AP: Exam 1

Levels of organization in the human body order

1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organismal level

Positive Feedback

A change is amplified, driving the body away from homeostasis The change in a variable is increased until a climatic event occurs

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

True

A cofactor helps in enzyme function and is composed of a specific amino acid sequence.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

anion

A negatively charged ion

cation

A positively charged ion

True

A running car motor can get quite warm because some energy stored in the gasoline is converted to heat.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Enzyme Action

A. Formation of enzyme subtrate B. Induced fit model C. Change in enzyme shape, creating new bond formation D. Products are released

Activation Energy

A. The energy required to make new chemical bonds B. The energy required to break existing chemical bonds C. Higher activation energy will increase the reaction rate D. Higher activation energy will decrease the reaction rate

Select all the statements that are true regarding enzymes. A. They have a unique three-dimensional shape B. A region called the active site is nonspecific in binding substrate C. They are proteins composed of nucleic acid D. They are produced by normal protein synthesis

A. They have a unique three-dimensional shape B. A region called the active site is nonspecific in binding substrate C. They are proteins composed of nucleic acid D. They are produced by normal protein synthesis

Select all that apply. Below saturation, a chemical reaction rate increases when the

A. enzyme concentration is increased B. enzyme concentration is decreased C. substrate concentration is increased D. substrate concentration is decreased

Carbon

All organic compounds contain ________, hydrogen and usually oxygen

True

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

False

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.

all enzymes are actively engaged in a reaction

As concentration of substrate is increased in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, the reaction rate will stop increasing once saturation is reached because

True

Catabolism consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Such reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work.

Thoracic cavity Vertebral canal Pelvic cavity

Cavities in the posterior aspect of the body

True

Chemical bonds are a form of potential energy.

pericardial cavity mediastinum

Components of the thoracic cavity

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

midsagittal

Divides the body or organ into right and left halves

proteins

Enzymes are

Digestive System

Esophagus Stomach

Comparative Anatomy

Examine similarities/difference in the anatomy of different species

Regional Anatomy

Examines all structures in an area of the body as a complete unit

Respiratory Physiology

Examines how gas exchange occurs between the lungs and blood vessels

Reproductive Physiology

Explores the influences of sex cell production and maturation Examines fertility and conception

Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Characteristics of living things

Has a brain Metabolism Reproduction

As the product concentration decreases, the complex is no longer inhibited

How is negative feedback control of multienzyme complexes turned off?

oxidized

If an electron and a hydrogen ion are removed from a structure during a chemical reaction, the structure is said to have been

allosteric inhibitor

If an enzyme is inhibited by a substance that binds away from the active site, this substance must be a(n)

False

If an individual is in the anatomical position, they are lying horizontally with palms facing up.

Regulation

If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?

Pathophysiology

Investigates organ systems and disorders that might affect them

Pathophysiology

Investigating the function of organ systems in a disease state best describes

Urinary System

Kidneys Urethra

lower

Lingual lipase is an enzyme with an optimum pH around 5. This is __________ than the optimum pH of most enzymes in the body.

Homeostatic imbalances

Negative and/or positive feedback processes are not functioning properly

decreasing its own production by inhibiting complex allosterically

Negative feedback control of multienzyme complexes works by the end product

False

Optimum temperature for most human enzymes is slightly below normal body temperature.

Serous Membranes:Location

Parietal pleura: lines the thoracic activity Visceral pleura: covers the lungs Parietal pericardium: lines the pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium: covers the heart Parietal peritoneum: lines the abdominal cavity Visceral peritoneum: covers the abdominal cavity

True

Pleural membranes completely surround each lung.

True

Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state, but the energy is not doing work at the time.

exergonic reactions

Reactions that release energy are called

False

Serous fluid is contained between the visceral pleura and the lung.

Organ systems: Functions

Skeletal: calcium storage and hemopoiesis Muscular: moves the body and generates heat Cardiovascular: transport of nutrients and waste Respiratory: exchange of gases

Neutral

Solutions H+ = OH-, pH of 7

True

Some homeostatic imbalances cause a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback.

Cardiovascular Physiology

Studies how the heart pumps blood Explores the parameters of healthy blood pressure Examines how the heart blood vessels and blood function

Systemic Anatomy

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Surface Anatomy

Studies the skin and related superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

parietal peritoneum

The _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Visceral

The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

chemical reaction

The breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new ones is called a

Dorsal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

dorsal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

Positive feedback

The effector drives the variable back to set point A change is amplified, driving the body away from homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained by the effector opposing a change in the variable The change in a variable is increased until a climatic event occurs

pleural cavity

The fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the

visceral pleura

The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the

Increased reaction rates

The optimum temperature for most enzymes is around body temperature. If body temperature is slightly elevated, what effect will this have on enzymatic reactions?

increased reaction rates

The optimum temperature for most enzymes is around body temperature. If the body temperature is slightly elevated, what effect will this have on enzymatic reactions?

parietal peritoneum

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the

False

The pleural membranes function like a fluid-filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.

chemical reaction

The process of breaking chemical bonds in one or more substances & the reforming of new bonds to create new substances

False

The rate of a chemical reaction primarily depends on how quickly the chemical bonds can be broken. (T or F)

highly specific active site

The region of an enzyme into which the substrate fits is a

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Respiratory System

Trachea Lungs

positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following?

True

When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant.

Responsiveness

When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of

oppose the change

When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?

organ level

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

substrate

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

E+S-> E-S-> E-P-> E+P

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function? E = enzyme S = substrate P = product

hydrogen bond

bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule individually are weak, collectively are strong

Solution

dissolves in water to form homogeneous mixture, sugar water, salt water

Suspension

does not remain mixed unless in motion

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

intermolecular attraction

forms between polar molecules

polymers

large molecules made of monomers (repeating subunit) Ex. carbohydrates - sugar nucleic acid - nucleotide proteins - amino acids lipids - glycerol and fatty acid chains

Acid

lower pH, solutions with more H+ than OH-

hydrophobic

nonpolar, do not dissolve in water, lipids

Colloid

remains mixed when not in motion

Basic

solutions more OH- than H+, higher pH

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

water

transports, lubricates, cushions, cohesion, excretes waste, surface tension, adhesion

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrophilic

water loving