AP Euro
20. The most widely-recognized author of the Renaissance was the English poet and playwright a. Blaise Pascal. b. John Locke. c. Thomas Hobbes. d. William Shakespeare.
D
52. Johannes Kepler a. vigorously opposed Copernican theory. b. publicized the Copernican theory by writing popular books. c. provided data to help prove the Copernican theory. d. devised mathematical formulas to explain the Copernican universe.
D
86. Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles declared that Germany a. would not have to pay reparations after World War I. b. was responsible for all loss and damage during World War I. c. would have territorial integrity and could not be invaded by France. d. had to surrender the Rhineland to the French.
B
11. Calvinists were the most zealous reformers because they believed in a. the literal truth of the Scriptures. b. divine predestination and the need to create a godly society. c. the absolute separation of church and state. d. All of these answers are correct.
B
17. The Edict of Nantes a. recognized Catholic religious freedoms. b. recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions. c. was promulgated by Henry IV and provided for religious toleration in England. d. None of these answers are correct.
B
6. Johann Gutenberg invented printing with movable type around 1450 in the German city of a. Heidelberg. c.Leipzig b. Mainz. d.Erfurt
B
30. Francisco Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas because a. his army outnumbered the Incas, and his army had superior weapons. b. the Incas thought he was a god. c. he deceived, captured, and killed the Inca emperor. d. All of these answers are correct.
C
55. Newton's great work was called a. Gravitas. b. Gravity and Planetary Motion. c. Principia Mathematica. d. Physical Properties of the Universe.
C
59. Laissez-faire economic thought argues that wealth ought to be distributed according to a. government decree. b. the needs of society. c. the forces of supply and demand. d. a system of barter and exchange.
C
10. During the Peasants Revolt, Luther sided with the a. peasants.c.Catholic church. b.princes.d.Anabaptists.
B
2. The European voyages of discovery primarily originated with a. competition between the Protestant and Catholic churches. b. competition for the riches of the spice trade. c. competition to create larger empires as a mark of power. d. competition to break the power of European nobility.
B
100. Relations between Europeans and their resident Muslim populations have been affected by all of the following except a. the September 11, 2001 attack on the United States. b. the governments' relative lack of experience in dealing with immigrants. c. the high level of education of the majority of Muslim immigrants. d. the self-contained nature of many Muslim communities.
C
60. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, women's perceived inferiority resulted primarily from a. their inability to obtain a proper education. b. the threat they posed to male domination in politics. c. their reputation for a lack of virtue. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
72. Otto von Bismarck was a. a self-made liberal businessman who united Germany. b. the moderately liberal king of Prussia who united Germany. c. a Prussian military commander who forced German unification. d. the conservative Prussian minister who united Germany.
D
76. Women were paid low wages because a. they rarely had to support themselves independently. b. they usually lived in their parent's home. c. there were more jobs than women to fill them. d. None of these answers are correct.
D
22. According to John Locke, absolute monarchy a. was the only form of government that could tame the warlike human nature. b. was inconsistent with civil society. c. was the easiest route for people to live in peace. d. was a divinely mandated form of human government.
C
28. Who was primarily responsible for the conquest of the Aztecs in the early 16th century? a. Christopher Columbus b. Francisco Pizarro c.Hernán Cortés d.Bartolomé de Las Casas
C
41. The economic activity that employed the most people throughout the English-speaking colonies was a. trade.c. agriculture. b. slavery.d. industry.
C
47. The enclosure movement resulted in a. increased food production, and depopulation of the countryside. b. increased population, and increased landlord paternalism. c. larger farms and social turmoil. d. technological improvements and the creation of a labor force for the Industrial Revolution.
C
64. The "September Massacre" refers to a. the deaths of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. b. the unceremonious end to the Legislative Assembly, which had been ineffective. c. the execution of political prisoners and criminals as counter revolutionaries. d. riots throughout the countryside in September, 1792, which resulted in the deaths of over 1200 aristocrats.
C
13. The Council of Trent did all of the following except a. affirm the role of good works in salvation. b. take steps to curtail the selling of religious offices. c. recognize the importance of humanist education for the clergy. d. affirm the reality of purgatory.
C
15. The Huguenots were a. French Catholics. b. French merchants. c. French Protestants. d. elite French troops.
C
35. In the New World, corregidores were a. foot soldiers.c. local government officers. b. municipal councils.d. judicial councils.
C
65. The fall of Robespierre was motivated by a. the opposition of the sans-culottes. b. the reaction of the aristocrats. c. instincts of self-preservation among his associates. d. his betrayal of the ideals of the revolution.
C
68. The battle that led to Napoleon's final defeat was a. the Battle of the Nations.c. the battle of Waterloo. b. the retreat from Moscow.d. the Battle of Austerlitz.
C
70. The revolutions of 1848-1849 were located primarily in a. the Ottoman Empire. b. Russia. c. no single nation or empire. d. France.
C
51. Tycho Brahe a. vigorously opposed Copernican theory. b. publicized the Copernican theory by writing popular books. c. provided data to help prove the Copernican theory. d. devised mathematical formulas to explain the Copernican universe.
A
54. Francis Bacon's contribution to the Scientific Revolution can best be described as a. the promotion of the potentially unlimited possibilities of empiricism. b. the rediscovery of the importance of ancient thought. c. the establishment of new scientific techniques and tools. d. the founding of the Royal Society of London.
A
32. The conversion of Native Americans by the Roman Catholic church was managed by the a. Jesuits.c. Dominicans. b. Franciscans.d. All of these answers are correct.
D
46. A major goal of Peter the Great's reforms was to a. increase the military power of Russia. b. promote religious toleration. c. oppose Westernization. d. gain noble support through protecting birthrights.
A
45. The Toleration Act a. provided religious toleration for Protestants, but not for Catholics. b. excluded most dissenting religions from English religious life. c. assured Puritan religious domination. d. applied the principle of religious toleration to all religious groups, including Jews.
A
19. In general, which faith was most compatible with absolute monarchy? a. Lutheran b. Calvinist c. Anabaptist d. Catholic
A
39. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) a. divided the empires of Spain and Portugal. b. gave Spain sole claim to all the lands of the Americas. c. was drafted and enforced by the Holy Roman Emperor. d. granted the asiento on Spanish slaves to the Dutch.
A
12. Ignatius of Loyola advocated a. rigorous self-discipline and complete submission to the authority of the Catholic Church. b. a sympathetic acceptance of Protestantism. c. increased use of the Inquisition to promote morality. d. the abolishment of serfdom and other social reforms based on religious principles.
A
14. The origins of the Protestant Reformation in England were mainly in a. Henry VIII's battle with the pope over his divorce. b. the wide support enjoyed by John Calvin's ideas. c. the desire of English nobles to overthrow the king. d. the missionary activities of the Huguenots.
A
16. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted in a. a new and expanded wave of warfare among Protestants and Catholics. b. the massacre of thousands of Catholics. c. the destruction of Calvinism in France. d. None of these answers are correct.
A
18. The Thirty Years' War and the treaty that followed resulted in all of the following except a. French division of and control over the duchies of Germany. b. the formation of a Catholic League in Bavaria. c. the decentralization of Germany for two centuries to come. d. the legal recognition of Calvinism as an established religion.
A
25. Mercantilism involved a. extensive government planning and regulation of the economy. b. a conscious policy to establish more port cities. c. the production and distribution of propaganda. d. All of these answers are correct.
A
31. The relationship between political authority and religious proselytizing was a. closer in the New World than on the Iberian peninsula. b. more distant in the New World than on the European continent. c. defined by the pope, who insisted on political control in the New World. d. not influenced by national economic goals.
A
33. The "Black Legend" a. painted Spanish treatment of Native Americans as unprincipled and inhumane. b. condemned exploitation of Native Americans by the Roman Catholic church. c. was completely false with no basis in the actions of the Spanish. d. was spread primarily by conquistadors who lost their rights of encomienda.
A
37. The repartimiento a. required adult male Indians to devote a particular number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. b. were Spanish labor managers who supervised Indian labor. c. was a formal grant of land by the Spanish Crown to nobles. d. All of these answers are correct.
A
38. The single most important element in the success of the European conquest of the Americas was the a. disease that decimated native populations. b. fact that native Americans lacked horses. c. technological disparity between native Americans and Europeans. d. None of these answers are correct.
A
56. Women did not make significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution primarily because they a. were traditionally barred from the institutions of European intellectual life. b. exercised little influence over courtly patronage systems. c. possessed little interest or aptitude for empirical methods. d. were excluded from participating in artisan culture because of their lack of physical strength.
A
57. Enlightenment thinkers believed that a. the progressive increase of knowledge was the key towards making the world a more perfect place. b. the revival of knowledge from the ancient world would set them apart from their predecessors. c. knowledge is relative to the society from which it emerges and can as easily be lost as found. d. the obtainment of knowledge was the highest calling of God.
A
67. Napoleon's "Continental System" aimed at all of the following except a. crippling the ability of the British to wage war. b. supporting the development of continental industry. c. establishing members of his family as rulers of satellite states. d. cutting off trade between Britain and the continent.
A
69. The Great Reform Bill a. expanded the British electorate by over 200,000. b. formally abolished slavery in all British territories. c. removed all obstacles to internal trade on the British continent. d. established Home Rule for Ireland.
A
71. The Crimean War was significant because it led to a. the end of the Concert of Europe. b. Russian acquisition of Constantinople. c. the elimination of the use of cavalry in combat. d. None of these answers are correct.
A
75. The industrial economy affected women in all of the following ways except a. Women started agitating for political rights in the 1830s. b. Women became associated more with household duties and men with family bread winning. c. New modes of employment were created for women. d. Skills required of employed women were lowered.
A
81. Darwin's explanation of natural selection suggests that a. natural selection reflects the power and grandeur of the Creator. b. natural selection and religion are incompatible. c. natural selection implies that all people are descendants of Adam and Eve. d. natural selection describes all beings as direct creations of God.
A
85. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 a. promised the Jews a national home in Palestine. b. sought the acquisition of Italia Irredenta. c. proclaimed the "splendid isolation" of Britain from European affairs. d. carved a corridor through Germany to give Poland access to the sea.
A
88. Stalin's Great Purges seemed to be primarily aimed at a. old Bolsheviks who had been loyal to others. b. young up-and-coming Communists who threatened him. c. foreign agents who had infiltrated the Soviet system. d. industrial and agricultural workers.
A
89. Which best characterizes the effect of massive inflation on Germany? a. It permanently traumatized the middle class. b. It immediately led to a successful coup against the Weimar Republic. c. It enabled the country to pay off its entire reparation debt in worthless currency. d. It was a disaster to all Germans alike.
A
9. Charles V failed to stamp out Protestantism within the empire because a. he was distracted by foreign wars. b. he failed to recognize it as a threat to the unity of his empire. c. he was an incompetent general and administrator. d. All of these answers are correct.
A
73. Historian Lord Acton criticized nationalism because it violated what principle of liberalism? a. the importance of free trade and open markets b. the political freedom of the individual c. the belief that some cultures are superior to others d. the right of corporate groups to negotiate for their rights
B
1. For Europe, the late 15th and 16th centuries were a period of a. strict conformity to established theological creed. b. unprecedented territorial expansion. c. close connection between the northern humanists and the church. d. economic stagnation and social crisis.
B
23. During the 16th to 19th centuries, Europeans a. retreated from political dominance of the world. b. exerted political dominance over much of the world. c. were technologically inferior to other civilizations. d. suffered grievously from diseases imported from other areas of the world.
B
27. The 18th century was a "golden age of smugglers" because a. most colonists in the Americas did not respect European laws. b. mercantile policies distorted markets and created the potential for great profits. c. most European ships were too small to carry large amounts of goods. d. All of these answers are correct.
B
40. Most of the African slaves taken to the New World went to a. the English colonies in North America. b. sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean. c. the farms and mines of Spanish Mexico. d. Spanish factories in Central America and the Andes.
B
49. The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary in the sense that it a. involved thousands of people in the pursuit of scientific goals. b. set the standard for evaluating knowledge in the Western world. c. rejected all traditional knowledge in favor of new discoveries. d. led to the replacement of the craftsman with the scientist.
B
50. Copernicus's main contribution to the Scientific Revolution was a. a new emphasis on empirical observation. b. the suggestion that the earth moved around the sun in a circle. c. the use of the telescope to compile accurate astronomical data. d. the suggestion that the orbits of planets were elliptical.
B
58. Voltaire believed that the improvement of society was necessary and possible, but a. he did not believe that the lower classes could ever be raised beyond their lot in life. b. he was not sure that it would be permanent. c. he was prone to contradiction on this point. d. he did not openly press this point in his writings.
B
61. The consequences of the age of transatlantic revolutions (1776-1824) included all of the following except a. the emergence of nationalism as a political force. b. increased restrictions on trade in the name of national interest. c. the abolition of slavery for religious and humanitarian reasons. d. revolutions in the Caribbean, South America, and Continental Europe.
B
66. The concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII did all of the following except a. declare that "Catholicism is the religion of a great majority of French citizens." b. allow for the Catholic Church to select and pay the salaries of bishops. c. force the clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the state. d. force the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign.
B
7. The Protestant faith a. was a unified church that provided a new alternative to Catholic worship. b. broke up into a number of smaller denominations. c. was often tolerant of Catholics who lived within its area of influence. d. gained the most support in the largest countries of Europe.
B
77. British women received the vote primarily because of a. the violent tactics of Emmeline Pankhurst and the suffragettes. b. their contributions to the war effort in World War I. c. the lobbying efforts of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. d. the cooperation of the Liberal government under Herbert Asquith.
B
83. The "blank check" refers to a. America's promise of aid to Great Britain. b. Germany's commitment to support Austria's attack on Serbia. c. Russian willingness to support the Triple Entente in any way possible. d. German industrialists' commitment to provide William II with as many weapon
B
90. The Nazis tailored their appeal to a. big business, which provided the capital they needed for political advancement. b. the lower middle class, which had been devastated by inflation. c. labor unions whose members had suffered low wages because of the nationalization of industry. d. Marxist politicians whose aid they needed in a coalition against the Wei
B
95. Dunkirk was a famous episode in 1940 in which a. German air power was defeated by Soviet pilots. b. Allied troops were evacuated from France, mostly by British civilians in small boats. c. France surrendered to Germany. d. Belgium finally surrendered after a courageous defense.
B
96. Germany failed to conquer the Soviet Union in 1941 for all of the following reasons except a. the delay of the expedition by six weeks. b. the opening of a second front by the Allies. c. the diversion of troops from the drive toward Moscow. d. the weather, which caused problems with supplies and troop movement.
B
98. The Cuban missile crisis resulted in a. the defeat of U.S. troops on Cuban soil. b. the U.S. blockade of Cuba and removal of Soviet missiles. c. a successful invasion by pro-Western Cuban forces.
B
99. The European Economic Community (EEC) was created primarily as a. a third world power block designed to create more equitable trade relations. b. a common European market for people, goods, and capital. c. a defense alliance designed to protect against Soviet aggression. d. a supranational organization that utilizes a common currency.
B
4. The Northern Renaissance was different from the Italian Renaissance because most of its leading figures a. promoted Humanism rather than Scholasticism. b. were less willing to write for lay audiences. c. came from more diverse backgrounds and were more devoted to religious reforms. d. did not publish their writings.
C
48. All of the following were significant social changes in the 18th century except a. the expansion of population. b. the new wealth of the middle class. c. the social privileges received after service in the army. d. the conflicting political ambitions of the monarchs, nobility, and middle class.
C
62. Louis XVI called the Estates General in order to a. divide the nobility and break their power over the French monarch. b. give the people a chance to decide about further support of American revolutionary efforts. c. increase the legal recognition and power of the Third Estate in French political life. d. find a collective solution to pressing financial problems and to avoid national bankruptcy.
C
80. The establishment of the German Empire in 1871 a. encouraged American intervention in Continental affairs after 1875. b. upset the European balance of power. c. blocked Austria's plans to invade Alsace-Lorraine. d. forced Britain to ally with Austria.
D
63. The war against Austria in 1792 a. united the French aristocracy against the forces of revolution. b. resulted in English involvement in French domestic politics. c. radicalized the revolution and led to a second revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. d. disrupted the revolution and allowed the emigres to return to France.
C
74. For the factory worker, the first half of the 19th century was a period of a. full employment. b. security and stability. c. uncertainty and transition. d. worsening conditions and lower wages.
C
78. By about 1900, trade unions included a. women and children. b. a majority of European workers. c. both skilled and unskilled workers. d. None of these answers are correct.
C
79. The Fabians were a. French activists who advocated immediate political reform. b. British working class activists who advocated economic reform. c. British civil servants who advocated a gradualist approach to social reform. d. German socialists who were pessimistic about the necessity of revolution.
C
8. Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was as a result of a. loyalty to the Vatican. b. performing "good works." c. faith alone. d. a combination of faith and good works.
C
82. The Russian loss to the Japanese in 1904-1905 had which of the following effects? a. The Russians became even more determined to assert their power in the East. b. The Russians turned to aggressive diplomacy to re-obtain the lost territory. c. It contributed to the Russian Revolution of 1905. d. The Japanese continued their advance to the Urals, but were defeated there.
C
84. After the Battle of the Marne in 1914, a. the tide of war in the west turned to the French. b. the tide of war in the west turned to the Germans. c. the war became defensive, one of position rather than of movement. d. poison gas aided the German cause.
C
92. Which of the following best characterizes Hitler's foreign policy? a. He was an opportunist who wanted to restore Germany to its 1914 borders. b. He carefully followed a blueprint for vast conquests set down early in his career. c. He used opportunistic tactics to attain a preconceived goal of vast conquests. d. He said Germany was a satisfied power and he meant it.
C
93. The policy of appeasement was based upon the assumption that Germany a. was guilty as charged in the Treaty of Versailles. b. sincerely intended to live by the terms of the Weimar constitution. c. had real grievances and that Hitler's goals were limited. d. None of these answers are correct.
C
94. The Spanish Civil War a. was fought between the republicans and Communists. b. resulted in a republican victory led by Francisco Franco. c. brought Germany and Italy closer together. d. was just a small war of little consequence, affecting Europe very little.
C
21. According to Thomas Hobbes, the basic nature of humans is to a. seek freedom from the state in pastoral existence. b. work communally with others to peacefully create the state. c. seek peace with others. d. endlessly desire power until death.
D
24. Spanish conquest in the Americas during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in a. economic dominance for the home country. b. the decimation of Native American civilizations. c. the influx of large amounts of gold and silver into Europe. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
26. Conquistadors are best described as a. Franciscan missionaries who sought to "conquer" souls for God. b. Dutch mercenaries who took over the Portuguese trading outposts in Asia. c. Portuguese navigators who discovered the sea-route around Africa. d. Spanish adventurers who sought to gain wealth and glory for themselves.
D
29. Why were the Spanish able to conquer the Aztecs? a. European diseases decimated native American tribes. b. The Spanish military technology was superior. c. There were insurrections among Aztec subject peoples. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
3. Columbus's voyage of 1492 marked the a. beginning of "Columbian Exchange." b. the start of destruction of native civilizations in the Americas. c. rise of Spain to a major political role in Europe. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
34. Besides the introduction of diseases, the Columbian Exchange affected the people of the Americas by a. increasing the sources of protein in their diet. b. introducing animals that could be used for transportation and warfare. c. introducing crops that could most efficiently be cultivated by slave labor. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
36. The quinto was a. a mining guild. b. the salt tax placed on all Native Americans. c. the Spanish monopoly over silver mining. d. the fifth of all mining revenue reserved for the Spanish Crown.
D
42. Slavery a. became prominent in sub-Saharan Africa only in the 16th century. b. was limited to European traders in sub-Saharan Africa. c. was not practiced by Islamic states in North Africa. d. None of these answers are correct.
D
43. Which of the following is true about Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a. Many states consolidated themselves into stronger, more aggressive political units. b. The economies took their first steps toward industrialization. c. Food supplies stabilized, and population increased. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
44. From 1649 to 1660, England was in fact a military despotism but officially was called a a. constitutional monarchy. b. absolute monarchy. c. Puritan republic led by a conservative coalition of generals. d. Puritan republic led by Oliver Cromwell.
D
5. Which of the following does not have a close causal connection to the Reformation? a. the powerful personality of Martin Luther. b. the corruption and worldliness of the papacy. c. the resentment of many Germans about Italian domination of the Catholic hierarchy. d. the discovery of the Americas.
D
53. According to Galileo Galilei, what role should science play in understanding the universe? a. Science should supplement the Bible's teachings regarding the universe's mysteries. b. Science should predominate in understanding the universe, and the Bible should be used as a supplementary source of understanding. c. Science should play a very minimal role; the Bible should be the primary source for understanding the universe. d. Science is most important. The Bible is not useful to study the mysteries of the natural universe.
D
87. Why did the Versailles settlement foster both resentment and discontent in numerous countries? a. Germany had been humiliated. b. States in eastern Europe were discontented with border adjustments. c. France believed that the provisions of the treaty were not being enforced. d. All of these answers are correct.
D
91. The fire in the Reichstag building a. put the Nazi party on the defensive. b. was used to show that greater force was needed against the German Jews. c. resulted in greater authority for Hindenburg. d. None of these answers are correct.
D
97. The primary consequence of the Berlin airlift was a. the Allies ceded control over West Berlin to the Soviets. b. the people of Berlin were starved into submitting to Soviet demands. c. the Soviets built the Berlin Wall. d. Germany was permanently split into eastern and western halves.
D
