AP Euro Unit III
* 13. The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
44. The spinning of thread for the loom
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
19. Cardinal Jules Mazarins' struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the
Fronde
14. How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the Army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
* 11. How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French State?
He extended the use of intendants, commisioners for each of France's 32 districts.
42. How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failiure and famine
32. A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper class intermingled
* 45. The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
29. The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud a family to reading diverse texts individually
15. How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.
43. What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages
36. Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
10. How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
* 40. Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
26. What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
* 38. Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
* 30. What was the core concept of the enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
* 47. From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
* 46. At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
27. Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
The rebellion led by Emelion Pugachev in 1773
* 18. Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the parliament, which only represented the upper classes.
* 25. How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
51. Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then deporting quickly for the Americas.
* 20. France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
22. In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach
* 21. The Glorious Revolution and the concept representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by
John Locke
* 9. How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
54. Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
34. Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French enlightenment?
The Persian Letter
52. By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.
* 33. Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akim to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
* 55. Wealthy Spanish landlords kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt
* 24. What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
to discover what actually occurred in nature other than speculate on what should occur
* 53. Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
50. Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America.
49. Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
23. Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
* 12. Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
41. The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
39. In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
landholding and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to form more efficiently
16. In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually be Catholicized
* 31. How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
35. How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans idea of their superiority over other people?
European society was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
48. What was the result of the War of Austrian Succession?
an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
* 28. In his essay Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by evolution and society
* 17. Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship
