their Chartist demands
guiding principles of congress of vienna
Raise a number of formidable barriers against renewed French aggression. International equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or the domination of Europe by any single state
Impact of colonial rule on Africa, Positive:
Reduction in local warfare between tribes, humanitarian efforts included improved sanitation, hospitals, schools, life spans increase, literacy rates increased, economic growth-railroads, dams telephone, and telegraph lines, and end of slave trade
How did Napoleon's actions match the goals of the revolution?
Reformed govt: Positions based on merit, corruption prosecuted, & govt. run schools for all children ; Stabilized the economy: set up a more efficient, fairer tax collection system; established a privately run national bank; made loans to businesses; Church-state conflicts over: signed an agreement with pope that church no longer has any say in national affairs; french can now worship and are encouraged to; catholicism is the "faith of frenchmen" Code of laws (Napoleonic Code): a uniform set of laws that was more authoritarian and restrictive, restricted freedom of speech and press; women lost any gains made during revolution; Sold Louisiana territory to US for 15 million to use $ to expand in Europe
Role of Catholic Church in Baroque
Religious emotionalism in paintings. Drama, motion, and ceaseless striving from the catholic reformation
St. Helena
Remote island in the South Atlantic, second place where Napoleon was exiled to, where he lived lonely for 6 years
Glorious Revolution-Why? Outcome
Replace one king with one another with barely any bloodshed. William and Mary replaced James II, James fled to France in December 1688.
Factors leading to the sexual division of labor
Restriction of child labor; collapse of family work pattern, wives were expected to concentrate on their duties at home, strong incentives to concentrate on child care within her home if her family could afford it, attempt by older people to control sexuality of working-class youths
English Civil War
Royalists/Cavaliers supports King Charles I, Puritans who supported Parliament supported Parliament (Roundheads) Cause: Charles I fled to north England and raised an army. Outcome: Charles was put on trial for treason, sentenced to death, and publicly executed
King Louis XIV-Why "Sun King" & famous quote "I am the state"?
Ruled France from the age of 4 until he died. "I am the STATE" this was the age of the absolute monarch.
Queen Victoria
Ruled GB from 1837-1901 but had little real role in empire; became Queen at 18. After the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the govt of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown, with Victoria becoming Empress of India under the Royal Titles Act in 1877
Fourth coalition
Russia, Prussia, and England
Duma
Russian in full Gosudarstvennaya Duma ("State Assembly"), elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906 until its dissolution at the time of the March 1917 Revolution.
Manhattan project
Scientists attempts to turn Einstein's theories into a real weapon; development of the atomic bomb and use the energy and power of a splitting atom
Communism:
Seeks a classless society, Seeks to eliminate religion, No private ownership of land or property, Seeks an international revolution, Has a socialist economy.
Olympe de Gouges
Self taught writer and woman of the people, protested the evils of slavery as well as the injustices done to women.
Sepoy Mutiny-cause and effect
Sepoys-infantrymen employed by East India Co. ¾ were Hindus. British issued a new rifle with a paper cartridge that was heavily greased with beef or pork fat, which was against their religion. Sepoy troops on their way to prison quickly overwhelmed the British. Mutiny grew into a general uprising against the British across northern and central India. The British govt abolished East India Co. and and placed the governing of India directly in the hands of the British govt.
Cardinal Richelieu-Domestic and Foreign policy
Setup intendant system. First minister of French crown.Foreign Policy: Destroy the Catholic Habsburgs' grip on the territories that surrounded France. Domestic Policy: used intendants
effect of GB treatment to Ireland's great famine
Shattered the pattern of Irish population growth; 1 million immigrants fled mostly to the US and Canada; up to 1.5 million people died; intensified anti-British feeling and promoted Irish nationalism
warsaw ghetto
Small areas within a city that were sealed off with barbed-wire or high walls. Inhabitants were prohibited from leaving the compound, and no one could enter from the outside. Lived in a state of chaos and immense anxiety, very few resources, sick and malnourished and lived in very crowded conditions. Those who didn't die in the ghetto were transported to concentration camps to be murdered
national workshops (France)
Soon became little more than a vast program of pick-and-shovel public works: areas of work provided for the unemployed by the French Second Republic after the Revolution of 1848
Chartist movement
Sought political democracy; Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett; radical campaign by Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832; votes for all mean; equal electoral districts; abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament (MPs) be property owners; payment for Members of Parliament; annual general elections; the secret ballot
New labor unions
Sought to control the number of skilled workers, limit apprenticeship to members' own children, and bargain with owners over wages; they weren't afraid to strike
warfare in the 16th/17th centuries
Spectacular growth in army size as well as new forms of taxation, government bureaucracies, and increased state sovereignty
When was the "2nd industrial revolution" and what countries led this expansion?
Spectacular rise of the German lands and the United States after 1860; Germany and US
France Military-reforms, strengths
Standardized larger, more expensive armies required the monarch to be in charge
conservatism
Stress on tradition as the basic source of human institutions, hereditary monarchy, privileged landowning aristocracy, and an official church
Constitution of 1791
Stripped the king of much of his authority and gave the Legislative Assembly the power to create French law. The king and his ministers would still hold the executive power to enforce laws, France's assemblymen would be the lawmakers in the country
Battle of Omdurman-who fought, casualties, why so one-sided
Sudanese Muslim-British. Muslims were poorly armed, British had the Maxim machine gun. Muslims were blown away by vastly superior military force. However much the European powers squabbled for territory around the world, they always had the sense to stop short of actually fighting each other.
Dwight d eisenhower
Supreme Allied Commander/ Future US president who Led D-Day in France for the American troops
Enlightened Absolutism
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance. Rulers typically fused Enlightenment principles with religion, drawing support for their innovations from reform-minded religious thinkers
Child labor in the factories: Which industries, why & reforms enacted
Textiles and coal mines: cheap labor: Parliament forbid use of pauper apprentices
Putting-out system
The 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
Major provisions treaty of versailles
The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers; germany lost a lot of land, and new countries were formed.
Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate
The English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I. Ruled as a military dictatorship.
battle of peterloo
The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws
Fighting in the middle east-who and effect
The Ottoman Empire called for a military jihad against France, Russia and Great Britain in November 1914
Russian Duma
The Russian Parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes
Boyars
The Russian aristocracy-very powerful as the landholders
Bataan death march
The day after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion of Philippines began. Within a month, Japan had captured Manila, (capital of Philippines), and American & Filipino defenders of Luzon (island where Manila is located) were forced to retreat to Bataan Peninsula. For next 3 months, combined U.S. Filipino army held out despite lack of naval and air support. Finally, 4/9/42, with his forces crippled by starvation and disease, U.S. General Edward King Jr., surrendered his approximately 75,000 troops at Bataan.
Triple alliance- countries, when formed, why established
The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression
Triple entente- countries, reason, when
The alliance of Great britain, France, and Russia prior to and during the First World War
War communism
The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work
French Classicism, Impact of French culture internationally?
The artists and writers of the late seventeenth century imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy, and that French art possessed the classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint. French became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, gradually replacing Latini as the language of scholarship and learning. Royal courts across europe spoke French, and the great aristocrats of Russia, Sweden, Germany, and elsewhere were often more fluent in French than in the tongues of their homelands. France inspired a cosmopolitan European culture in the late seventeenth century that looked to Versailles as its center.
Second Industrial Revolution
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the nineteenth century
Janissary corps
The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-muslim parts of the empire; was a volunteer force after 1683
The Restoration
The restoration of thee monarchy back to ENgland by Charles II
Nationalism
The dedication to an identification with the nation-state. Based on the idea of self government by people who share the same culture, language, and history
The Great Fear
The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt; Rumors that the feudal aristocracy were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land
National assembly
The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791
Atlantic Slave trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans
Red Shirts
The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry
Germ Theory
The idea disease was caused by the spread of living organism that could be controlled
Utilitarianism
The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the "greatest good for the greatest number"
Rudyard Kipling and "the White Man's Burden"
The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living; A sense of superiority due to higher technology and advancements
nationalism
The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
Copernican Hypothesis
The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
Evolution
The idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment
Enlightenment
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress
New Imperialism
The late 19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad
Crystal Palace
The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron
The maginot line
The main fortifications on the northeast frontier included 22 large underground fortresses and 36 smaller fortresses, as well as blockhouses, bunkers and rail lines. Despite its strength and elaborate design, the line was unable to prevent an invasion by German troops who entered France via Belgium in May 1940.
European Migration
The mass movement of people from Europe in the 19th century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided
Enclosure
The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.
Peace of Westphalia-Terms
The name of a series of treaties that concluded the thirty Years' war in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe. Treaty recognized the independent authority of more than three hundred German princes, reconfirming the emperor's severely limited authority. The Augsburg agreement of 1555 became permanent, adding Calvinism to catholicism and Lutheranism as legally permissible creeds. The north German states remained Protestant, the south German states Catholic.
Zemstvo
The new institution of Russian local govt; Members of this local assembly were elected by a 3-class system of townspeople, peasant villagers, and noble landowners. A zemstvo executive council dealt with local problems; remained subordinate to the traditional bureaucracy and the local nobility.
Guild System
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers
Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
Mandate system
The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the end of the First World War
Reichstag
The popularly elected lower house of govt. of the new German Empire after 1871
October Manifesto
The result of a paralyzing general strike in October 1905, a Russian decree tha granted full civil rights and promised a popularity elected Duman (parliament) with real legislative power
ireland and the great famine
The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple
how did Austria put down revolution and who helped
The revolutionary coalition broke down as it had in France. The monarchy, aristocracy, and the regular army recovered their nerve, reasserted their authority, and revoked many reforms
Sultan
The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves
Industrious Revolution
The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and material.
Capture of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette-Why and effect
Tried to escape from Austria to the Austrian Netherlands, and were caught. Increased the influence of his radical enemies and sealed his own doom
Why were Imperialists so successful in Africa
There were several natural resources, new market, europeans had maxim guns, steam engine, quinine, steamships, and the telegraph.
Tennis Court Oath
Third estates delegates pledged not to disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and written a new constitution
Netherlands-Dutch Republic; What was the basis for commercial property
Thrift, frugality, and religious toleration: attracted a great deal of foreign capital and investment
Elba
Tiny island off the Italian coast, first place Napoleon was exiled to
"Enlightenment" mean and what central concepts stand at core of enlightenment thinking
To give (someone) greater knowledge and understanding about a subject or situation 1)Reason: Reason was based on rational and logical thinking and was absence of intolerance, bigotry, and prejudice in one's thinking 2)Scientific Method: Use of the scientific method to discover the laws of human society and nature 3)Progress: The idea that with the proper method of discovering the laws of human existence, it was possible for human beings to create better societies and better people
Sergei White
Tough, competent finance minister from 1892-1903. Under his leadership, the govt doubled the network of state-owned railways to 35,000 miles, established high protective tariffs to support Russian industry, and put the country on the gold standard to strengthen Russian finances.
Reasons for the decline of Spain in the seventeenth century
Trade with colonies in New World fell due to local competition. Native Indian and African slaves who worked South American silver mines suffered epidemics of disease, Mines started to run dry, In Madrid, royal expenditures constantly exceeded income, Crown repeatedly devalued the coinage and declared bankruptcy, Manufacturing and commerce shrank, Spanish aristocrats increased rents, and drove peasants from the land, led to decline in agricultural activity
Louis XVI-what mistakes did he make and why was he considered a weak king
Tried to impose taxes that hadn't been imposed in centuries, dismiss his finance minister and other liberal ministers, was too eager to try to please, was too interested in the lives of the royals rather than the peasants, while being forced in Paris maintained contact with outside countries (giving them info/details about France's military positions), didn't handle money well
Reforms in Russia-Russian Serfdom
Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom in 1861. About 22 million emancipated peasants received citizenship rights and the chance to purchase, on average, about half of the land they cultivated. New level of government was established: zemstvo
Russo-Japanese War
Tsar Nicholas II ignored diplomatic protests and Japan launched a surprise attack in Feb 1904. After Japan scored repeated victories, including annihilating a Russian fleet, Russia surrendered in Sept 1905.
Opium War-treaty of Nanking
Two mid-19th century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions
Franklin d roosevelt
US President for most of war- suggested "lend-lease," cash-carry, persuaded Congress to arm US ships and allow them to go to war nations' ports again
Midway 6/42
US broke code and knew where the Japanese fleet had amassed to attack Midway Island
Okinawa
US: 12,520 killed. Japan: about 110,000 Japanese died. between 40,000 and 150,000 Okinawa citizens were also killed. Winning the Battle of Okinawa put Allied forces within striking distance of Japan.
New name for russia, new capital, new name for bolsheviks
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), new capital moved to Moscow, party renamed Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Ulster revolt of Dec 1913
Ulsterites (northern Irish protestants) raised 100,000 armed volunteers, and much of English public opinion supported their cause. Demonstrated that governments couldn't elicit greater loyalty unless they could capture and civil that elemental current of national feeling.
Why did Ethiopia successfully resist European control
Under King Menelik II, used rivalries between Italians and French to his advantage. Bought western style guns and fought the Italians
Feb. revolution
Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 (old calendar Feb.) in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional govt.
Fascism:
Wears uniforms usually of a certain color, Condemns socialism and supports private property, Has a special salute, Views women as inferior despite its public rhetoric, Defends private property, Each class in society has a place and function, The state must struggle to survive even if it means war, Does not follow a predefined ideology, Appeals to the middle-class and industrialists, Use of ancient myth of racial superiority incorporated into society
beliefs of romanticism
Valued intuition and nostalgia for the past, sought the inspiration of religious ecstasy, delved into the supernatural and turned inward, to the hidden recess of the self.
Famous BATTLES of western front- verdun, somme, who fought, outcome, 'winner'
Verdun - largest and longest battle on western front! German and French armies fought , French WON; Somme - near somme river IN FRANCE British and french armies against Germany, British commander called halt to battle
Impact on civilians and govts
Victory in WW2 depended on supplying armies with huge quantities of industrial products. Countries needed modern weapons: planes, bombs, tanks, submarines, aircraft carriers, and machine guns. Needed the ships, railroads, and trucks to transport them; fuel to run them; and grease to lubricate them. Needed enough boots, uniforms, and helmets for soldiers. People who built these products, as well as the scientists and engineers who developed new weapons, and the writers and filmmakers who waged psychological warfare, were as important to war effort as the soldiers in the armies.
Plebiscite
Vote held to approve the 4th constitution for France. French people voted all the power to Napoleon in exchange for security and stability
Constitution of 1800
Voted all power in exchange for security and stability, 4th constitution
Napoleon and public education
Wanted free public education
Robert Owen
Wanted to create a single national union for British Workers, Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Why was napoleon happy with the louisiana purchase?
Was going to use money to expand in europe
Hiroshima
Where first atomic bomb was dropped; instant mushroom cloud, children instantly became orphans, eyeballs popped out, skin burned, a # of cancers developed, crops wouldn't grow the same again. Wiped out 90% of population and immediately killed 80,000 civilians
Louis Napoleon
Won a landslide election in December 1848, led a semi-authoritarian regime
Fourteen points
Wilson's 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, a reduction in armaments, freedom of commerce and trade, the establishment of the League of Nations, and national self-determination
"June Days"
Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection, said the govt. Had betrayed the revolution (workers wanted redistribution of wealth), barricaded in the streets, and a new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose the lower class radicalism
Causes and effects of revolt in Paris of 1830
Working class and liberals were unhappy with King Louis Philippe, reform banquets used to protest against the king, Paris Banquet was banned, national guard (politically disenfranchised) defeats the radicals, King louis loses control of Paris and abdicates on 2/24
Rights of Women and Citizen
Written by Olympe de Gouges; challenged the oppression of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality; wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women
Friedrich Engels
Young, middle-class German, published The Condition of the Working Class in England; influential charge of middle class exploitation and increasing worker poverty. The new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers
3 groups who fought over South Africa-Boer, Zulu
Zulu- great warriors who created a large, centralized state; British- took over Cape Colony in 1830s, massive amounts of Diamonds and Gold discovered in 1860-1880
Lateran agreement
a 1929 agreement that recognized vatican as an independent state, w/ mussolini agreeing to give church heavy financial support in for public support from the pope
Edmund Burke-criticism of french Rev.
a conservative British statesman who criticized the abolishing of inherited privileges in France. Glorified Britain's unrepresentative Parliament saying that reform like that in France would only result in chaos and tyranny
Actions of bolsheviks-gaining power, in power
a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. Founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov
Rationing
a fixed allowance of provisions or food, especially for soldiers or sailors or for civilians during a shortage:
Toussaint L'Ouverture
a freed slave who joined rebel slaves in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and became a Spanish officer. L'Ouverture eventually gained control of Saint-Domingue (french colony) and fought for the slaves' independence, modeled after France's revolution and inspired the rest of the slave revolution in SD which led to Haiti becoming a country soon after his death
Guillotine
a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people
Bloody sunday
a massacre of peaceful protester at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905 triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.
English reform movement: tories
a member or supporter of a major British political group of the 18th and early 19th centuries favoring at first the Stuarts and later royal authority and the established church and seeking to preserve the traditional political structure and defeat parliamentary reform
English reform movement: whigs
a member or supporter of a major British political group of the late 17th through early 19th centuries seeking to limit the royal authority and increase parliamentary power
Zimmerman telegram
a message from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman that (was intercepted by the British) which said Germany would help Mexico reconquer the land it lost to the United States if Mexico would ally itself with Germany.
Scientific Method
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses that is based on experimentation and mathematical reasoning
Fascism-ideas and beliefs, supporters, symbols, what caused fascism in italy and germany
a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, dynamic and violent leader, & glorification of war and military. Characteristics: ideology, subordination, cult of state worship, myth of rebirth, militarism, rampant sexism, identification of enemies or scapegoats as unifying cause, disdain for recognition of human rights, religion and govt intertwined, disdain for intellectuals and for arts, rampant cronyism and corruption, fraudulent enemies, controlled mass media, labor power is suppressed; corporate power is protected
Boxer Rebellion
a nationalistic movement within china sought to expel foreigners
Stalin vs Trotsky-5 yr plans-collectivization-attacks on kulaks
a plan launched by stalin in 1928, and termed 'revolution from above,' aimed at modernizing the soviet union and creating not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced labor camps for 're-education'; collectivization of agriculture: the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the soviet union under stalin
Isolationism
a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries
Social Darwinism
a sociological theory that sociocultural advance is the product of intergroup conflict and competition and the socially elite classes (such as those possessing wealth and power) possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence
Why was this total war
a war that is unrestricted in terms of weapons used, territory or combatants involved, or objectives pursued, especially one in which laws of war are disregarded. All people were put to work in war-related jobs, rations, propaganda,
Enabling act
act pushed through reichstag by nazis, gave hitler full dictatorial power for 4 yrs
SOVIET
active revolutionary group that united workers and peasants that helped start russian revolution
Lend-lease
allowed the US to lend to Britain for leases or GB territory (Greenland)
Armistice-when
an agreement signed by the representatives of France, Germany and Great Britain that said it would end fighting as a prelude to peace negotiations. NOVEMBER 11, 1918
French Revolution Long-term effects
conservative reaction, decline in French power, spread of enlightenment ideas, growth of nationalism, rise of international organizations, & revolution in latin america
Describe trench warfare (in detail) and effects on soldiers and land, shell shock
consisted of massed charges by infantrymen preceded by long artillery bombardments. Soldiers fixed bayonets ot the end of their rifles and waited for the orders to go "over the top". To overtake the rival trenches, soldiers had to cross "no man's land" a stretch of bombed-out territory between the trench lines that was crossed by tons of barbed wire and dotted with land mines. Life was dangerous, boring, and terrifying. Shell shock: marked by often hysterical disorders of the mind and emotions caused by the trauma of modern warfare. Trench foot: contracted by not being able to keep one's feet dry; rotted away the skin and usually resulted in amputation
Declaration of rights of man and citizen-what rights included, who & who didn't support
contained enlightened ideas of the rights that all men deserve (free speech, no arrest without reason, all men have equal rights, etc. those who wanted reform and change supported it while nobles and monarchs did not; Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; Didn't apply to women
American Bill of Rights
first 10 parts/rights of the constitution; stated typical British stuff like trial by jury, due process of law, the right to assemble, and freedom from unreasonable search and new American stuff like freedom of press, speech, and religion
Provisional government
following the abdication of Nicholas II wanted to organize elections and lasted only 8 months because of the Bolsheviks gaining power from October revolution
Francisco franco
general and dictator, (1892-1975) ruled over Spain 1939 until his death. rose to power during bloody Spanish Civil War when, with help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, his Nationalist forces overthrew democratically elected Second Republic. Adopting title of "El Caudillo" (The Leader), he persecuted political opponents, repressed culture and language of Spain's Basque and Catalan regions, censured media and used absolute control over his country. Some restrictions eased as he got older. When he died, country transitioned to democracy.
Louis XVII
granted a Constitutional Charter in the Bourbon restoration of 1814 that was basically a liberal constitution. The charter protected economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and the peasantry in the French Revolution, permitted some intellectual and artistic freedom, and created a parliament with upper and lower houses.
Causes American Revolution
high taxes from the British due to seven years war; Stamp Tax on paper items; British parliament making American laws without living in the colonies; British trying to take control of American Independence; Tea Act (tax)
Madame Geoffrin
hosted salons, financed Encyclopedia
Propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
Declaration of Pillnitz
issued by Austrian and Prussian monarchs; professed willingness of foreign monarchs to intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's rule if necessary
Italian invasion of ethiopia
italian armies invaded ethiopia in 10/1935; after surprising setbacks at hands of poorly armed ethiopian army, italians won in 1936, and mussolini proudly declared that italy again had its empire
Japaneses aggression in manchuria and china (nanking)
japan invades china; quickly wins and massacres 100s in "rape of Nanking"; league of nations condemns attack but does nothing
Mendelssohn
jewish, prussian, advocated for freedom and civil rights for European Jews
Nagasaki
killed an estimated 40,000 people; forced Emperor Hirohito to announce his country's unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on 8/15/45, citing the devastating power of "a new and most cruel bomb."
Problems in Balkanswhy called "powder keg" of Europe
known as the powder keg because of its location between the Ottoman and Austro hungarian empires. Its problem was that the ethnic nationalism, inspired by changing state boundaries, was destroying the ottoman empire and threatening Austria Hungary.
Open-field system
land that was to be cultivated was divided into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips. The fields were open, and the strips were not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges.
Agricultural revolution
large landowners dramatically improving farming methods; paved way for industrial revolution
Militarism
large standing armies, new industrial arms race as Germany begins aggressive ship building program
Czar nicholas II
last emperor and czar under romanov rule of Russia who gave power to the Duma as abdicating following the february revolution , married to Alexandra
Jenner
late 1700s. British physician. Introduced world's first vaccination to prevent smallpox
the Nuremberg
laws classified as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents, outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Jews and those defined as German, and deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship. Conversion to Christianity and abandonment of the Jewish faith made no difference.
Alexander kerensky
led the provisional govt, didn't pull Russia out of the war and didn't give the peasants land, which led to his quick downfall
Soviet union; NEP
lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration
Blitzkrieg
lightning war-a rapid attack with overwhelming force
Fighting on eastern front-advantages Russia, advantages Central Powers
one (and only) advantage of Russia was their MANY troops and millions of men. The central powers had the advantage of germany's strong leaders and infrastructure for supply
Liberalism
open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values; the ideas of those who supported the cause of individual liberty
Reaction of austria-hungary after death of Ferdinand, Ultimatum
presented Serbia with ultimatum; either so severe that either Serbia would refuse, prompting war and allowing Austria to increase its territory in the Balkans or Serbia would accept and Austria would take over Serbia w/o even fighting
concentration camps
prisoners were starved, tortured, worked to death, and in most cases murdered. Anyone considered an enemy of the Nazi regime was detained in the Nazi camps: socialists, clergy of various faiths, Jews, and the physically and mentally handicapped. Built in accessible places to allow for huge transports of people to be shipped in daily. Near railroads and major cities, but isolated from the outside world. Living quarters were crowded wooden barracks with beds made of wood boards attached to the walls and stacked one on top of another.
Arguments for and against using atomic bomb
pro: japan isn't surrendering and this would be the "only" way that they will surrender, even though the war was already lost. Anti: it hits innocent civilian lives, this is stooping down to your enemy's level of low
Separation of Powers
promote liberty and prevent tyranny. Political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates.
Eugenic
pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about 'race and space' and ultimately contributed to the holocaust
Salons
regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophies and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
Georges clemenceau
representative of France, prime minister during ww1 and politician
David lloyd george
representative of Great Britain, British statesman of the Liberal party and Chancellor of the Exchequer
Woodrow wilson
representative of the U.S. (president), and advocate for democracy
German violations of the treaty of versailles
restarted the draft; started rebuilding the military; put troops in Rhineland, a demilitarized zone
Madame de Chatelet
studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations; had no doubt that women's limited role in science was due to their unequal education
Role of France In Amer. Rev.
supplied money and troops to America
Nazi symbols
swastikas, "Blood and Soil (Blut and Boden)", ethnic cleansing, 'heil,' Nazi salute, black white and red colors throughout, torches, & fires
US response to treaty of versailles
the U.S. turned down the treaty of Versailles and wanted to stay out of European affairs
Appeasement
the british policy toward germany prior to world war 2 that aimed at granting hitler whatever he wanted, including western czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war
absolutism
the exercise of absolute power in government
HOLOCAUST
the systematic effort of the nazi state to exterminate all european jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the second world war
National german socialists workers party (NAZI)
tiny extremist group in Munich called the German Workers' Party. In addition to denouncing Jews, Marxists, and democrats, the party promised a uniquely German National Socialism that would abolish the injustices of capitalism and create a mighty "people's community." By 1921 Hitler had gained control of this small but growing party, which had been renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party, or Nazis for short
Liberia-why established and free
was a nation formed by the US interests who wanted a place for African slaves to return to. Because of US role, Europeans left it alone
Unrestricted submarine warfare
was a policy and naval blockade around Britain in which Germans announced that their submarines would sink any ship around Britain without warning.
Kamikaze pilots
young Japanese men who were essentially sent on suicide missions
