AP Geo

geography

"geo" = earth "graphy" = to write therefore, geography means to write about the earth

"non-self governing territories"

"whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government". ... Countries administering Non-Self-Governing Territories are called administering Powers. The UN identifies 17 places in the world that it calls "non-self governing territories" The far most extensive and populous if the Western Sahara The next two are the French Polynesia and the New Caledonia The UN does not count territories that are inhibited Such as Baker and Midway that are controlled by the US The UN does not count territories that have a considerable amount of autonomy in self-governing Ie. Puerto Rico, Greenland, Hong Kong and Macao

Top 5 languages spoken in the world

(Morgan Singer eats aunty Harrison) 1) Mandarin 2) Spanish 3) English 4) Arabic 5) Hindi

Dialect

- A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation - American and British English is different dialects

Democracies have been increasing bc:

- Diffusion of democratic values - Increase in rights, organizations - US intervening in other countries that don't have democracy

Organic Farming

- Leader in organic farming = Australia - 1 percent of farmland was deemed organic in 2013 Benefits No herbicides or pesticides No moral dilemma No groundwater pollution (cows all pooping - polluting water)

distribution

- the arrangement of features in - the three main properties of distribution: density, concentration, pattern

pattern

- the geometric arrangements of objects in space *geometric pattern versus irregular *linar distribution versus square or rectangular EXAMPLES - offensive basketball players trying to score a shot - irregular - planting of trees in an orchid - linear - chaperones at a dance - circular

parallels

- the horizontal lines that run in the direction of the equator - identify degrees of latitude

Location

- the position that something occupies on Earth - you can always identify on the geographic grid (does not change) ex. Los Angeles = Southwest California

projection

- the system used to transfer from Earth's surface (a sphere) to a flat map - no projection is perfect and all result in some sort of distortion (shape, distance, relative size, direction)

equator

0 degrees latitude fattest part of the globe equal because 12 hour days and 12 hour nights

What causes different dialects within the same language?

1) isolation 2) new inventions after separation (animals and plants) 3) Noah Webster wanted a unique American dialect to increase national pride; changed spellings so American English would be distinct and different

The average in developing countries

2,800 Kcal

The average in developed countries

3,400 Kcal

dot distribution

A map that uses dots to show the precise locations of specific phenomena, such as crimes, car accidents, or births Great for comparing distribution properties (density, concentration, pattern) Second most common

isoline

A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value "Iso" = equal in Greek May include colors Most common: topography maps

Primary Sector:

Activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry. In DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - these jobs But percentage of people doing these jobs decreasing in both developing and developed countries but higher percentage in developing countries

The Eras of Immigration to the US

American colonies (17th and 18th century) - Came to America in 1600s and 1700s from Northern Europe (Great Britain and Ireland) - Africans came Mass European (feeding factories - coming to America for jobs in American factories) - 1800s/1900s - Irish and German - Southern Europe Asian and Latin American immigration (late 20th/early 21st) - 1980s and on

Asian American

Americans who trace their heritage to a number of countries in Asia Most Asian Americans prefer to identify with their (or their ancestors') specific country of origin Most common: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

milkshed

An area The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

Distribution and Diffusion of Internet

Big idea: the hanging distribution and diffusion of internet service follows the pattern established by TV, but at a more rapid pace The diffusion of TV from the rest of the world took a half-century, whereas the diffusion of the internet took only a decade

Isogloss

Boundaries of where regional words are used can be mapped; such a word usage boundary is known as a isogloss

self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have right to govern themselves

semi periphery

Countries somewhere in between the core and the periphery. China, India, Mexico, Pakistan

Sacred space in Universalizing Religions: Buddhism

Eight places are holy to Buddhists because of important events in Buddha's life Clustered in northeastern India and Southern Nepal

Folk Culture versus Popular Culture Diffusion

FOLK CULTURE - Smaller scale and slower transmissions from one location to another - Primarily through relocation diffusion (migration) POPULAR CULTURE - Transmitted by hierarchical diffusion (for example famous people) - Rapidly and extensively from hearths or nodes of innovation - Diffusion aided by modern communication (twitter lol)

Popular Culture

Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristic.

Stimulus strategy:

Government SPENDS more through public works - government goes into debt - hopes that the dollar they spend will jolt the economy back to life - stimulate economic growth Governments spend more to put people to work, then later pay off their debt (Large bureaucracy) -Goal: spend your way out of the recession Example: US after 2008 (Obama)

Value added

Gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Around $67 per hour in the US vs. $16 in Mexico. Different type of work In the US we have more valuable work than in Mexico

Healthcare

Health conditions vary around the world, primarily, because countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick.

Frontier

Historically, boundaries were designated by the frontier, a zone where no one state exercises complete political control (usually uninhabited or sparsely settled) NOW the frontiers are replaced by boundaries and more controlled by technology

Comparing Sacred Spaces: universalizing

Holy places are associated with the founder's life, not necessarily close together or tied to physical environment - can spread

Christian Churches

Important in Christianity because church is "House of God" and attendance at service is extremely important Church traditionally largest and tallest building in a community → used to be the focal point of the town Significant location —e.g., square or center of town No single architectural style Reflect cultural values of denomination, region's architectural style, and availability of resources

Migration Transition Model Stage 3: Mature Industrial

Industrialized society where CBR starts to fall High international IMMIGRATION (destination of international migrants from stage 2 countries) High intraregional migration (cities to suburbs -- the American dream stage) Net immigration is positive

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Intense labor to serve your family in developing countries Densely populated, have to grow their food (no commercial agriculture)

Vernacular

Language spoken by the common people

Apartheid

Legal separation of races into different geographic areas

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Measure used by geographers to better understand death rates in society Defined as the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births Usually expressed per 1,000 births rather than a percentage IMR is 5 in developed countries and 80 in Sub-saharan Africa

Gender-related Development Index (GDI):

Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy → notice using the same measures as the HDI High GII means more gender equality Compared to men In DEVELOPING countries - For every 10 boys who attend high school, only 6 girls attend The gap is especially high in South Asia

Epidemiological Transition

Medical researches have identified an epidemiologic transition that focuses on distinct health threats in each stage of the demographic transition (international)

Marijuana (LDCs turn to the production)

Mexico but it grown widespread

Mixed crop and livestock farms

Mixed crop and livestock farms → animal consumption

Drive to maturity

Modern technology diffuses across industries within one country

Expenditures on Health Care

More than 15 percent of total government expenditures in Europe and North America. Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

migrants to the US

Most immigrants to the U.S. are Christians, though the number is declining. Muslims and Hindus have seen increases.

Three "consumer goods" that are indicators of development

Motor vehicles Telephones Computers

The world's third and fourth language families are based in Africa - what regions in Africa do they both cover?

North Africa and Central/South Africa

Economic Structure:

Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector

World Bank:

Provides loans to countries for physical projects as well as institutional reforms (i.e. reform legal institutions) (development) Road building, school building, hospital buildings (infrastructure) Weed out corruption, enforce contracts better - higher consultants or experts to come in (institutional reforms) The theory is that the new infrastructure will make conditions more favorable for domestic and foreign businesses to open up and expand

contagious diffusion

Rapid, widespread, and random diffusion of a characteristics throughout the population No hierarchy; spreads by contact Example - news, spread of a contagious disease Results in the continuous spread of innovations, like "waves". Where nearly all adjacents individuals and places are affected

United Nations

Reated by Allies in 1945 after WWII to replace the ineffective League of Nations To talk about differences, increase cooperation How does the UN work - The United Nations can authorize military and peacekeeping forces. - Five permanent members can veto operations: China, France, Russia, UK, and US - Shortcomings: lack of troops (have to rely on the countries specifically), difficulty of neutrality - Advantages: Forum for cooperation and promotion of human rights

What led to the spread of the Latin language around 2,000 year ago?

Rise of Rome, 31 BC-476 AD Latin = "Romans' language" Roman armies suppressed local languages Vulgar Latin = spoken form of Latin used by the people (as opposed to standard literary form) - because before only supposed to be read

Toponym

Roman Catholic immigrants frequently give religion's place names, or toponyms, to their settlements

What is the largest state?

Russia (11% of the world's land area)

Gross domestic product (GDP):

Similar to gross national income except it does not account for money entering and leaving the country

Sub-Saharan Africa hearth

Sorghum, yams

Muslim Mosques

Space for community assembly Organized around a central courtyard Attention to direction, e.g. pulpit faces Makkah Distinctive feature is the minaret, a tower where a man known as a muezzin summons people to worship

Dairy Farms

Specialize in production of milk and other dairy products (cheese and butter) Dairy farms are close to the markets due to the perishing nature of milk

National Governments

States have two levels of government: - national and local Three classifications for national governments: 1) Democracy: 2) Autocracy: 3) Anocracy: The first two can be distinguished based on three factors:

machinery

Subsistence agriculture Do much of the work with hand tools and animal power Commercial agriculture Reliance on universities - experiments going on in big colleges/ universities Reliance on GPS for commercial agriculture - helps farmers map where to plant seeds, track the amount of yield A small number of commercial farmers can feed many people because they rely on machinery to perform work rather than on people or animals

amount of farm land

Subsistence agriculture Farm size smaller than commercial farms 2.5 acres average in China Commercial agriculture Relatively large families US average is over 400 acres

Arguments for decreasing immigration to the US:

Terrorists threats Taking our jobs Overpopulation

"Paddy"

The Malay word for wet rice

Smallest states: (2)

The Vatican (not part of the UN), Monaco

Places of Worship for Christians, Muslims, Jewish, and Baha'i

The following are examples of places of worship designed for ASSEMBLY, or collective religious expression & prayer: Christian Churches Muslim Mosques Jewish Synagogues Bahá'i Houses of Worship

Migration flows

The largest migration flows of Christians are in and out of Russia and the US Most immigrants to the US are Christians Muslims are 10% of immigrants Hindus 7%

physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is suitable for agriculture How to find it: divide the number of people by unit area of arable land (number of people/ unit of arable land) Hectare, ft^2, mi^2, etc) Pros More meaningful (shows sustainability/overpopulation) Cons Higher Physiological Density than Arithmetic Density = more pressure to produce more food

Built Environment

The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture, including buildings, roads, bridges, etc.

hierarchal diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (i.e. top down manner) Examples of people in authority: political leaders, socially elite people, olympic athletes, leading scientists, big cities to smaller towns Example: new discoveries are shared among scientists at leading universities before they appear in textbooks or become general knowledge Results in patterns of the trait or innovation "jumping" over space, and often results in the formation of new clusters of trait

stimulus diffusion

The spread of an idea, practice, or other phenomenon prompts a new idea or innovation One successful product triggers everyone to do the same thing Think about developments in the automobile, fast-food or technology industry. A successful product often triggers applications of that principle in other settings - whether is is a certain body style on a car of the development of a new kind of fast-food restaurant One computer was invented and then apple made their own computer and changed it

culture

Thinking about why each region on Earth is distinctive, geographers refer to the culture. Culture is the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. The two meanings of culture that geographers study: 1) To care about - to adore or worship something, as in the modern word cult 2) To take care of - to nurse or to look after something as in the modern word cultivate

Seasonal Agriculture

Transhumance: A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

What countries are the leading importers of food

US, China, Germany, Japan

Stacked Vote

Very spread out, grouping like minded voters Used a lot when there are distinct ethnic enclaves because the major ethnicities in the US vote democrats The one for ethnicities!

What is the most spoken language of the Austro-Asiatic tongue?

Vietnamese

Emerging population clusters

West Africa and Northeast America

IHDI: Brazil and Turkey

Western Turkey a lot more wealthy, than Eastern Turkey where the Kurds dominate In Brazil, wealth is highest along the east coast, especially in the country's largest city, Sao Paulo

Basic Definition of Language

a systematic method of communication through the use of mutually understand signs, sounds, or gestures

Transnational migration

aka international migration - moving from one country to another country

Pyramid for Stage 2

early expanding and urbanization Wide base - high birth rate Wider and taller = people living longer

Pronatalism

influenced by Mathus Policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining. Italy, France

Commercial Agriculture

ound in developed countries, is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

Interregional

people moving from one region to another within a country most common motivator is economic (jobs)

East Asia hearth

rice

cartographer

someone who makes maps

6) China to Southeast Asia and West North America

"Chinese Diaspora" - Because of European colonization in Southeast Asia, many Chinese laborers fled famine and political strife in southern China to work as contract laborers in Southeast Asia. - Their descendants constitute a Chinese minority in Southeast Asian countries that accounts for a substantial portion of the population: 14% in Thailand 23% Malaysia 74% Singapore A lot of tensions in these places between Chinese and these other places Chinese in Southeast Asia become leaders in trade, commerce, and finance in the region (similar to Southern Asians in Eastern and Southern Africa) "Bamboo Network" A network of close-knit Chinese entrepreneurs with large corporate empires in southeast Asia Causes resentment among the indigenous population to think that there is so much power from outside powers N. America - Seattle, San Francisco, & Vancouver - Key destinations for Chinese Push Famine and political strife Pull Economic opportunities in the areas colonized by Europeans

Culture

"The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people." Material traits: physical evidence of a culture, i.e. the objects they make and leave behind (clothing, tools, architecture, etc).

Possibilism

(opposite of environmental determinism) Theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions... But people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives Ie Paris, LA, not affected by the environment and adapt to it Suggests that limitations begin with nature, but humans can adjust

OSCE (Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe)

- 57 members includes the United States, Canada, Russia, all European States, and all states formally part of the Soviet Union - Became an active forum for countries concerned with ending conflicts in Europe, especially in the Balkans and Caucasus

Similarities between ethnicities and nationalities:

- Both identify a group of people who share common cultural values - Both bestow values

Migration Pattern of Jews:

- In A.D. 70 the Romans forced the Jews out of present-day Israel — "Diaspora" - Jews lived among other nationalities in Europe, often in segregated areas known as ghettos, and faced persecution - In World War II, the Nazis exterminated 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. The percentage of the world's Jews in Europe went from 90% to 15%. - Israel was created as a state in 1948 and is the destination for 73% of Jews who migrate internationally. → pull factor: only state with Jewish majority

The significance of wheat

- More expensive from other grains (high value per weight) - Going to make more profit - Easily stored and can be shipped profitable - Used to make bread flour --- very versatile - World's leading exporting crop

Medieval States

- Roman Empire was height of political unity in the ancient world until 476 - After collapse, Europe fragmented into estates owned by competing monarchs and nobles

Boserup Thesis

- Subsistence farmers increase the supply of food through intensification of production achieved in two ways (increase of production for subsistence farming) 1) New technology (labor sources) 2) Leave land fallow for less time (because than using the land more) --- but this is a short term solution because then you are depleting the nutrients from the land

Self-Sufficiency Path

- isolationism from other influences, protectionism 1) Encourage domestic production of goods → subsidizing - give money to help produce more 2) Discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources - More tariffs would make foreign goods more expensive so it would encourage domestic production (they would make higher tariffs) - Not grant foreign investment, buy out foreign investment (make state owned), tax foreign companies, require license for foreign companies to operate 3) Protect domestic businesses from international competition

Geographic Information System (GIS)

- the primary purpose of the GIS is to help geographers to understand the spatial relationship among different phenomena - software systems that enable geographers to map, analyze, and model geospatial data How does it work? * these programs produce maps that often represent information in thematic layers with specific features such as - city names, bodies of water, roads Uses * allows one to see how things compare - overlay street data and the prices of houses * extremely useful to understand the spatial relationship among different phenomena * this was the hate crime map (comparing hate crime with ethnicity)

Dirty Dozen

- twelve most infected with pesticides → Apple, peaches, nectarines, strawberries and grapes

Latino/Latina difference from Hispanic:

-Latino/Latina - have migrated from any Latin American country including places that do not speak Spanish (Brazil) -- does NOT include Spain - Spanish - Spanish speaking Latin American countries and Spain (does not include Brazil)

Four largest religions (based on followers)

1) Christianity 2) Islam 3) Hinduism 4) Buddhism

How much a person needs to consume:

1,844 Kcal

UN Membership increased rapidly on 3 occasions:

1955: European countries liberated from Nazi Germany (Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Albania) 1960: Former African colonies of Britain and France (Chad, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon) 1990-1993: Breakup of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Stans)

Balkanization

A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Examples: What happened with Yugoslavia broke up, and breakup of the USSR

Heroine (LDCs turn to the production)

Afghanistan Comes from the poppy plant Main market is Western Europe

Religious conflict in Afghanistan

Afghanistan is 99% Muslim Rise of fundamentalist groups such as the Taliban has led to violent conflict in Afghanistan and around the world How does Taliban rule shape the behavior of citizens as well as landscape? Banning "western" leisure activities i.e. playing music, TV, internet Sport facilities turned into floggings & executions No shaving beards, wearing nail polish Public death sentence for homosexuals and prostitutes

regions with the highest net out migration

Africa, Latin America, Asia

What is the most common Afro-Asiatic language? Why might this language be known by many other people outside of this region of the world?

Arabic - because Muslim religious texts are in Arabic and have it as their main language (Quran)

Boko Haram

Arabic for "Western education is forbidden" Founded in 2002 in northeastern Nigeria Goal to make Nigeria an Islamic states and oppose Western cultural practices, including Christianity Allied with the Islamic state and also uses social media

Palestinians (Southwest Asia)

Arabs and Muslim - Do not feel like Israel should exist Claim the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights Want it to be Palestinian, Muslim state PLO - Palestinian Liberation Organization (US communicates w them) Hamas - uses terrorist acts to try and get the land they claim

Sudan (Darfur)

Around 70% Arab and 98% Muslim, other part of population is Non-Arab (but still most Muslim) Darfur: - Sundanese black African ethnicities launched a rebellion in 2003 against the Arab national government - Arab nomads, known as Janjaweed, with the support of the Sudanese government, crushed Darfur's black population - Many died and many ethnically cleansed

Latin America hearth

Beans, cotton potatoes, corn

Ridge Tillage

Create little ridges Protects the plant Reduced erosion

geospatial data

Data that is collected or represented with a geographic component to it

Vajrayana Buddhism

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: - emphasizes the practice of rituals, known as Tantras, which have been recorded in texts - believe that Buddha began to practice Tantras during his lifetime, although other Buddhists began to regard Vajrayana an an approach to Buddhism that evolved from Mahayana Buddhism several centuries later Distribution and key Countries:Mongolia and Tibet

Orthodox Branch

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: Eastern part of Roman Empire; split with Rome in 1054. Accept 7 sacraments Distribution and key Countries: East and Southeast of Europe (goes back to when the religions split) Percentage of Branch: 12%

Population Pyramid

Fertility and mortality vary not only spatially but also temporally within a country A special bar graph known as POPULATION PYRAMID can visually display a country's distinctive population structure X-axis Percent Male displayed to the left of zero Percent Female displayed to the right of zero Y-axis Age cohorts typically grouped in 5-year intervals Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top

Life Expectancy (HDI FACTOR)

Highest life expectancy = Japan and South Korea Lowest life expectancy = Sub-Saharan Africa What is the standard for health and medical care? - Life expectancy at birth - Helps get a sense of health infrastructure - Developing countries it is around 70 and in developed countries it is 80

Challenges for Religion in India

Hindu religion has a rigid caste system into which a Hindu is born, according to religious law (4 castes) - Protests of rigid caste system based on enlightenment ideas from British *Britain did not like this caste system so started attacking the system *Brought social equality for Indians but still saw themselves above *Challenge for Hinduism to continue today * Indian government tries to relax caste system to try to adopt to western liberalism Quotas - trying to get people from lower castes into jobs/universities

Syncretism

Is the combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature. The two cultural groups come together to form a new culture.

How does an isolated language arise?

Isolation

Pictogram

Just the symbol more specific ideogram

Southwest Asia hearth

Lentils, olives, barley, wheat

Stage 3

Mature Industrial - Birth and death rates are falling - The natural increase starting to even out because the gap between CRB CDR are evening out Causes the population to continue to rise but less quickly now as the gap between births and deaths is closing Reasons: DECLINING CBR - Changing status of women - Availability of family planning -- birth control - Lower IMR (so do not have to have as many children) - Increased standard of living (do not want to pay for them) - Better technology = lower demand for workers - Welfare / retirement DECLINGING CDR Same reasons as Stage 2

Pyramid for Stage 3

Mature industrial "Domed" shape = more people living to be older Proportionately fewer births

Islam origin

Origin: founded around 1,500 years ago in present-day Saudi Arabia in Mecca (Makkah) Southwest Asia

spatial interaction

Refers to the flow of products, people, services, ideas, etc. from one location to another

two main branches of diffusion

Relocation and Expansion (hierarchal, contagious, stimulus) why does diffusions matter? Helps us understand why different - and far away - places may be similar Modern communication has resulted in increased speed of diffusion. This is closely tied to "globalization of culture"

Mentifact

Represents the enduring ideas and beliefs of a culture including language, religion, folklore

What is the Altaic language with most speakers?

Russia - Soviet Union made people speak Russian

East China Sea

Senjaju/Diaoyo Islands - these islands in the East China sea have disputed ownership between China, Taiwan, and Japan, each place calling them a different name (Diaoyo in China, Diayutai in Taiwan, Senkaku in Japan) - Japan has controlled them since 1895 except for when the United states administrated them after defeating Japan in WWII and aftermath (1945-1972) China and Taiwan claim they belonged to them until Japan illegally seized them WHY DOES IT EVEN MATTER? - oil and natural gas - sea-lane security — restricts who travels and charge taxes to people who travel there (if Japan claims - they can restrict Chinese warfare)

Life Expectancy Indicators of Progress

Since 1980s, life expectancy has increased by around the same number of years in developed and developing countries

Dravidian languages are principally located in what region of what country?

South Asia

What three crops are often genetically modified

Soybean (95%), cotton(90%), maize(88%)

Potash

The fertilizer that is created when an area of land is burned (shifting cultivation) (potassium).

"Sowah"

The second step in growing wet rice, meaning "flooded field"

Buddhism

Unifying beliefs: - the Four Noble Truths 1) all living things must endure suffering 2) Suffering, which is caused by desire to live, leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new bodies or forms of life) 3) The goal of all existence is to escape suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), which is achieved through mental and moral self-purification 4) Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path: rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation

Universalizing religions have more clustered distributions than ethnic regions...why?

Universalizing regions want to spread all over Exception: Judaism (it is ethnic but it is broadly distributed)

Branch

a large and fundamental division within a religion (Protestant and Roman Catholic)

centripetal force

an attitude or value that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state - Nationalism as a centripetal force because feel apart of a community and you wave the flag

crop

any plant cultivated by the people

Ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. - derived from a place on Earth's surface - includes more than physical characteristics commonly associated with races (includes a person's soul and cultural identity)

demography

scientific study of characteristics

Internally Displaced Person

similar to a refugee but he/she has not migrated across an international border

Mercator

the one that is a square - the map that would be your best friend if you were a 16th century sailor ADVANTAGES - preserves accurate compass direction (if you draw a straight line on a map, it runs along one constant compass direction) - accurate shape DISADVANTAGES - landmasses become increasingly distorted (large in size) at latitudes near the north and south poles

Space

the physical gap or interval between two objects (toponym, site, situtation)

Ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement (80% of Earth's landmass)

US - Mexican Border Issues

**Debates about immigration from Mexico focuses on several key issues: - Tighter border patrols: most Americans favor more effective border patrols, but the country is more divided on how to fund these operations and what constitutes effective patrols - Jobs: Unauthorized immigrants often fill jobs that no one else wants, so businesses often support paths to the U.S. citizenship for unauthorized immigrants and oppose raids on workplaces - Path to legal status: many Americans have concerns about rewarding illegal behavior or incentivizing others, whereas others focus on the impracticality of finding unauthorized immigrants. Additionally, many unauthorized immigrants have made a home in America - Civil rights: how to identify unauthorized immigrants without violating civil liberties of U.S. citizens (people are sus over racial profiling) - Responsibility: it is the responsibility of local or federal law officials?

Balance of Power

- A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries - No one country will dominate - Described world before WWII when no single state could dominate international affairs - Post WWII became a bipolar world with two superpowers: United States and the Soviet Union — World divided into 2 camps, other states relegated to ally or satellite (The Cold War)

South Sudan

- A war from 1983 until 2005 between Sudan's northern and southern ethnicities resulted in large amount of deaths and large amount of people ethnically cleansed * Arab Muslim Northerners * South Sudan's two majorities: 1) Christian Dinka 2) Folk religionist Nuer - The North-South war was sparked by the southern ethnicities attempt to resist northern's attempts to impose a legal system based on Muslims religious practices - The war ended with the establishment of South Sudan as an independent state in 2011 *Independence from Arab Muslim northerners has not brought peace to Southerns *South Sudan's diverse ethnicities have not been able to work together to create a stable government Abyei → border of Sudan and South Sudan and considered both right now

Los Angeles

- African Americans in south -central LA - Hispanics are in East LA Asian Americans are in south and west LA Koreans in Koreatown

Case Studies: Four Asian Dragons

- Among the first places to adopt the international trade path were South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (known as the "four dragons") - Singapore and Hong Kong, former British colonies, large cities surrounded by very little natural resources, surrounded by very little rural land - Lacking many natural resources, the four dragons prompted development by concentrating on producing a handful of manufactured goods, especially clothing and electronics -Low labor costs enabled these countries to sell products inexpensively in developed countries

universalizing religious distributions

- Asia is home to each hearth for Christianity (Southwest), Islam (Southwest), and Buddhism (South) - Followers transmitted the messages preached in the hearths to people elsewhere - Each of the three main universalizing religions has a distinct diffusion pattern

Ethnic identity in Brazil

- Brazil is nation of immigrants, with most coming from Portugal and West Africa _ brazils census classifies people according to skin color Branco (white) - southern Brazil - whites clustered because cities and destination for immigrants from Portugal in colonial times Pardo (brown = mixed race) - mostly in northern Brazil - 90% of the population is compromised of branches and pardos Preto (black) Amarelo (yellow) Indigenous (the native population) - northern Brazil (the Amazon)

South Asia

- Britain ended colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and then divided the colony into counties: India and Pakistan (west and east Pakistan) East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh in 1971 Reason for separating West and East Pakistan from India was differences in ethnicity and ongoing antagonism between two groups - Pakistan = predominantly Muslim - India = predominantly Hindu The partition resulted in massive migration because the two boundaries did not correspond exactly with the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities Refugees to other sides of the borders were attacked and killed by groups from the rival religion - Kashmir

5) India to British Empire

- British deport tens of thousands of "indentured" workers from South Asia to East and South Africa and forcing them to British colonies around the world as indentured servants ——> Today, people of Asian ancestry are substantial minorities in South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania. Many South Asian immigrants became business leaders in eastern and southern Africa, fueling ethnic frictions. "Indian Diaspora" - Diaspora: From Greek for "to disperse" forced or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place Because of the abolition of slavery the British wanted workers

South African Apartheid

- Dutch settlers (Boers or Afrikaans) arrived in South Africa in 1652 - Apartheid system enacted to perpetuate white dominance of the country - Newborn baby was classified as being from one of four races: black, white, colored (mixed), or Asian Each race had a different legal status and associated rights in regards to where one could live, attend school, work, shop, and own land. - Blacks paid lower wages and banned from voting or running for political office in national elections Apartheid laws repealed in 1991 - Nelson Mandela - fought for the end of the apartheid and become President once released from jail

Linguistic diversity

- Estimates the world currently has around 7,000 languages - The most linguistically diverse continents are Africa and Asia - The world's greatest concentration of linguistic diversity is on the island of New Guinea - India is one of the most linguistically diverse country - Estimated 1-2 languages lost each week

Migration Patterns of African Americans

- Forced migration - Europeans were responsible for diffusing the practice of slavery to the Western Hemisphere, beginning in 1619 at Jamestown, VA. - European countries adopted triangular slave trade to ensure efficient trading patterns (European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa) - Most slaves were taken from West Africa between Liberia and the Congo and sent to the Caribbean Islands (British) or Brazil (Portuguese) - In the U.S., most Africans ended up in the Southeast due to large plantations

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

- Formed in 1949 to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in Communist Eastern Europe - Like the Warsaw pact, disbanded in 1991 (fall of the USSR)

Indo-European Branches

- Germanic Western Germanic Group: English, German, Dutch Northern Germanic includes Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish - Romance Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian - Balto-Slavic Primarily Russia legacy of USSR (because forced to speak Russian) Also: Ukranian, Polish, Czech, and Slovak - Indo-Iranian Hindi (official language of of India Iranian group - Farsi (Persian)

a solid lil summary

- Global population is concentrated in a few places that are not too wet, too dry, too cold, or too mountainous. - Nearly all NIR is concentrated in developing countries. - Developed countries have a stable population, if not slightly declining. - Population growth varies among regions, because not all countries are in the same stage of the demographic transition model - Intimately connected to the demographic transition model is the epidemiologic transition model that helps to explain why different regions face varying health threats.

Eratosthenes

- Greek scientist - developed the word geography over 2,000 years ago - calculated the circumference of the Earth almost exactly (within .5%)

the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society

- Hunting animals/fishing and gathering plants - Lived in small groups of usually fewer than 50 persons - A larger number would quickly exhaust the available resources → can move much easier if small groups - Nomadic or travel frequently, constantly establishing a new home base - The direction that they moved depended on the movement of game and the seasonal growth of the plants that they try to gather - Each hunting and gathering society usually kept peace by staying out of each other's territories - Men were primarily hunters whereas the - women were the gatherers (divisional labor by the sexes) - Collect daily (sometimes changing depending on the local conditions of that day)

Unauthorized immigrants

- Immigrants without proper documents are called unauthorized immigrants ** Also: undocumented immigrant (human right workers - have rights just not the right documents) or illegal alien (nativists) - Most unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico (more than one-half) - Since 2007 the number of unauthorized immigrants entering the United States now less than the number leaving - US recessions - less jobs in construction and hospitality - Unauthorized immigrants given birth to approximately 4-5 million babies (considered legal citizens) - Unauthorized immigrants account for around five percent of the total U.S. civilian labor force and are more commonly employed in construction and hospitality jobs

Cuban Missle Crises

- In the Cold War - The Soviet Union was like we are not building a missile base in Cuba and then the USA rep was like yes you are and showed pictures of it - This was peacefully talked through in the UN

Case Study: Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula

- Includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab Emirates - Before least developed countries - transformed into wealthiest countries because of escalating petroleum prices beginning the 1970s - Arabian countries used petroleum revenues to finance large scale projects, such as highways, housing, hospitals, airports, universities, and telecommunication networks - Their steel, aluminum, and petrochemical factories competed on world markets with the help of government subsidies - Landscape has been changed due to the diffusion of consumer goods (motor vehicles and electronics) - Supermarkets in Arabian Peninsula countries are stocked with food imported from Europe and North America

Folk Culture Challenge: maintaining uniqueness in globalized age

- Increased connection puts pressure on folk cultures to assimilate * Reasons to assimilate apart from the outside - to call the hospital * Assimilating the Native Americans - Folk culture often undergo ACCULTURATION, which is a process of adjustment to the dominant culture while maintaining some elements of folk culture EXAMPLES OF ACCULTURATION The Amish - Avoiding mechanical and electrical power but may use phones in an emergency - Spread because of relocation diffusion from Switzerland and Germany - Clustered in Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania India - Increase in demand for dowries due to global diffusion of popular social customs (other cultures that have women's family pay for the weddings switched this) - Negative impact on women, especially those who can't pay - Disrupts marriages

Fair trade (opposite of Free Trade)

- International trade that promotes sustainable practices through greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers - Workers get better working conditions and wages → minimum wage that can cover living expenses in that country - Emphasize returning larger share of profits to producer in developing country → on average, 1/3 of the price of the good goes to producer in developed country

Planning attacks

- Libya has actively sponsored terrorist attacks - Leader Muammar el-Qaddafi brutally suppressed Arab Spring Protestors Arab Spring Protests → social movement to overthrow corrupt leaders State sponsored terrorist attacks

Al-Qaeda

- Means the foundation - Founded in Afghanistan - Founded by Osama Bid Laden with his dad's money (Muhammad Bid-Laden) → His dad was a billionaire with connections to the royal family and put all of his money into Al-Qaeda Taliban was fighting against the communists during Soviet Union of Afghanistan US was funding the Taliban Countries provided sanctuary to Osama Bid Laden (especially Afghanistan) Countries provided sanctuary to Osama Bid Laden (especially Afghanistan) Fatwa Bin Laden issued a declaration of war against the United States in 1996 because of United States support for Saudi Arabia and Israel (Claimed religious decree against United States) Bin Laden argued that Muslims have a duty to wage war against US citizens because the US was responsible for maintain the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia and the State of Israel Yemen - Country that is most active Al-Qaeda - Responsible for Charlie Hebdo Charlie Hebdo Satirical cartoon Made an offensive cartoon of Muhammad In Islam you are not allowed to represent images of Muhammad Staged an attack

Population geography

- More people are alive at this time than at any other point in Earth's long history - Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries - The world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever before in history; the rate has slowed in the twenty-first century but is still high by historical standards

landlocked state

- Most common in Africa as a result of colonialism (because big tracts of land used to be controlled by Britain and France and it would not matter to them to establish the state's) - 15 in Africa - Reliance on rail roads though other states to deliver bulky and heavy good

International Trade Triumphs

- Most countries embraced international trade - In the 1990's, many self-sufficiency supporters converted to international trade (example: India) - Other people saw it working (competitive) * Success of international trade model with Japan and Southern/Eastern Europe (joined Europe and North America) - Increase demand for abundant natural resources in developing countries This would give them income - more money for them to develop India made conversion in the 1990's by allowing foreign companies, reducing barriers to trade, and eliminating monopolies (for example, the car company was switched from Indian company selling outdated cars to Japanese selling improved cars) Self sufficiency until the 1990s but then converted to international trade

Mediterranean Agriculture

- Most crops in Mediterranean lands are grown for human consumption rather than for animal feed

Diffusion of Islam

- Muhammad's successors spread the religion across North Africa, Southeastern Europe, and Asia through conquest and trade. - Eventually controlled most of present-day Spain until 1492 (until the inquisition - Muslims expelled) - Missionaries also expanded the religion - Intermarriage also expand followers Which country is home to more Muslims than any other country, and how did the religion diffuse there? Indonesia through arab traitors, so many people in Indonesia so a lot of Muslims

Al-Idrisi

- Muslim scholar from Spain - south at top orientation - Mecca at the center of the map (because of Muslim belief) - shows physical features: rope looking images are mountain ranges, Nile River - water around all continent - believed travels could circumnavigate the world

Anti-Immigration debates in Europe

- Nativist political parties blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs - Fear of losing long-standing cultural traditions to immigrants with new culture - Stage 4 realities: low or negative NIR, meaning population growth is fueled by immigration

International Trade Path

- Open country to foreign investment and international markets - Identify a distinctive or unique economic asset and specialize in that product → so you can sell that to other countries

"Rostow Model"

- Proposed a five-stage model of development - Each country that participates in international trade is in one of the five stages of development - Assumes "myth" of developmentalism—every country will make economic progress toward highest stage if they compete to the best of their ability within the world economy 1.Traditional Society 2.Preconditions for takeoff 3.Takeoff 4.Drive to maturity 5.Age of mass consumption

International Monetary Fund (IMF):

- Provides loans to countries with balance-of-payments problems that might threaten international trade. Many projects in developing countries fail More in debt than what people owe to you Owe a ton of people's money and will not be able to pay back If default in the loans, you may do things that will disrupt international trade

Sanctuary for terrorists

- Safe haven for terrorists - Afghanistan and Pakistan - US launched attack on Afghanistan and Taliban leaders in 2001 for harboring al-Qaeda leaders such as bin Laden - Taliban had been in power since 1995 and had imposed strict Islamic fundamentalist law; especially harsh toward women ` - After US attack, al-Qaeda leaders (especially Bin Laden) escaped to Pakistan - Bin Laden was killed in 2011 - Put his body in the ocean so no one would cherish his body - The US seals went into Pakistan to kill him (claim they did not know Bin Laden was there)

Autonomous religions

- Self-sufficient with little cooperation across communities - Opposite of hierarchical religion - You have some independence and within reason you can decide what u believe and how you do stuff - A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally (no central authority) — Islam provides the most local autonomy of the three largest universalizing religions No religious hierarchy No formal territorial organization Unity maintained by high communication, migration, and islamic doctrine Protestant Denominations Vary considerably Hinduism is autonomous - no religious hierarchy

Islamic States (ISIS/ISIL)

- The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant - Founded in 1991 and became affiliated with al-Qaeda in 2004 then split in 2014 - Controls northern Iraq and eastern Syria - Sunni Muslims who want to rule Muslims around the world and impose strict religious laws - Want to make a strict fundamentalist Muslim state - Use of social media for recruiting and terror - Destruction of historical sites such as Shiite Muslim shrines

Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence

- US launches attack against Iraq in 2003 to depose Saddam Hussein - Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq and considered a terrorist but not tied to a specific group - Initial justification was to remove weapons of mass destruction - Did not want terrorists to get there hands on them - Found no weapons of mass destruction - Later, US justified on grounds of Hussein's brutal dictatorship and efforts to spread democracy Iran has been accused of harboring terrorists and funding Hezbollah, an organization classified as terrorist because it demands Israel's destruction

In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant...

- Wheat, followed by barley (and other grains and legumes) are the dominant crop - These crops are dominant in India and Northeastern China because of the harsh winters and climate

Concentration of Large-scale grain production

- Winter Wheat Belt: Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma - Spring Wheat Belt: Dakotas and Montana - Palouse region in Washington State Why are they concentrated in these regions? Typically located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock agriculture Require large areas to form Wheat is grown for international trend and is the world's leading export crop

African American intraregional migration

- Within and around cities In big cities, African Americans clustered in few neighborhoods known as ghettos after the term for neighborhoods where Jews were forced to live - During the 1950's and 1960's, African Americans migrated from inner-city ghettos to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods E.g. Baltimore THIS WAS HELPED BY WHITE FLIGHT AND BLOCKBUSTING

Evidence for a common ancestor of Indo-European Languages?

- Words related to the physical environment: bears, bees, pheasants *People speculate that these words were there because of their environment *Shared vocabulary for winter and snow but not ocean *Shared words for some animals and trees

Russia (Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics)

- World's largest multinational state — 81% ethnic Russian), but 39 other ethnic groups recognized - 39 other ethnic groups recognized - Some ethnicities along borders of neighboring states (southern borders) - Others clustered in the center (especially between the Volga River Basin and the Ural Mountains) - Russians clustered in western Russia - Russia's constitution grants autonomy over local government affairs to about 24 of the most numerous ethnicities. - Allowed to designate ethnic language as official language along with Russian Why it is multinational!

Functional Region

- aka nodal - an area that is unified by a specific economic, political, or social activity - organized around a node or focal point, such as an office, business, or entity that coordinates the activity - marked less by sameness than function - usually involving interaction, which takes place within a fairly defined boundary EXAMPLES - circulation of a newspaper, bus service of commuter area, university campus, reception of a TV or radio station

Vernacular Region

- aka perceptual region - an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity - based on peoples beliefs, feelings, stereotypes, perceptions, attachments EXAMPLES - Southern California, downtown Italy, Deep South

Formal Region

- aka uniform region - an area that posses one or more unifying PHYSICAL or CULTURAL trait - based on one or more objectively measurable themes or properties EXAMPELS - physical - the Sahara desert (the desert is the unifying trait) - cultural - the German speaking region of Switzerland - political identity - the state of Montana

Ptolemy (150 AD)

- described known world in his gook Geographia - first to use math and geometry to develop a map grid of longitude and latitude, permitting a precise mathematical location for more than 8,000 places in Europe, Africa, and Asia - accepted in Europe as authoritative for nearly 1,500 years - underestimated of the Earth's size convinced Columbus that a short westward voyage could carry him to Asia

Global Position System (GPS)

- determines the precise position of something on Earth in terms of longitude and latitude How does it work? * 24 satellites in orbit * A receiver on Earth must be able to locate at least 4 of those satellites to determine its exact location Uses * navigation, to map forests, tracking endangered species, tagging animals, ankle monitor

Standard Time Zone

- each 15 degrees longitude is an hour - 360 degrees of longitude divided by 15 degrees of longitude equals 24 time zones - Greenwich Mean Time Zone (GMT) is the master reference time zone for all points on earth (this is because England was the most powerful location at the time)

Pro-Immigration debates in Europe

- guest worker: programs supply needed employees in key industries (transportation, food services, construction, garbage collection) - seasonal: - temporarily rights to work in the United States - immigrants earn far more than they would at home, sending remittances home to families and reducing home country's unemployment problems - Europe was the source of the world's' emigrants in the 19th century, spreading European culture and reducing pressure on European countries to provide for increased population - European countries are responsible for many of today's conflicts based on history of imperialism

the international date line

- imaginary line from where we change from one calendar day to the next - heading east towards America = go back 24 hours - heading west towards Asia = go forward 24 hours - generally follows 180 degrees longitude but does not because all of the drama with the islands wanting to be the first to see the sun rise

Pastoral Nomadism

- is a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible (developing countries) - Pastoral Nomads unlike other subsistence farmers depends primarily on animals instead of crops for survival - It is one out of the five agricultural regions that predominate in developing countries In what type of climate is it usually found? The drylands of Southwest Asia and North Africa, Central Asia and East Asia What regions of the world are currently occupied by this practice? The Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa and the Masai of East Africa are examples of pastoral nomads How do pastoral nomads obtain grain? - Like other subsistence farmers, pastoral nomads consume mostly grain rather than meat (even though they rely on animals for other things) - To obtain grain, present day nomads grow crops or obtain them by trading animal products What animals are chosen? 1) Camels → they are well suited to arid climates because they can go long periods without water 2) Goats → can survive on virtually any vegetation 3) Sheeps → they require more water than camels and goats and are more selective about which plants they will eat — picky Describe Territoriality among Pastoral Nomads - Pastoral nomads do not wander randomly across the landscape but have a strong sense of territoriality Territorial - stay out of other people's territory - Every group controls a piece of territory and will invade another group's territory only in an emergency or if war is declared - The goal of each group is to control a territory large enough to contain the forage and water needed for survival The actual amount of land a group controls depends on its wealth and power ---- wealth and prestige The precise migration patterns evolve from intimate knowledge of the area's physical and cultural characteristics In what way do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism? 1) Governments force groups to give up pastoral nomadism because they want the land for other uses. - Land that can be irrigated is converted from nomadic to sedentary agriculture The mining and petroleum industries now operate in drylands formerly occupied by pastoral nomads - even some nomads are encouraged to try sedentary agriculture or work for the mining or petroleum companies. Others are still allowed to move about, but only within ranches or fixed boundaries In the future, pastoral nomadism will be increasingly confined to areas that cannot be irrigated or that lack valuable raw materials

Clean fifteen

- least traces of pesticides → Avocados, pineapples, cabbage

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara)

- most African states conifer it a sovereign state controlled by the Polisario Front, however, Morocco claims the territory and to prove it has built a 2,700-kilometer wall around the territory to keep the rebels out - Morocco claims most of the populated area and the Polisario Front claims the desert

the prime meridian

- no natural vertical line from where to begin (unlike the equator), so an international treaty established an origin line: The Prime Meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory outside London - it is 0 degrees longitude - on the opposite side of the globe is the 180 degree median...NOT the same as the International Date Line (although they coincide in some places)

Hinduism origin

- no recorded history, no original text, we know it generally began in the Indus Valley (Pakistan) South Asia

Unitary states

- places most power in the hands of the central government - Works best in nation-states with few cultural differences and strong sense of national unity; smaller states because of need for communication OR multinational states so one nationality can impost on another - FRANCE with departments and communes

Wales (preserving a language example)

- recent efforts to bolster languages in the Celtic branch of India-European - In Wales, the Welsh language is compulsory subjects in all schools and Welsh history and music is taught - Welsh is the official language in Wales (despite only 23% of the population speaking Welsh) - local government and utility companies are obliged to provide services in Welsh - road signs, radio programs, job requirements (to take to the people)

Place

- refers to the attributes and values we individually or collectively association with a location - a location + a special meaning - Los Angeles = city with a lot of traffic

Simplification

- refers to the process of omitting or simplifying information for a map - why is it necessary to not overwhelm the viewer in a sea of minutia to emphasize relevant information for the audience

Time

- the Prime Meridian is the universal line for measuring time - further divisions = angular minutes and seconds - minutes are 1/60 of a degree - seconds are 1/360 of a degree

map scale

- the relationship between the sir of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface - the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map - can be represented in three ways 1) ration (1:1,000,000) 2) written ("1 inch equals 1 mile") 3) geographic: bar that shows the distance

Three reasons why we should care about preserving endangered languages.

- to preserve the family culture - nationalism - identity - understand the relationship between culture and language - example of preserving a language

How many hunter-gatherers are there today?

.005% of the population could survive on hunting and gathering today Where do they live today? - The Spinifex People (also known as Pila Nguru) live in the Australia's Great Victoria Desert - Sentinelese People live in India's Andaman Islands - The San live in Botswana and Namibia

Five reasons why a language might be endangered in today's world

1) Childbearing generation not capable of teaching the language to their children - Grandma usually speaks the endangered language, the kids are mostly speaking to mom, so when the grandma dies so does the language 2) Some parents decide NOT to teach the language to their children...why might this be? - Historical reasons where they want to escape from their culture - If migrate from Iran because of political strife you probably want to get away from the Farsi - Not practical - want your kids to speak the main languages for jobs and such - Native americans in boarding school who were forced to only speak english - All of this brings shame to their previous culture 3) Government policies: - Australia had an English dictation test until 1957 and New Zealand requires most immigrants to be already fluent in English 4) Assimilate to the participate in the popular culture 5) More access to technology

Classify the four major religions as either universalizing or ethnic.

1) Christianity - universalizing 2) Islam - universalizing 3) Buddhism - universalizing 4) Hinduism - ethnic (centered in India)

Eight Modern International Migration Trends

1) Europe to North America 2) Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) to Central and South America 3)British to British Empire 4) West Africa to Caribbean to South America to the American South 5) India to British Empire 6) China to Southeast Asia and West North America 7) North America to West North America 8) West Africa to East Africa and Central Asia

Preferences

1) Family members of US citizens get priority (contributes to chain migration) 2) Employment based 1) skilled workers (employer cannot find any one else equal in US) 2) unskilled workers - cannot find US people to do it 3) Diversity - if country has had historical low of sending immigrants to the United States 4) wealthy people who will invest money

Four Strategies have been proposed to increase the world's good supply in places where populations are underfed.

1) Higher yield seeds (GMOS) 2) Machinery 3) Fertilizer 4) Pesticides

three largest migration flows

1) Latin America to North America 2) South Asia to Europe 3) South Asia to Southwest Asia

Modern Seven Challenges for Agriculture

1) Losing agricultural land to competing uses 2) Improving the productivity of existing farmland 3) Conserving scarce resources, such as water and topsoil 4) Identifying the appropriate role in agriculture for biotechnology 5) Balancing production of food for international trade rather than for consumption at home - Export versus domestic consumption 6) Meeting the needs of people who are undernourished 7) Making greater use of organic farming

The Four Steps of ethnic cleansing

1) Move a large amount of military equipment and personnel into a village that has no strategic value 2) Round up all the people in the village. Segregate men from women, children, and the elderly. Place men in detention camp or kill them - Round them up - Placing the men so no one there to protect them 3) Force the rest of the people to leave the village. March them in a convoy to a place outside the territory being ethnically cleansed - This is ethnic cleansing bc it is vacating an area with a certain ethnicity- yes kill the men bc they could be threats but it's mainly just trying to get people to move 4) Destroy the vacated village such as by setting it on fire - so no one comes back

3 main differences between commercial and subsistence agriculture

1) Percentage of farmers in labor force 2) machinery 3) amount of farm land

Food prices have been a more serious problem than food supply

1) Poor weather 2) Higher demand in China and India 3) Crops being used as biofuels instead of food (corn is used as ethanol) 4) Productivity is still growing but not as much as before (rate is slowing)

What are some challenges with collecting data on religious affiliation, both in the US and abroad?

1) Self identification - do not really know what affiliate with - Stats built on self-identification. They do not measure how actively an individual practices the faith. 2) No official count of religious membership is taken in the US - In China, left out important possibilities. 3) People do not want the government to have that information 4) Followers feel religion is underrepresented.

Two Paths to Development

1) Self-Sufficiency Path (isolationism from other influences, protectionism) 2) International Trade Path (embracing global economy)

September 11th targets (al-Qaeda)

1) Twin towers of the World Trade Center in NYC (2 planes) Symbol of capitalism The tallest building of NY - representation of American wealth and extravagance 2) Pentagon near Washington D.C. Military power 3) One plane went down in a field in Pennsylvania

Review Question 2: List two government policies that have altered existing patterns of interregional migration

1) the change of the capital from Rio to Brasilia in Brazil 2) China removed restrictions on interregional migration, so they moved more to the coast

Ravenstein's Five Laws of Migration

1) the majority of migrants move short distances (distance decay) 2) migrants who move longer distances tend to chose big city destinations (Gravity Model - places that are bigger and closer together have more interaction) 3) every migration flow produces a counter flow (changes the culture - rural migrants move to the city, city dwellers move to the suburbs) 4) most migrants are young adults (families are less likely) 5) most migration is from rural to urban (because jobs! - large towns grow by migration rather than natural population growth)

Four most numbers US ethnicities: WHAT BUT WHAT ABOUT WHITE PEOPLE

17% = Hispanic America 12% = African American 5% = Asian American 2% = American Indian, Native Hawaiian, Alaskan Native

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

1896 — U.S. Supreme Court upheld a law requiring blacks and whites to ride in separate rail cars "Separate but equal" doctrine

China and Taiwan

1940s, China is engaged in a civil war between the nationalists and the communists (the nationalists are the ones more like USA) 1949 - the Nationalists lost and fled to Taiwan — both agree that Taiwan and China are a united country but they disagree over who is the ruler - seen as separate and sovereign states According to the Chinese government, taiwan is not a sovereign state but a part of China; the government of Taiwan agrees (its just a squab of who if the ruler) - US recognizes the communists since 1970 - US first recognized nationalists as the official government of China in the 1970s when US policy finally changed and UN voted to transfer China's seat from the nationalists to the communists

Wars Between Israel and Neighbors

1948-1949: Independence War Day after israel declared independence, five arab states began a war Israel survived the attack and the combatants signed an armistice Israel's boundaries were extended beyond the UN partition 1956 Suez War Egypt nationalized the Suez canal Egypt also blockaded the Suez Canal but the Uk attacked and the waterways were opened but egypt was still in charge of it 1967 Six-day war Israel's neighbors massed a quarter-million troops along the borders and again blocked israeli ships from using international waterways Israel launched some attack Yom Kippur War Surprise attack on Israel by its neighbors on Yom Kippur The war ended without a change in boundari

Population Concentrations

2/3rds of the world's inhabitants are clustered in four regions

Europe

3rd largest (including European portion of Russia) land area 1/9 of world population 3/4 in cities Less than ten percent farmers: do not need as many farmers because: More technology import /export More advance agriculture machines Highest concentrations Major rivers Coalfields in Germany/Belgium Were there before to mine coal and now they ran out but they just stay there Historic cities (London/Paris)

you should know:

8 Modern Migrations Three Eras of Migration to the US Regions of net in-migration and regions of net out-migration 3 largest international migration flows Superlatives Migration Transition Model

What was the agriculture revolution?

8000 BC The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering Scientists believe that the cause of the Agriculture Revolution could have originated because of environmental factors or cultural factors. It was probably a mixture of both - Environmental factors End of ice age - opened up more agricultural land because not everything was covered with ice -Cultural factors Preference for sedentary life style

"vigorous" isolated language

A "vigorous" isolated language is one that is being learned by children as their first language and is thus sustainable (not dying) If not vigorous, than endangered. Example: Basque is the best example of a vigorous isolated language as there are 600,000 speakers in northern Spain and southern France.

Environmental Determinism

A 19th and 20th century approach to the study of geography Argues that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences Geography was therefore a study of how the physical environment caused human activities People in certain areas have a much more successful life because they have much more fertile land - the environment determines where civilizations go

City state

A City-state is a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside Walls defined the boundaries of the city Outside the the walls the city controlled agricultural land to produce food for urban residents The countryside also provided the city with an outer line of defense against attack by other city-states One city or Mesopotamia tribe would gain military dominance over the others to create an empire

Colonialism

A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent - Another country has some control over it (some cases just military and with foreign affairs but others with control of its foreign affairs as well) Colonialism is an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory Europeans motivated by: God (Christianity), Gold(natural resources), Glory (prove yourself on the national stage) Started in 1400's UK is the biggest colonial empire *Colonized Canada, Australia, South Asia, North/east Africa, South Africa France had the second largest empire *Western Africa, Southeast Asia The United Nations has grown with African countries being added in the 60s and 70s after gaining independence

How is a dialect different than an accident?

A dialect has vocab and spelling while an accent is just pronunciation

Derwent Whittlesey

A geographer who in 1936 wrote about the predominate form of agriculture in 11 different regions Divided between two groups: Five important forms of agriculture in developing countries Six that are forms of commercial agriculture in developed countries

International communication

A global society needs a common language for communication. English is currently the language of international communication. - dominance of english on the internet - children in other countries learned english to participate in global economy and culture (jobs)

hearth

A hearth is where an innovation, idea, or virus originates, and from there it diffuses to other places

Isolated Language

A language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family - not on the tree (because goes back so far)

Guest Worker

A legal immigrant who has a work visa and it is usually short term Ex- what Western European governments called labor migrants.

carogram

A map that represents the AREA of the geographic unit in proportion to the variable being measured Think of it as combining a graph with a map

proportional symbol map

A map that uses a symbol (such as a circle) to show the intensity or frequency As the symbol increases, so does the relative magnitude of the variable being measured

Chloropleth

A map that uses color or tonal shadings to represent the level of some variable within a predefined region (ie. a country or a state or a region) The variable must be broken into classes and each color represents a different class Most common!

Migration (more specific form of mobility)

A more PERMANENT move to a new location constitutes migration Emigration is migration FROM a location Immigration is migration TO a location - someone coming to America from Mexico would be a Mexican emigrant but an American immigrant Difference between the number of immigrants and number of emigrants is a place's net immigration Emigration > Immigration = net migration is negative = Net "out migration" Immigration > Emigration = net migration is positive = Net "in migration"

Hispanic American

A person who has migrated (or whose ancestors migrated) to the US from a Spanish-speaking country in Latin America - Nearly 2/3 from Mexico -1/4 from Caribbean islands

Fragmented

A place that is geographically separated Russia has this near the baltic states (Colinin) US fragmented with Hawaii and Alaska All islands are fragmented (because geographically fragmented - unless exact country) For example, Hawaii is but Haiti is not because it is it is own country Challenge Unity and fragmentation

Development:

A process of improvement in the condition of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Where does the fish end up?

A reason why fish production has skyrocket is because in reality: 2/3 for human consumption 1/3 is fed to poultry and hogs

Cosmology

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

Balkanized

A small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into stable countries bc it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms toward each other An area with too many ethnicities to be stable Ex. The balkan peninsula

Perforated

A state that completely surrounds another one (the surrounding one) Challenge Cannot get to one country without going through another Example South Africa

multi-ethnic state

A state that contains more than one ethnicity Multitude of ethnicities in some cases all contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality Ex. of a stable multiethnic state: USA Every state is to some degree multiethnic

traditional society ("Rostow Model" )

A traditional society has not yet started a process of development. It contains a very high percentage of people engaged in agriculture, military, religion

Utopian Settlement

A utopian settlement is an ideal community to build around religion's way of life - Salt Lake City is a big example of this Built by Mormons beginning in 1848 City plan gives to church elders by the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith Grid pattern, broad boulevards, and church related building at strategic points - Another example: Puritan settlements The Puritans also influences the landscape with settlements that were clustered rather than dispersed → the churches Religion was very important, so the church was placed at the most prominent location in the community, usually near the commons

States in 20th century Europe

After WWI, Allied leaders at the Versailles Peace Conference redrew Europe into a collection of nation states using language as the principal criterion for identifying ethnic groups ethnic groups pushed to create nation-states because desire for self-determination

North and South Korea

After WWII: the Soviets were in the North and the US were in the south — each of the governments set up new governments in the area - the soviet union set up communism while the united states set up free market capitalism TODAY - the Democratic People Republic of Korea (north and communist) - the Republic of Korea (south and free market capitalism) — both countries want to be reunited but disagree over who should rule it

Ethnic cleansing in Croatian

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Croatia declared independence in 1991. Ethnic Serbs (12% of the population) rebelled against the government and tried to form a new country in the east and tried to strengthen their case by using ethnic cleansing of Croats and non-Serbs. After four years of war, the Croats won. Serbs were either expelled (20,000) or voluntarily left Croatia (18,000) The International Criminal Tribunal decided that the Serbs leaders committed war crimes through the usage of ethnic cleansing of Croats.

2) Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) to Central and South America

Age of Exploration - Treaty of Tordesillas (Spain and Portugal - heavy explorers - divided south America down the middle) — Portugal got everything East of line, Spain got everything West Portugal occupied parts of Brazil (official language Portuguese) Spain everywhere else Economic migration Push factors Pull factors God, Gold, Glory

preconditions for takeoff ("Rostow Model")

Agriculture is becoming industrialized Foreign investment Elites in a few industries are starting to specialize Isolated wealthy start to modernize industry

OAS (Organization of American States)

All 35 states in the Western Hemisphere are members of the OAS Cuba is a member but was suspended from most OAS activities in 1962 Cuba is in the process of being reintegrated into OAS activities bc Cuba and the US are having better relationship Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states

Communication among universalizing religions

All universalizing religions must be connected in order to ensure communication and consistency of doctrine (Communication between congregations and denominations)

The Warsaw Pact

Alliance of Communist Eastern European countries Crushed uprisings that threatened Communist-led governments (Hungary in 1956) Crushed anti-communist uprisings (like the one in Hungary) Disbanded in 1991 after collapse of Soviet Union

Regions

An area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive values - regions do not have distinct/permanent boundaries - allows us to compare and contrast (oversimplification)

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of three factors: 1) Income 2) Education 3) Life expectancy

Reasons governments restrict free access to electronic Media

BANNED TECHNOLOGY - Prohibit sale of devices - Prohibit applications (e.g. Qzone in China rather than Facebook) - Want their own country to make the income - Let their citizens reap the benefits BLOCK CONTENT - Censored websites or TV content - American-dominated content = new form of economic and cultural imperialism - Modern Family - showing progressive beliefs - Upward social mobility, women's rights, freedom of expression, minority rights, etc. - Disrupt social hierarchy VIOLATED USER RIGHTS - Harassing and attacking citizens who use social media to criticize government officials, or using social media to promote cultural values (ie. abortion) - A way governments can limit access because one will be punished if do this - E.g. Pakistan stoned a woman to death for having a cell phone - Russia lured gay men through social media to attacks

Austronesian seemingly covers a small land area - why is number five?

Because Indonesia and Madagascar are heavily populated Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world

Why is access to folk and popular culture unequal?

Because lack of access to popular culture is lack of access to electronic media

Why did Latin vary from province to province? Did this variation expand or decrease after Rome's collapse? Why or why not?

Because of different armies spreading it Mingles with the local language - the empire was built over a millions years

Universalizing versus ethnic religions

Because they will have different origins, distributions, and diffusions

Shiite

Beliefs/practices of branch: emphasizes on bloodline for Muhammad's successor Key Countries: Iran and Iraq (12%)

Sunni

Beliefs/practices of branch: Bloodline not necessary; a pious individual who could follow Muhammad's customs Key countries: North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Asia (88%)

Contiguous Zone

Between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

Exclusive Economic Zone

Between 24 and 200 nautical miles, a state has the sole right to the fish and other marine life

South Asia issue is ongoing

Borders in region of Kashmir remains contested Kashmir is in norther India Majority Muslim population wants reunification with Pakistan or independent country but is under control of India and India is not planning on giving it up

The three principle universalizing religions are divided into branches, denominations, and congregations.

Branch, denomination, congregation

3) Britain to British Empire

British Empire = South Africa, New Zealand, Australia Beginning of the British Empire Economic migration Pull They are able to exploit these places and colonize them

Stage 5

CBR drops below CDR Population starts to decrease Officially only four stages Not part of the original DTM, but some geographers have added it LOW CBR - Declining CBR in Stage 3 & 4 means fewer women in childbearing years over time (pool keeps getting smaller) INCREASING CDR - More of the population is elderly so more deaths per 1000 individuals NEGATIVE NIR - CDR is now greater than CBR Stage 4 is when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches 0. Zero population growth may occur when CBR is still slightly higher than the CDR because some females dying before reaching childbearing years. NEGATIVE NIR. Stage 5 is a PREDICTION made by demographers. If this transition was to occur, which country would likely be the first to enter it? Japan

Components of Population Growth

CBR, CDR, NIR how geographers measure population change in a country or the world

California

California's agriculture uses 80% of the state's water Homes and businesses have to cut their water usage due to this Most of California's water supply in the north The demand is in the middle and south → Because the population centers, agriculture centers The average American consumes about 40 gallons of California water per day California produces a 1/3 of America's vegetables

Christian migration to Canada and US

Canada and the U.S. have Protestant majorities because of colonists from England. Roman Catholic Southwest and Québec Because it was the French who settled Quebéc (Roman Catholic)

Fishing:

Capture of wild fish or other seafood living in the waters (inland or sea) Global fish production has increased from 36 to 158 million metric tons. Several causes were: aquaculture, overfishing

Cash crops

Cash crops - a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower Grapes and olives in the Mediterranean regions

From what do most humans derive most of their calories?

Cereal Grain What is grain? The seed from a cereal grass The most common cereal grains Wheat, rice, maize

Central Asia hearth

Chicken and horse (first time horse was domesticate)

East Asia

China, Korea Peninsula, Japan, Korea 1/4 of the world's population 5/6 live in PRC China: 1/2 of population work as farmers (rural) Japan and Korea: 75% live in urban area, 40% live in the 3 major cities (Tokyo, Osaka, and Seoul)

Chinese ethnic religions

Chinese religious practices are a combination of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and other traditional Chinese practices. Confucianism - strict, obedient, hierarchies The blending or combining of several traditions is known as syncretism.

Voluntary migration

Chooses to migrate Must be permanent If they return (guest workers, time-contact workers), they are not included in these numbers economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

Distribution of religions

Christianity - Europe, Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa (32%) Islam - Southwest Asia, South Pacific Islands (23%) Hinduism - India (15%) Buddhism - East Asia and Southeast Asia (7%)

disposing of the dead

Christians, Muslims, and Jews traditionally bury the dead in cemeteries Competition for land in China has led to discontinuation of traditional burial practices. The government of China is now encouraging cremation - Hindus practice cremation - Bodies are first washed with water from the - Ganges and then burned in a slow fire on a funeral pyre - Burning is considered an act of purification

racism

Classifying people by race leads to racism & discrimination - Racism: belief that race determines human traits and capabilities, and that racial differences produce inherent superiority of a particular race - Persistence of inequality between ethnic groups and debates about how to correct past injustices

Cocaine (LDCs turn to the production)

Columbia, Peru, Bolivia Biggest importer is US - comes in illegally through Mexico

Commercial grain farms:

Commercial grain farms sell to manufactures → human consumption

Asian Chain Migration

Commonly seen in immigration of well-educated Asians who then bring in family members

Challenges for Religion in East Asia

Communism spread across Europe and Asia after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Marx's idea: religion the "opium of the people." Replace religion with Marxism. Keeps people drugged in their place, not questioning the system, naive Organized religion (Orthodox Church) suppressed and replacing it with Marxism End of Communism leads to religious revival Eastern Europe → Roman Catholicism Central Asia → Islam → = BECOME MORE

Transnational corporations

Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters principal shareholders are located (ie. McDonalds) Benefit - more of a market Hurt by it - not as much of a local market

why is the difference between ethnicity and race so controversial? Conflated

Conflated: to consider two things analogous when they are not (ethnicity and race being used synonymously) - difficulty of defining when parents have different ethnicities, races, and nationalities Case study: President Obama Mother: From Kansas, English ancestry Father: From Kenya, ethnicity is Luo Step-father: From Indonesia, ethnicity Javanese Self-identifies as African American A good example of why complex: mixing backgrounds (equal African and English background)

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):

Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI Find out by comparing stable goods across countries Cost is usually higher in developed countries

Why do geographers care about religion:

Culture and language is intricately connected with culture Religion dictates food, clothing Expansion of religion leads to migration People die for there religion - conflicts over land/war

origin, distribution, and diffusion of TV over the past century IN THE UNITED STATES

DESNITY: rises over the years UNITED STATES DIFFUSION: increases over the years GLOBAL DIFFUSION: U.S. share of world's TVs (%) — reduces as other countries gain access (86% in 1954 and in 2005 16%)

total fertility rate (TFR)

Defined as the average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) TFR for world is 2.5 TFR exceeds 5 in sub-saharan Africa, while 2 or less is nearly all European countries

Sex Ration

Defined as the number of males per 100 females in the population Developed countries have more females than males, because they tend to live 7 years longer

Dependency Ratio

Defined as the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years People aged 0 to 14 and over 65 years old are considered dependents Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe

truck farming

Definition: commercial gardening and fruit farming Named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities Where? In southeast US Region has a long growing season Humid climate, and it is accessible to the large number of consumers in US Examples of specialty crops Fruits and vegetables

Brain Drain

Definition: large-scale emigration of talented people (scientists, researchers, doctors, professors, etc.) —— because they are able to come over since they are preferred for citizenship Counties are left without their top educated people

Stage 3 Epidemiological Transition

Degenerative Diseases (moderately declining CDR) Characterized by... Decreased in deaths from infectious diseases Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging -- cardiovascular diseases, cancer

Stage 4 Epidemiological Transition

Delayed degenerative Diseases (low but increasing CDR) Characterized by... Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed because of modern medicine treatments

Checks and balances (democracy versus autocracy)

Democracy - Guarantee of civil liberties to all citizens in their daily lives and on (citizens have rights and democracy) Autocracy - Leaders exercise power with no meaningful checks from legislative, judicial, or civil society institutions - Dictatorship, no checks and balances

Citizen participation (democracy versus autocracy)

Democracy - Insitituonaized constraits on the exercise of power by the executive -You can check the power of the executive Autocracy - Citizens participation is sharply restricted or suppressed - No voice

Selection of leaders (democracy versus autocracy)

Democracy - Institutions and procedure through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternatives policies and leaders - Citizens chose leaders, citizen voice Autocracy - Leaders are selected according to clearly defined (often hereditary) rules of succession from within the established political elite

Wallerstein's World System Theory/Core-Periphery Model/ Dependency Theory

Describes the relationship between developed countries and developing countries as one of "core," "periphery," and "semi periphery." According to theory, in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations Wallerstein's Theory: Core and periphery countries need each other to exist; no country develops in isolation Three Types of Countries: - core - periphery - semi periphery

physical boundary

Dessert - Inhabitable, buffer zone - Few people trying to cross in to get into your country - Common in Africa and Asia Mountains - Hard to cross over -Not always clear-cut: Argentina and Chile couldn't agree on the "crest" of the Andes Mountains Water - Rivers, lakes, and oceans - Common in East Africa - Downside? - Water changes - Can lose or gain territory

Protein Consumption

Developed countries 1/3 protein comes from meat Leading source of protein is meat Developing countries Leading source of protein is cereal grain 1/10 of protein comes from meat in developing countries

Diffusion of Buddhism

Diffused relatively slowly from its origins in Nepal Emperor Asoka accredited with much of its diffusion throughout the Magadhan Empire (273 to 232 B.C.). - sent out missionaries Present-day Sri Lanka claims the longest continuous tradition of practicing Buddhism after its king converted due to a mission sent by Asoka's son Buddhism introduced to China along trade routes in the first century A.D. Buddhism diffused slowly from its core in northeastern India. Buddhism was not well established in China until 800 years after Buddha's death.

Protestant

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: - Martin Luther's 95 theses, 1517 (the breaking from the Roman Catholic church) - "Justification by faith" (faith in God - less focus on actions and more on just faith) Distribution and key Countries: In Northwest of Europe, the majority of Christians in North America, North Germany is protestant and the South is Roman Catholic (because of Martin Luther) Percentage of Branch: 38%

Mahayana Buddhism

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: - split from Theravada Buddhism about 2,000 years, known as the great vehicle, helping and teaching others in your action towards others, claim that their approach to Buddhism can help more people because it is less demanding and all encompassing, emphasize Buddha's later years or teaching and helping others, Theravadists cite Buddha's wisdom and Mahayanists his compassion Distribution and key Countries: China, Japan, Korea

Roman Catholics

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: emphasis on chrurch hierarchy and infallibility, 7 sacraments (communion, baptism) Distribution and key Countries: Southwest and Eastern Europe, Latin America (81% of Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholics) Percentage of Branch: 50%

Theravada Buddhism

Distinguishing beliefs/practices of branch: the older of the two largest branches of Buddhism. - the word means "the way of the elders," indicating the Theravada Buddhists' belief that they are closer to Buddha's original approach, Theravadists believe that Buddhism is a full-time occupation, so to become a good Buddhist, one must renounce worldly goods and become a monk Distribution and key Countries:Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar

Distribution and Diffusion of TV

Early 20th C - Multiple Hearths: TV was developed simultaneous in European countries and US Mid 20th C - US dominates - US has 86% of world's 37 million TV sets Late 20th C - Rapid diffusion in Europe Early 21st C - Near-universal access

AU (African Union)

Ecompasses 54 countries in Africa Primarily to seek an end to colonialism and apartheid in Africa. The new organization has placed more emphasis on promoting economic integration in Europe

European Union (EU)

Economic Alliances in the Cold War - Formed in 1958 to heal scares from WWII * Landscape was destroyed * Hard to transport goods - lack of agricultural good - The EU was trying to help heal these places - Has continued to expand, even gaining members of COMECON (The economic association organized by the communist states) - Main goal to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation - European Central Bank and common currency (Euro) - Free movement of goods and workers - Criticism over stronger countries (Germany, UK) subsidizing weaker countries (Greece) - Brexit UK voted to leave (employment, free movement of people, subsidies)

Farmers current problems:

Economic difficulties because of declining revenues and rising costs Farmers who quite, cite the lack of profitability and excess workload Some have to import food for their cows in the winter → which makes it more expensive

Diffusion of English

English diffused around the world as a result of Britain's colonial empire. British colonization

Thomas Malthus

English economist Wrote an essay entitled An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1738 Industrial revolution - Stage 2 Key argument: population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, 16) whereas food supply increases arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4) The result is starvation

Example with english

English is a part of the West Germanic Group which is a part of the Germanic Branch with is a part of the Indo-European Family

English is official language (not primary)

English is the primary language of the United States but it is not the official language at the federal level Primary - most spoken/used - at the state level there are official languages * 28 states have adopted English-only laws (about half of the states) z

World Trade Organization

Established in 1995 by countries who represented 97 percent of world trade Goal is to reduce barriers to international trade of goods and money (investment) Enforces trade agreements and protects intellectual property - Less restrictions on trades (barriers) less restrictions on movement of money - If countries have agreement that they will not subsidize industries and they do, they can bring suit to this WTO - The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs - Seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries - Can hear accusations and order remedies Criticism? Progressives critics charge that the WTO is anti democratic because decisions are made behind closed doors promote the interests of large corporations rather than the poor people People see it as imposing United States values on other countries A way for US to dominate foreign trade, favoring us Seemed like post colonialism Demanding free trade on a country that needs tariffs --- making them dependent on the United States

Differences between ethnicities and nationalities:

Ethnicities derive common values from religion, language, and material culture Nationalities derive common values from voting, getting a passport, performing civil duties (patriotism - example = songs) Nationality is a legal term Have to follow a process to get nationality

European Immigration Crises

European migration is fueled half by migrants from one European country to another, and half from a country outside of Europe Within Europe, the migration is primarily from East to West because of economic factors (jobs) Outside of Europe, the flow of immigrants is from Turkey, Morocco, and Syria

Ethnicity and Nationality do NOT always overlap, in fact, FEW ethnicities inhabit an area that matches the territory of a nationality.

Europeans went and drew lines that did not reflect the ethnic distributions When ethnicities are divided among more than one nationality, or when a country has more than one ethnicity, conflict often occurs. Who controls one part of land - can cause violence Superiority of one - can cause violence Often the legacy of colonialism Two case studies: India & Pakistan in South Asia Kurds in in West Asia

Unchanging Languages

Example: Icelandic has changed less than any other language in the Germanic branch in the past 1,000 years. Because of how isolated it is

TRUE OR FALSE: Intraregional migration is much less common that interregional or international migration

FALSE because distance decay

Folk Culture versus Popular Culture Origin

FOLK CULTURE - Anonymous hearths (location) - Possible to have multiple hearths each originating independently (same custom but not related) - Anonymous sources/originators (place/person) - Unknown dates POPULAR CULTURE - Traceable to a specific person or corporation in a particular place - Usually produced by developed countries, especially North America and Europe - have the industrial society to produce things and the leisure time

Folk Culture versus Popular Culture Distribution

FOLK CULTURE - Influenced by physical and cultural factors, i.e. religion, climate, landforms, and vegetation - Often isolated due to physical barriers - Typically covers a very small region due to limited connections - Landscapes dominated by folk culture change relatively little over time (varies across SPACE) POPULAR CULTURE - Widely distributed across many countries with little regard for physical factors -Primary obstacle to broader access is lack of income - because of for example, iphones, fashion -More extensive than folk culture - if you mapped it out, it is going to cover more area -Frequent changes (i.e. varies across TIME)

takeoff ("Rostow Model")

Few industries with foreign investment take off Still relatively confined to few specialized industries

Judaism

First recorded religion to espouse monotheism, belief that there is only God Ethnic Contrasts polytheism- the worship of a collection of gods Distribution 2/5 live in the United States 2/5 live in Israel Christianity and Islam find some of their roots in Judaism

Ancient city states

First states evolved in Mesopotamia as city-states Can be traced to a region of Southwest Asia known as the Fertile Crescent (river formed between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea ---- center for land and sea communications in ancient times) Fertile Crescent (example) Los Angeles if Mayor Garcetti had control of foreign affairs

Central Asian (Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics)

Five Central Asian States: all predominantly Muslim Turkmenistan - stable nation state Uzbekistan - stable nation state Tajikistan - Nation state with Civil War in 1990s between former Communist vs Muslim fundamentalists and Western intellectuals Kazakhstan Peaceful multinational state Kyrgyzstan Multinational state suffering from ethnic conflict TTKKU

Developing countries need FUNDS to develop and often turn to developed countries for two sources of funding:

Foreign direct investment (FDI) -> Transnational corporations Loans from banks and international organizations

Islam

Founded by the prophet Muhammad after he received his first revelation from God, The Quran is a record of God's words as revealed to Muhammad Unifying beliefs: - monotheism - 5 Pillars 1) Declaration of faith 2) Prayer 5x a day toward Mecca 3) Giving to charity 4) Fasting during Ramadan 6) Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

Linguistic Groups

French is concentrated in Quebec, specifically Montreal Niger - over 500 not institutionalized ( not like in Switzerland) languages Moved their capital to be in a region that was not dominated by one religion or language to not give preference to one language - "Barley Speaking" Waloons used to dominate Belgium's economy and French the official language. But now FLANDERS is much more prosperous than Wallonia. Flemish speaking northerners don't want taxes spent on South. Want to divide into two countries.

Per Capita:

GNI allows geographers to measure the contributions of an average individual toward a country's wealth What is the weakness? It doesn't account for equality and distribution of wealth, just the average number GNI per capita US in 2014: 55,860 Average across all developed countries: 40,000 Developing countries: 10,000 Why is per capita GNI higher in developed countries? Because people earn their living by different means depending on development within a country.

trend in gender equality since the 1990s

Gender inequality has declined (improved) in nearly every country; the US is one of the few countries where GII has increased (worsened) Southwest Asia and North Africa have had the most improvement

Cultural Ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships Different cultural groups modify the natural landscape in different ways Based on religions Based on beliefs India - don't kill cows - other countries cut more trees to make room for cows

GNI per capita Indicators of Progress

Has increased more rapidly in developed countries than in developing Developed countries are progressing more

prorupted

Have an arm sticking out Access to resources, mainly the water Countries create these wings or arms to have access to the water Example: Thailand

Growing Languages

Hebrew is an example of a "growing language" that was once rarely used but is now more commonly used. A way to unite the community

Diffusion of Christianity

Hierarchical Diffusion: - Emperor Constantine embraced Christianity in 313, helping it diffuse throughout the Roman Empire - People from the empire converted Relocation Diffusion: - Missionaries brought the religion along protected sea and trade routes of the Roman Empire—— Migration and missionary activity around the world by Europeans -trading - Intermarriage

Summary of Spatial Patterns for Undeveloped Countries

Higher rates of... - Natural increase - Crude birth - Total fertility - Infant mortality

Historical Increase of Food Protection

Historically, world food production has increased primarily by expanding the amount of land devoted to agriculture food production threatened by... - Expansion of urban sprawl - Desertification US severe loss of farmland especially severe in Maryland (around the DC and Baltimore area)

Sacred space in Universalizing Religions: Islam

Holiest city is Makkah, the birthplace of Muhammad Holiest object is al-Ka'ba, a cubelike structure in the center of Islam's largest mosque Second-most-holy place is Madinah (in Saudi Arabia), where Muhammad gained initial support (the original hajj)

Comparing Sacred Spaces: ethnic

Holy places are tied to PHYSICAL environment of its hearth, such as mountains, rivers, or rock formations

Arguments for increasing immigration

Humanitarian Not burdening other countries They are useful to our society

Migration Transition Model Stage 1: Premodern or high functioning

Hunting and gathering society with no urban areas People therefore migrate daily or seasonally in search of food

Government subsidies

If farmer can only make money when 100 per barrel but supply and demand is only 90 then the government gives them 10 Subsidies - ensuring the farmers that they get profit European agriculture is much more subsidized than US 1) Subsidies 2) Pay for farmers to not produce certain crops --- keeps supply down and therefore price high 3) Government will buy access crops and donate them to foreign countries

Patterns of intraregional migration from developing compared to developed

In developing countries, most intraregional migration is from RURAL to URBAN areas. In developed countries, most intraregional migration is from CITIES to SUBURBS.

The Commonwealth

Includes the UK and 52 other states that were once british colonies, including Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Most other members are African states or island countries in the Caribbean or Pacific Members seek economic and cultural cooperation

Mathus in India

India proves Malthus wrong! - The food and resources is above the population (rice and wheat)

South Asia

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 1/4 of the world population 3/4 live in India: most are farmers in rural areas, concentrated near India's coastline

Nine major language families: (MAP ON 159)

Indo-European - 46.5% (ie English) - Most of Northern America but some of Canada and Latin America is other - Also India (Southern Asia) Sino-Tibetan - 20.1% - Most of China - Smaller Southeast Asia countries Niger-Congo - 6.9% -The bottom half of Africa Afro-Asiatic - 6% -Top half of Africa and Saudi Arabia area Austronesian - 5.5% - Indonesia, Madagascar Dravidian - 3.6% - Southern India Altaic - 2.6% term-243 - Asia with exceptions of China (former USSR) Japanese - 2% - Japan Austro - Asiatic - 1.6% - Southeast Asia Others - 5.2% - Everything else

Two largest language families: and where

Indo-European and Sino-Tinetan INDO-EUROPEAN - predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America, and Latin America SINO-TIBETAN - languages of China and smaller countries in Southeast Asia - no single Chinese language mandarin is the most-sed language in the world - encompasses a smaller land area than many other language families because is it so densely populated

PUSH factors of European immigrants

Industrialization - overpopulation - higher competition for jobs - migration most people leave their countries when they enter into stage 2 of the DTM

Migration Transition Model Stage 2: urbanization and early expanding

Industrialization and falling CDR lead to rapid rise of population, creating pressures on people to compete for resources and jobs High international EMMIGRATION (LDC TO MDC) High interregional migration from rural to urban areas Why? For both, people are migrating for jobs and to MDC with higher standard of living

Mixed crop and livestock farming

Integration of crops and livestock (being raised together now) Allows farmers to distribute workload evenly Most crops fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans Common in the US The corn belt in Iowa through the Dakotas --- where the corn is grown Major crops? US - corn Soybeans Tofu

Internal migration

Internal migration: a permanent move within the same country Two Kinds: intraregional and interregional more common than international migration because distance decay! (less of a culture shock)

Sources of Loans

International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, micro finance

"Least Free Countries"

Iran, Sryia, China Most dramatic recent decline: Russia and Turkey

Religious Boundary (cultural)

Ireland & religion - Island of Eire (Ireland): *Republic of Ireland was 84% Roman Catholic *Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom, was majority Protestant Cyprus & ethnicity Closer to Turkey, but only 24% Turkish and 63% Greek British colony until 1960 and when Britain withdrew, constitution promised Turks level of autonomy. The Greeks tried to take over the whole island (the Greeks are the instigators) Greek coup in 1974 to reunite with Greece led to Turkish invasion and establishment of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983, but only recognized as independent by Turkey. A zone was constructed by the UN to separate two ethnic groups on island; forced migration of those on opposite side of ethnic boundary What other example do we have of religion being used to select boundary lines? India and Pakistan

Assimilation

Is the process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group. The cultural features of one group may come to dominate the culture of the assimilated group

Acculturation

Is the process of changes in culture that result from the meetings of two groups. Changes may be experienced by both of the interacting cultural groups, but the two groups retain two distinct cultural features.

The Demographic Transition Model!

It is a model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country (how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post industrial one) Historically, no country has ever reverted back to a previous stage Thus, the model can be thought to have a beginning, middle, and an end (most likely it will not be a permanent end because there will be another one eventually) NIR is the slope of the total population

Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Southwest Asia LITERALLY IDK WHAT THIS IS ABOUT

Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought nearly 2,000 years to control the same small strip of Land (Jerusalem) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Judaism: special claim to the territory it calls the Promised Land where major events in the development in the religion occurred. Islam: Muslim army conquered this land in seventh century A.D. Jerusalem is the third holiest city to Muslims, because it is believed to be where Muhammad ascended into heaven. Christianity: considers it the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, because the major events in Jesus's life, death, and resurrection occurred there. The Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled the Palestine region between 1516-1917. Ottoman defeat in WWI → Palestine Mandate under British

Excess Vote

Know the opposers are going to win some so put them together as much as you can do consolidating each party within the districts (not wasting any of your own votes)

What is the dilemma that is faced by LDCs as they seek to increase the amount of export crops to sell to MDCs?

Lack of funds to buy agriculture supplies (rely on US) As you switch to an export crop, subsistence farms decrease, so you must increase export crops and the amount of food that you make for your own people → but need GMOs for this but cannot because than losing money

1954 Brown v. Board

Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, declared that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Language

Language is a component of culture (most important) - it helps us identify who we are and where we belong Language reflects the values, experiences, and environment of a culture (Arabic has 80 words for camel, Japanese contains more than 20 words for various types of rice, Hawaiians reportedly have 108 words for sweet potato, 65 for fishing net, and 47 banana, Brazilians have enriched Portuguese with words for river due to proximity to 15,000 for tributaries and in the Amazon) Language reflects social and economic changes in society (retweet and "cyberbullying" are now in the dictionary)

seven developing region

Latin America - most are high developing East Asia - most are medium developing → Japan and South Korea are classified separately rather than included with the rest of East Asia because their level or development is much higher than that of their neighbors Southwest Asia - most are medium developing Central Asia - medium developing on average Southeast Asia - most are medium developing South Asia - most are medium developing Sub-Saharan Africa - most are low developing Classifying countries based on HDI: Developed country (MDCs) Developing country (LDCs) Within the LDC category: high, medium, and low developing divisions by UN

The Law of the Sea

Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources Signed by 165 countries and identifies THREE types of water boundaries Territorial Waters, contagious waters, Exclusive economic zone - Disputes can be taken to a tribunal from the Law of the Sea or to the International Court of Justice

Fundamentalism:

Literal interpretation of religious texts and strict adherence to religious principles

Loans from banks and international organizations

Loan - Less interest, more money staying in the country - You and your tax dollars end up funding a lot of these products

Elongated

Long and thin Challenge = national unity is a challenge, communication is hard (everything really far away) Example: Chile

Summary of Spatial Patterns for Developed Countries

Lower rates of... - Natural Increase - Crude Birth - Total Fertility - Infant mortality CRUDE DEATH RATE IS NOT AN EXAMPLE!!!!!!!!!!!

What country in Africa shares the same language family as Indonesia?

Madagascar - there are many migrants from Indonesia in past history

7) North America to West North America

Manifest Destiny The 19th century belief that Americans had a God-given right to expand west to the Pacific Ocean Pushing out Native Americans Forced migrations have no push and pull factors Pull factors for the Americans Free land Gold Economic opportunity Push factors for the Americans Overpopulation on the East Coast

Gender Inequality Index (GII):

Measures the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. The higher the GII, the greater the inequality between men and women. 0 = men and women are equal 1 = Women compare as poorly as possible by all measures. Higher the score → more inequality Compared to other women in the world Countries with high HDIs have the low GII Three GII Measures: 1) empowerment 2) employment 3) reproductive health relatively high - Europe, Canada US has relatively high GII because high birth rates among teenage women, higher mortality rate among women during childbirth, women in national legislature is low in the US compared to other countries with high HDIs high - Brazil, sub-Saharan Africa, east Europe Overtime, the GII has improved in all but four countries

cooperative stores

Member-owned, member-governed businesses called cooperative stores sell goods for the benefit of members Not trying to extract profits from the store but just giving profits back to the people who funded it Do not make any profit Workers are permitted to form a union and must be protected by high environmental and safety standards

Forced Migration

Migrant was FORCED to move because of cultural, political, or environmental factors Examples? Triangle Trade Trail of Tears Hurricane Katrina

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city. e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliances in the Cold War Alliance of democratic states US, Canada, 14 European states Goal to prevent Communist expansion Former Warsaw Pact countries join after 1991 (breakup of the Soviet Union), protection from Russia

8) West Russia to East Russia and Central Asia

Mirror image of N. America (opposite) Russians settled Siberia like we settled W. North America Tsarist (1800-1910's) and Communist (1920-1980's) Russia leaders tried to occupy and consolidate the eastern frontier, moving industries eastward to be near resources. Coal and iron in Siberia - trying to move the people to these industries there What about native Siberians? Handled like Native Americans Poorer than other Russians, set up on reservations on worst land Policy of "Russification"—try to assimilate minorities into the Russian culture One policy was to push people of Russian heritage to move out of city centers in the west to the east to "fill" the country By 1980, 30 million Russians move east (after USSR collapse in 1991, trend reverses)

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality. Under perfect equality, the HDI = IHDI Meaning that the three factors would be consistent across the population The greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality. Developed countries have the lowest gap. In the United States, the HDI is .914 and IHDI is .755. In Canada, the HDI is .902 and the IHDI is .833. Canada is better than us when it comes to the factors that come with the HDI (income, life expectancy, education) Which country has greater inequality? Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the greatest gap

Distributions as result of migration patterns

Most Asian Americans and Hispanics are descended from voluntary immigrants to the U.S. during the late 20th and early 21st centuries Exception: Vietnamese and Cubans The Vietnam war Cuba - Fidel Castro and feeling the communist regime Most African Americans are descended from Africans forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves during the 18th century

Jerusalem

Most contentious place Western Wall (Wailing Wall) of the Second Temple survives Dome of the Rock is where Muhammad ascended to heaven Al-Aqsa Mosque built on site of the ruins of the Jewish Second Temple Difficulty of dividing city because Jewish Second temple is literally over the Al-Aqsa Mosque

Diffusion of ethnic religions:

Most have limited, if any, diffusion because they lack missionaries Diffusion to new places is possible, if migrants don't adopt a strongly entrenched universalizing religion If it does diffuse it is by relocation diffusion

Southeast Asia

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines, and Papua New Guinea

census controversy

NONPARTICIPATION Homeless people, ethnic minorities, and citizens of other countries who do not have proper immigration documents may be less likely to complete census forms bc they fear they will get turned over to a diff government agency SAMPLING Statistical sampling techniques can be utilized to get a more accurate count also to identify detailed characteristics of people, housing, and businesses The US supreme court has ruled that sampling may not be used to redraw congressional district boundaries Politicians sympathetic to the needs of homeless and immigrants have been in support of it, but small towns and rural area people where the census is very accurate oppose it

Lowest HDI's

Niger, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Chad, Burundi Lowest Sub-Saharan Africa

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European languages

Nomadic Warrior (Kurgan) Theory Sedentary Farmer Theory (Renfrew) Hypothesis:

Geometric Boundary

North America - 1,300 miles straight along 49th Parallel - New York and Vermont along 45th Parallel - Alaska and Canada along 141 west longitude - Established by treaties between US and UK during the years 1783-1903 North Africa - Legacy of European colonialism - Below Algeria, above Niger, above Chad, above Sudan - Libya and Chad share a straight line boundary created by the French and the British. - Libya claims the Aouzou strip and tried to invade in 1973, but the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Chad in 1994 — Geometric boundaries are not perfect South Pole - South Pole region NOT part of any state - Seven states claim portions...what are they? — Argentina, Norway, United Kingdom, Australia, France, New Zealand, Chile US & Russia don't recognize ANY claims *Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959 permits scientific research but not military activities Countries doing stuff that other countries believe to be more military than science People believe oil underneath so want to claim

two developed regions

North America - highly developed Europe - mostly high developed

regions with the highest net in migration

North America, Europe, Australia, Middle East

Regional dialects in the United States

Northern, Southern, Midlands, West Boundaries of where regional words are used can be mapped; such a word usage boundary is known as an isogloss

Highest HDIs

Norway, Australia, Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, United States, Canada, New Zealand Highest: Western Europe, North America

Overpopulation

Occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living Some demographers argue that the world is already overburdened bc there are too many people

Sedentary Farmer Theory (Renfrew) Hypothesis:

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European languages (peaceful theory) HEARTH Turkey DIFFUSION Spread with agricultural practices because speakers were more numerous and prosperous from agricultural advances Technology diffused because of superior techniques and as it diffused their language did as well

Nomadic Warrior (Kurgan) Theory

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European languages (violent theory) HEARTH Kurgan homeland north of the Caspian Sea DIFFUSION Spread Southeast and West Kurgan warriors migrated on horses to establish military superiority in Europe and South Asia

Distribution and Diffusion of Social Media

Origin and diffusion follow similar pattern as TV and internet Originate in US, US dominates diffuses to the rest of the world Unknown whether US dominance will reduce rapidly, or if other forms of social will emerge to replace Facebook and Twitter

Christianity origin

Origin: founded around 2,000 years ago in present day Palestine Southwest Asia

Buddhism origin

Origin: founded by Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini, present day Nepal (the son of a lord) - South Asia

food security

Physical, social, and economic access to all times to safe and nutritious foods sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life How much of the world does NOT have food security? 10 percent

Wet rice

Planted on dry lands in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field that promotes growth common in: Southeastern China, East India, a lot of Southeast Asia

Popular Culture: difficutlies with sustainability of practices

Pollution of the Landscape - Desire for uniform landscapes for product recognition means disregard for natural landscape and local materials - Flatten mountains, fill valleys, divert waterways - E.g. for Motels, fast-food chains, gas stations Depletion of Scarce Natural Resources - Golf courses and water consumption - Golf uses 20% of water in Nevada Consumption of animals products - Skins, furs, meat (inefficient) - Why not same challenge for folk cultures who make use of animal products? - Folk cultures are smaller scale and are usually more about using the whole product versus just the meat or the skin

Key Patterns China

Population center - East Coast Access to coastal trade and fertile soil/rainfall KEY PATTERNS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: Rural areas in the interior to large urban areas along east coast - jobs Jobs in factories Communist government lifted interregional migration restrictions

Key Patterns Brazil

Population center - Large cities on East Coast Access to coastal trade and tropical interior KEY PATTERNS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: The government moved its capital from Rio to Brasília in 1960 NOW, coastal areas have net out-migration and interior areas net in-migration

Key Patterns Russia

Population center - Western (European) portion of the country - Historical and environmental reasons (ice) KEY PATTERNS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: Historical: Communist policy encouraged settlement EAST near resources Now: trend reverses, with net in-migration to European Region People move back bc the largest cities for jobs

Key Patterns Canada

Population center - border region with US Trade and climate KEY PATTERNS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: East to west for two centuries (similar to US) British Columbia and Alberta have all of Canada's net in-migration Ontario has the largest net out-migration

Neo Malthusian

Population growth in the past half-century suggests we should take another look at Malthus Stage 2 and Development: Malthus didn't consider the reality that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth - worse than he had predicted Transfer of medical technology but not wealth from more developed countries (ie. family plans) Resource Depletion: World population growth is outstripping resources other than food...such as water and energy Overpopulation: track toward overpopulation may already be irreversible in Africa

Stage 4

Post industrial The natural increase rate starts going negative Birth rates and death rates are now both low, causing the population to be more stable but high Reasons: CBR and CDR are both low Population is stable

shifting cultivation

Practiced in much of the world's tropical climates The temperatures are high and there is an abundance of rainfall (to burn out fire) Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris Sometimes called slash-and-burn agriculture Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it with nothing planted (fallow) for many years This is done so the soil can recover 25%, a higher percentage than any other type of agriculture Less than 5% of the world's people engage in shifting cultivation Declining. Because of urbanization Slash and burn was popular in developing countries (amazon) declining because the rain forest is being cut up and developed PROS (arguments for replacing shifting cultivation) - Most environmentally conscious --- not permanently killing rainforest (not cleared) it still grows back - Helps prevent global warming --- more trees create more oxygen - Protects local tradition --- have been doing this since the beginning of time Cons (how is shifting cultivation being replaced) - Inefficient --- only support small populations - Better/more lucrative uses (money) --- logging, cattle, ranching, cash crops

Stage 1:

Pre modern or high functioning Birth and death rates both high (low but stable population population) Remote tribal groups presently Hunting and gathering stage Reasons: HIGH CBR - High infant mortality rate (so have more) - Lack of family planning - Need for workers - Children are economic = assets (supports parents) - Religious beliefs (no birth control) —— Roman catholics, Muslims, Hindus HIGH CDR - Disease - Famine - War - Poor hygiene and sanitations - Lack of healthcare - Lack of education NIR - Lot of deaths but also lot of births

African Americans

Precise ethnic origins of African Americans unclear because of a lack of records. (because slaves were not given records) DNA testing has narrowed ethnic heritage to areas in West Africa

Josip Broz Tito

Prime minister of Yugoslavia from 1943-1963 and president from 1953-1980 He was instrumental in forming a Yugoslav nationality He believed in the acceptance of ethnic diversity in language and religion Centripetal force - a unifying source He was the glue that held everything together Rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced This led to the breakup of Yugoslavia into 7 small countries

Healthcare in developing countries

Private individuals must pay more than half of the cost of health care. U.S. is an exception to these generalizations, because private individuals are required to pay about 55 percent of health care costs making it more closely resemble a developing country, in regards to health care.

Desertification

Process of human actions causing land to deteriorate to desert like condition Land that is semi-arid turning into totally arid (like a desert) causes: Overgrazing (excessive use) Overpopulation Deforestation

Age of mass consumption

Producing consumer goods Sign of maturity because shift from less profitable industries Get paid more when producing consumer goods

Buddhist Pagodas

Prominent and ornate, often includes tall, many-sided towers arranged in a series of tiers, balconies, and slanting roofs Contain relics believed to be a portion of Buddha's body or clothing Not designed for congregational worship → mediating is more of an individual thing in Buddhism

Healthcare in developed countries

Public service available at little or no cost. Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care costs in most European countries, and private individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense.

Wasted Vote

Purpose: split the opposing vote evenly among all five districts so they do not gain a majority in either one (your party wins all of them)

ethnic cleansing

Purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

intraregional migration (3 types)

RURAL TO URBAN - Stage two - In the United States, around the 1800s' because of the industrial revolution - Pull factors: Jobs, jobs, jobs Agricultural jobs to factory or service jobs URBAN TO SUBURBAN - Stage 3 - The population of cities in developed countries has declined since the mid-20th century...suburbs grow rapidly! - Pull factor: Lifestyle & Environmental Detached home with yard and garage Better schools Safer Public transportation gives access to city "Community" feel URBAN TO RURAL (counter urbanization) - Stage three/four - Begins in the late 20th century - In the US, primarily affecting Rocky Mountain states -Pull factors: Lifestyle and environmental Slower pace of life Subsistence life style Still connected via new technology

Austerity strategy:

Reduce taxes to encourage consumer spending, and sharply CUT government spending to reduce debt Often imposed through a structural adjustment program which restricts a country's spending and investments The Austerity strategy is often imposed by another government For a country to apply for debt relief, a country is required to adopt an austerity program Will say you cannot spend more money than you take in, you cannot keep paying the police officers what you cannot keeping - Imposing country giving advice - Have to follow unless will lose this bail out system, lose relationships with other countries Critics will say that hurting the most vulnerable - the poor * Cuts in health, education, social services that benefit the poor * Higher unemployment * Loss of jobs in state enterprises and social service * Less support for those in need, such as poor pregnant women, nursing mothers, young children, elderly women Example: Greece - Government workers who have pension (retirement payment) a government may no longer be able to pay these --- tell these people sorry and give them less money per month (way their is such a critique) - Rational - just going into more debt if continue to spend - If Greece was going through stimulus strategy then the countries of the UN would be paying

Development in HDI Indicators of Progress

Reduced gap in HDI between developed and developing countries since 1980s The HDI has increased more rapidly in developing regions than in developed ones

Anti Malthus

Resource allocation, green revolution, it's not geometric because of policies and contraception, stimulates growth The problem is not resources - it is resource allocation - If took all of the food and distributed equally nobody would be starving - Poverty, hunger, and social ills result from unjust social and economic institutions, not population growth. - If resources were shared equally, hunger and poverty would disappear. Population Growth: - Growth has NOT been geometric - Policies and customs that limit growth - More use of contraception - A larger population doesn't just produce problems; could stimulate economic growth, more food, and more innovative minds Expanding Resources: Food supply has grown faster than predicted New technology, efficiency, Green Revolution He didn't see the Green Revolution coming Higher yields because of things like fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs --- now can increase food supply

core

Rich countries that fuel the world's economy; highly developed and industrialized. The core exploits the periphery The U.S. is the main core country Canada, France, Germany, Japan, UK, US

World's Big Five (for landmass)

Russia, Canada, China, United States, Brazil

Explain the debate about whether or not the US should intervene in ethnic conflicts abroad.

SHOULD: - The United States should not stand aside and do nothing when innocent women and children are being killed - If the United States does not stop genocide now, other will be emboldened to do it - Democratic values compel the United States to help people in trouble SHOULD NOT: - The United States cannot be the world's police force and must leave ethnic groups to solve their problems themselves - The United States should intervene only if its national interests are directly threatened - Intervening gets the United States entangled in complex disputes that result in hurting the U.S. itself

State supports for terrorists

Sanctuary for terrorists Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence Planning attacks

Education Indicators of Progress

Since 1980s, the mean number of years of education has increased by around the same number in developed and developing countries

Site and Situation of Population Clusters

Site: low lying area with fertile soil and temperate climates Situation: near an ocean or river with easy access to an ocean (trade, fish)

4) West Africa to Caribbean to South America to the American South

Slave trade transports Africans to Caribbean, S. America (Brazil), and American South. Estimates range from 12 million to 30 million Africans sold into slavery Largest and most devastating forced migration in the history of humanity

compact

Small area that are all equidistant from the capital Example: Poland, Uruguay and Lesotho

Pyramid for Stage 4

Small base, small top Bulge in the middle (all the babies of stage 2?)

Microfinance

Small loans to people without access to capital Focus on individuals or companies without access to traditional capital sources

Milk Products

Some regions specialize in "milk products" rather than milk Transportation issues - Milk products because they are outside of milkshed and take longer to spoil when converted into other dairy products New York, Philly and Boston is where milk is produced Wisconsin produces the most amount of cheese because far away from urban centers New Zealand is the highest per capita per milk (in terms of gallons produced in India)

Endangered Languages pt 2??

Sources estimate that there are around 2,400 endangered languages The regions with the largest numbers of dying languages: South Pacific, Latin America and North America Because of indigenous tribes languages dying Aboriginal = native Australians

Muslims in South Asia

South Asia has 30% of the world's Muslims but attracts few Muslim migrants. (Because stage 2 of the demographic transition model)

"Jim Crow" laws

Southern states respond with "Jim Crow" laws to segregate blacks from whites Railroads, restaurants, bathrooms Restrictive covenants for house sales A white house would not be able to sell to black people, bank could not give loans to blacks for houses Effect on schools Because schools based on where you lived - schools were segregated

Regions that attract a disproportionate number of Muslim migrants include:

Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe Saudi Arabia attracts the largest number, with most coming from Egypt Turkey → Germany Algeria → France

Soviet Union

Soviet Union existed between 1922-1991 and included 15 republics based on its 15 largest ethnicities Five groups of new independent states after 1991: Russia Baltic European Central Asian Caucasus

India: self sufficiency → international trade path

Started off self sufficiency and then in the 1990s switched to international trade path Under self sufficiency: - To import goods into India, most foreign companies had to secure license (long and cumbersome process) - A company holding import license was severely restricted on amount it could import to India - Heavy prices on imported goods raised the prices consumers had to pay - Indian money could not be converted to other currencies - An unprofitable business received government subsidies, such as cheap electricity, or elimination of debts - The government itself owned not just communications, transportation, and power companies, which is common around the world, but also owned businesses such as insurance companies and automakers, which are left to the private sector in most countries 1990s switched to the international trade approach because of overwhelming evidence at the time that international trade better promoted development India made conversion in the 1990's by allowing foreign companies, reducing barriers to trade, and eliminating monopolies (for example, the car company was switched from Indian company selling outdated cars to Japanese selling improved cars) Self sufficiency until the 1990s but then converted to international trade

Percentage of farmers in labor force

Subsistence agriculture - large percentage of people are subsistence farmers who work in agriculture to provide food for their families --- developing countries LDC - 42% of people engaged in agricultural work force Commercial agriculture - in developed countries there are relatively few people engaged in commercial farmers, most people buy foods with money earned --- developed countries MDC - 2 percent of family engaged in agricultural work force

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable development goals adopted by the UN in 2015 Replaced the Millennium Development Goals from 2002 The goals that the countries of the UN are attempting to adopt by 2030 Sustainability, equality, food equality

Terrorism

Systematic use of violence by a group calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population or to coerce a government into actions it would not otherwise undertake or refrain from actions it wants to take. - To make American's not do normal things - Create anxiety among the population - In act violence because disagree with the government's agenda and do not think it will change unless put pressure on government - Spreading fear & anxiety - Violence gains publicity for issues otherwise ignored - Willingness to die for cause - Actions by individuals OUTSIDE government agencies Unique in targeting of civilians (view as complicit) Normally in warfare you are not targeting civilians - does not matter in terrorism

What is the most important electronic media format to popular culture for two reasons:

TV 1) is the most popular leisure activity in the world 2) most important mechanism for rapidly diffusing popular culture around the world

sacred space in ethnic religion: Hinduism

The Ganges is the holiest river in India, coming from the hair of Shiva, one of the main deities Hindus bathe in the Ganges to achieve purification

Hutus

The Hutus were settle farmers in hills of present-day Rwanda and Burundi (Known as the Great Lakes region of Central Africa) --- sedentary HISTORICALLY were the majority of the population of Rwanda and Burundi Gained power when Rwanda became an independent country

West Asia

The Kurds = Sunni Muslims with their own language in the Iranian group of the India-Iranian branch of Indo-European family with their own culture (distinctive literature, dress, and cultural traditions) The Kurds do not have their own culture because after WWI, the European allies divided up the deafened Ottoman Empire and created an independent state called Kurdistan and then the Turks intervened The Turks expanded their territory and in 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne established what would have been Kurdistan as part of Turkey Today, Kurds are divided among several countries: eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and Syria. Turkey has a history of suppressing Kurdish culture, including banning the language until 1991

Tutsis

The Tutsis settled amongst the Hutus adopting their language, beliefs and customs They were cattle herders who migrated from Rift Valley of western Kenya --- more migratory Went to present-day Burundi and Rawnada Controlled kingdoms in Rwanada and Burundi for several hundred years Turned the Hutus into their servants During Colonial period, retained leadership positions

U.S. Quota Laws

The United States has used quotas to limited immigration since the early 1900's Quoto definition: maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States in a year Used to be based on country of origin (2% of the 1910 census) becuase wanted more europeans then switched to the hemispheric quotas, and now based on a set of preferences

Empowerment (GII measurement)

The ability of women to achieve economic and political power Measured by two indicators: 1) Percentage of seats held by women in the national legislature 2) Percentage of women who have completed some secondary (high) school Facts - More women than men vote in most places (WOW!) - Only one country has a national parliament with a majority of women: Rwanda. - Highest percentages are in Europe (1/4). - Lowest rates in Southwest Asia and North Africa. - Worldwide, 54% of women have completed some high school vs. 65% of men. - In North America, girls are MORE likely than boys to complete some high school.

Dietary Energy Consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes Measured with kilocalorie (Kcal)

ranching

The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat Countries experiencing ranching growth: - Mainly developing countries - Used to be in US, China, Brazil, but due to a shift in land usage in these places, ranching rates have decreased US land shift? Through irrigation and hardier crop growth, our use of land is shifting from ranching to crop growing, leading to a growth in ranching in developing countries

employment (GII measurement)

The female labor force participation rate: percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside of the home. Worldwide, 51% of women work outside the home compared to 77% of men. Structural - Women cannot leave house without men - Paternity leave - most men are not granted this so women has to give up job - Women make less money Cultural - deeply rooted in society

Origin of English

The first speakers of "English" were tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark. - Jules - Angles - Saxons From Modern day Denmark to English - Invasions by the Vikings in the 9th century and the Normans in the 11th led to mixing of languages to form a new language, English. - The Normans were speaking French and when they invade England they add their french speaking - The Vikings attack and start enforcing their language - Modern English a mix of German and French roots - Elegant words from France: celestial, equestrian, masculine, feminine - Simpler words from German: sky, horse, man, and woman

Sociofact

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unit a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions.

genocide

The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

Artifacts

The material manifestations of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing, etc.

Census

The most important data source for population geography A way for the government to know how many people live in the country In the united states it happens every ten years (every year ends with a zero) Significance: Used for federal funds (a way to disperse money) A way to apportion representatives (the house of reps) Rural areas are more accurate - more conservative Cities - less accurate - more immigrants/homeless people

Key Patterns United States

The population center is a gradual shift westward over the past 200 years, and then slightly south at the last stage Technological developments: Canals - Erie Canal opens access to Midwest via Great Lakes Agricultural technology for Great Plains (barbed wire, steel plow, wind mills, well-drilling) Railroads - federal land grants to encourage settlement of Great Plains KEY PATTERNS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: Pull factors west 1600-1940 - Open and cheap land in west - California Gold Rush Pull factors south after 1950: - Job opportunities and warmer climates (growth of new companies)

Carrying Capacity

The population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present Carrying capacity is the ability of a resource base to sustain a population Overpopulation The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Too many people compared with the resources of region/country

Double Cropping

The process when land is used even more intensively in parts by containing two harvests per year from one field instead of one Double cropping is common in places with warm winters Ie. Southern China, Taiwan

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture How to find it: divide number of farmers by arable land area More developed countries have low agricultural density....why? Fewer farmers, more extensive areas Due to better technology and finances Shows economic differences between countries

Gerrymandering

The redrawing of legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power - Redrawing of legislative boundaries happen every ten years to account for population changing - Huge migration out of a district - less reps - Normal process but when it becomes used to benefit one party then it is considered gerrymandering THREE DIFFERNT TYPES Wasted Vote, Excess Vote, Stacked Vote - In the US, mostly state legislature, so favors the party in control (Iowa has independent commissions) - Europe, non-partisan officials, drawing lines that make sense on neighborhoods, physical boundaries (not based on politics)

Von Thünen Model (45a)

The relationship between the value and location of land and the choice of product was studied by geographer Jihann heinrich von Thünen Two factors influence crop choice Cost of land Cost of transporting products to market Profit = income - (cost of land + cost of transportation) First Ring Perishable and expensive to transport → so that is why so close Second Ring Forest → use forrest for lumber, lumber is very heavy, high transportation cost Third Ring Grains and field crops Easy and cheap to transport grain so it can be far away Fourth Ring Cattle Need lots of land and they can walk to their death → march the cows to the city center to be killed Weakness of models - Assuming all land in area is similar quality and type → if mountain range or river through the city center than it will be negatively affects → transportation costs are easier on a river - Ignores government policies and social customs → cannot have monkeys in Los Angeles, if dairy is outlawed in immediate areas...

spatial association

The relationships between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature - Factories and the area where cancer is higher - Spatial association between Dodger Stadium and where fans live Occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature - Spatial association is strong if two figures have very similar distributions - Spatial association is weak if two features have very different distributions

Material Culture

The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.

Devolution

The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration The UK gave regional power to Ireland and Wales

Gross national income (GNI):

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country Per capita GNI measures mean (average) wealth, not the distribution: Average because there are very poor people and very wealthy people

Recap of examples, patterns, and trends for INTERREGIONAL migration

The world's five largest countries in land area The population centers of the world's five largest countries and WHY they exist The principle patterns of interregional migration in these five countries and WHY they occur

Baltic (Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics)

Three Baltic States: Independent until WWII when Soviet Union invaded with the Nazis Named for location on the Baltic Sea Divided based on religious and linguistic differences ESTONIA Mostly Protestant (Lutheran) Speak a Uralic language related to Finnish LATVIA Mostly Protestant (Lutheran) Speak a language of the Baltic group LITHUANIA Mostly Roman Catholic Speak a language of the Baltic group

Caucuses (Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics)

Three Caucasus States: between Caspian and Black seas. Named from mountain range between Russia and Azerbaijan/Georgia Region of many ethnicities; unified under Soviet Union through communism and threat of force - The whole region has experienced ethnic tensions because no longer united by communism Area about the size of Colorado Armenia and Azerbaijan are good examples of nation states GEORGIA - a multinational state experiencing ethnic uprisings (unstable) - More ethnically diverse (only 71% Georgians) - Abkhazia and South Ossetia have declared independent and are recognized by Russia as independent, but few other countries recognize them. (US counts them as part of Georgia - Russia sent troops) ARMENIA: - A century ago there was Genocide under Turks (Armenians are Christian, Turks are Muslim) where an estimated one million Armenians were killed - 98% Armenian most ethnically homogenous in the region - a great example of a nation state AZERBAIJAN: - Geographically fragmented (it is a separated state) - Notice Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian enclave technically part of Azerbaijan but acts an independent republic called Artsakh. - Nation-state

European (Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics)

Three European States: Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova Belarus has made a more peaceful transition than Moldova and Ukraine Belarusians and Ukrainians displayed sufficient cultural differences to consider themselves distinct from Russians UKRAINE: Russia invaded Crimea (part of Ukraine) in 2014, claiming the 60% of its population who was Russian supported the action International community recognizes Crimea as belonging to Ukraine, but cannot remove Russia MOLDOVA: Moldovans are ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians; was part of Romania until Soviet expansion in 1940 Many Moldova's wanted reunification with Romania after Soviet break up. BUT... Land added under the Soviets includes other ethnicities (Ukrainian and Russia) that oppose Moldova's reunification with Romania BELARUS: Peaceful transition from Soviet Republic to independent nation-state

IHDI overtime

Through MOST of the 20th century, the gap between the rich and poor narrowed in developed countries. Reasons: use wealth to extend health care and education to more people and provide financial assistance. SINCE 1980, however, inequality has increased in most developed countries.

Religion SHAPES landscape

Throughout the world (regardless of region or religion), the tallest and most elaborate buildings are religious structures. Why? Many religious people believe their life on Earth should be in service to God, and the landscape reflects that belief.

Measuring income (HDI FACTOR)

To access the standard of living in a country, geographers rely on two factors: Gross national income (GNI): Gross domestic product (GDP): Per Capita: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): The UN measures the standard of living by calculating the GNI at PPP in other words: gross national income per capita, converted to international dollars using "purchasing power" uniformity The average amount of income that a person is generating in their country standardizing across countries

Space-time compression

To describe the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place in the modern world Now only takes 5 to 6 hours to reach Europe and this is due to space-time compression

solstice

Twice a year when the sun is either at its highest or lowest point at noon, marking the longest and shortest days of the year Celebrated in many ethnic religions

Declining Birth rates

Two successful strategies for lowering birth rates: 1) improving education and health care - Emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates 2) contraception - More immediate results reaped than previous approach - Met with greater resistance, because it goes against cultural or religious beliefs of some Roman catholics, fundamentalist Protestants, Muslims, and Hindus Cairo Conference - 1994 UN conference that focused on stabilizing global population at 7.27 billion by giving women greater social and economic control of their lives

Bahá'i Houses of Worship

Universalizing religion Origin in Iran in 1844 → relatively recent when comparing it to other religions Monotheistic Believe that religious history is guided by a series of divine messengers, and the most recent of messengers are the Báb and the Bahá' u'lláh. All come from the same God Emphasizes spiritual unity of all humankind Dispersed to all different continents Built in the shape of a nonagon (9 sides)

Religious Calendars

Universalizing religions - Major holidays relate to events in the life of the founder Ex. Ramadan is the 9th month in the Islamic calendar and was the month the Quran was revealed Ex. Easter celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Ethnic Religions Holidays are closely aligned with natural events associated with the physical geography of the homeland Ex. Judaism's holidays based on agricultural calendar of Israel

Territorial Waters

Up to 12 nautical miles (14 land miles) from the shore, a state may set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states

Productivity

Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. Measured by the value added per capita.

Education (HDI FACTOR)

What is the standard for measuring level of education? 1) Years of schooling → the assumption is that no matter how poor the school, the longer the pupils attend the more likely they are to learn something Years of schooling calculation combines 2 measurements: 1) Years of schooling for today's adults 2) Expected years of schooling for today's youth Other important education indicators (not factored in HDI though) Pupil/teacher ratio: Number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers. - If more teachers → better school (Sub- Saharan ratio is very high) - Ratio is lowest in developed countries Literacy rate: Percentage of a country's people who can read and write. A lot below 70% in Africa North America is 99%-100% Most books are published in developed countries and therefore in English - usually not have it in native language so it is hard for people in develping countries to learn to read

Desertification

When a place becomes desert like - inhabitable because of human action (excessive crop planting, animal grazing, tree cutting) Middle East and Africa facing this

one major difference between religion and language in terms of the effect of migration

When people migrate they often learn a new language, but do not practice a new religion

gender of immigrants

Why did Ravenstein theorize that most migrants are young males? — Tradition of males as breadwinners Age of Migrants — Elderly people (relative to the amount of elderly people) traveled more for retirement - to developing countries

reproductive health (GII measurement)

Why included? - Because in countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children and maternal and child health are improved Measured by two indicators: 1) Maternal mortality rate: number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births 2) Adolescent fertility rate: number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 1)Poor reproductive health is a major contributor to gender inequality around the world. 2) 16 deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births in developed and 1717 in developing. 3) Highest rates in sub-Saharan Africa. 4) 19 per 1,000 in developed and 53 in developing. Contraceptive use varies.

Endangered languages

Why is this bad: because language is a reflection of culture, if losing language then losing part of the culture Many languages are endangered One or two additional tongues, most spoken in the forests of Papua New Guinea or Indonesia, are lost each week One estimates anticipates that no more than 600 of the world's current living languages will be in existence in A.D. 2100

Should english be an official language of the United States? (debate)

YES Practicality/ convenience - street signs Business reasons A sign of unity Encourages assimilation for immigrants to learn English Funding - expensive to fund services in many different languages Not really changing anything because 28 of the states already have it NO A nation of immigrants and our national identity is about diversity Make immigrants feel like they are able to express their cultural identity

map

a 2-deimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it

Arizona's Senate Bill 1070

a 2010 state law that stated that tried to enforce stronger regulation against unauthorized immigrants but a lot of it was shut down and it has concerns sparked about racial profiling

Ravenstein

a British geographer who formulated a theory of human migration in the 1880s that provides the basis for modern migration theory

multinational state

a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self- determination E.g. Russia Czechoslovakia went from a multinational state to two nation states in 1993 (Czech Republic and Slovakia) USA not multinational because Hispanics do not have the right to teach schools in spanish

Agriculture

a deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

Denomination

a division of a branch that unites a number of local cognation in a single legal and administrative body (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada)

pilgrimage

a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred. E.g. Muslims who are healthy and with adequate financial resources are expected to undertake a pilgrimage to Makkah (hajj)

lingua Franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages - Swahili in East Africa - Hindi South Africa - Indonesian in Southeast Asia - Russia in former USSR

Congregation

a local assembly of persons brought together for a common religious worship

No tillage

a method of planting in which soil is undisturbed, leave the previous year's crop dead in the field (good for nutrients)

swidden

a patch of land cleared by hand for planting through slashing and burning Most families grow only for their own needs, so one swidden may contain a large variety of intermingled crops which are harvested individually at the best time The cleared land can support crops for usually 3 years or less When the swidden is no longer fertile, villagers find a new site and begin clearing it and leave the old site uncropped for many years Case Study: A Kayapo swidden field in Brazil's Amazon region. The Kayapo people of Brazil's amazon tropical rainforest do not arrange crops in the rectangular field and rows that are familiar to us. They plan in concentric rings. At first they plant sweet potatoes and yams in the inner areas. In successive rings go corn and rice, manioc, and more yams.

Sharecropper

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops 1) sharecropper receives land and seeds. in exchange, he promises landowner half the crop 2) sharecropper gives landowner crop to sell and sharecropper gets half the earnings, minus his debt for the year 3) when settling up, landowner says that the sharecropper owes more debt than he has earned 4) to pay debt, sharecropper promises landowner a greater share of next years crop

Ideogram

a picture that represents somethign that everyone knows a universal idea or symbol independent to any language

Ethnic enclave

a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area - Most ethnic enclaves are in neighborhoods within large cities. (Los Angeles) - African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas

block busting

a real estate practice by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood, and then resell the houses at much higher prices to black families eager to escape the overcrowded ghettos

Custom

a repetitive act preformed by a group pf people so much that is becomes a characteristic of the group example: Eating turkey every Thanksgiving

Habit

a repetitive act that an individual preforms example: Mrs. McKellar wakes up every morning and reads fifty pages of the dictionary

Logogram

a sign representing a word or phrase for a specific language Chinese words specific to a language

a microstate:

a state that encompasses a vert small land area

nation-state

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity The first emerged in Southwest Asia and North Africa Best Examples" Poland, Denmark, Japan (98.5% Japanese) — homogeneous states

Doubling time (natural increase)

about 82 million people added to the population of the world annually Rate of natural increase affects the DOUBLING TIME→ number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase 21st century rate (1.2%): 54 years (Global population in 2100 would reach 24 billion) 1963 (2.2): 35 years More than 95% of the natural increase is clustered in developing countries

ethnic cleansing in Kosovo

after the break up of Yugoslavia Kosovo was controlled by Serbia because of the historical claim - Serbia controlled Kosovo between 12 and 14th century before losing it to the Ottoman Empire. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Albanians were 82% of the population and Serbians were 10% Despite the small percentage of Serbians within Kosovo (majority Albanians), Serbia controlled the area and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Albanians (Serbs wanted to get rid of the Albanians so more room for themselves). Throughout history, Serbia has alway been in control of Kosovo. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia immediately launched a claim for an ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo. In 1999, Serbia Serbia forced more than 8,000 (of the 2 million) ethnic Albanians from kosovo during the ethnic cleansing. the ethnic cleaning outrages the United States and the countries in Western Europe. Operating through NATO, the countries launched a bombing on the nation of Serbia This bombing only ended when Serbia decided to withdraw its soldiers from Kosovo and end the ethnic cleansing

Mobility

all type of movement from one place to another (circulation and migration)

Federal state:

allocates strong power to units of local government (i.e. more sharing of power) - Multiethnic states to empower different nationalities if live in separate regions. —— Russia, Canada, US, Brazil, India—most largest states (many groups that want some sort of self representation) - Size not ALWAYS an accurate predictor because of Belgium (to accommodate flemish and waloons) whereas China is unitary (promote communism) - Trend toward FEDERAL government. Why? Demand by ethnicities for more self-determination. Global trends - more towards federal states

State

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs - occupies defined territory, has a permanent population - has SOVERIGNTY - which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states For example, California is not a state because it does not have control over foreign affairs (as the federal government does) California is a smaller political entity within a single state (the USA) — a state is a country

Geographic Grid

an imaginary grid of lines laid over the globe

expansion diffusion

an innovation, cultural trait, or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outwards (people who formerly did not do that thing before, do it now) -- examples: gangnam style - expansions means that the number of people or societies practicing the trait increases, often slowly at first and the more rapidly

Boundaries

an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory 3 types of boundries 1) Cultural boundaries follow cultural features (ex. Pakistan and India) 2) Geometric boundaries based on human constructs, such as straight lines 3) Physical boundaries based on natural landscape

Supranational

an organization that unites a bunch of nation states A separate entity composed of three or more states at forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefits in pursuit of shared goals The UN is an example of a supranational organization

Ethnic religions:

appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place not trying to convert people

population density

arithmetic, physiological, agricultural

Universalizing religions:

attempt to be global by appealing to all people regardless of location or culture know when, where, and who found it

North and South Pole

both are parallels North Pole = 90 degrees north South Pole = 90 degrees South

Unaffiliated

both atheism and agnostic 16% of world's population are unaffiliated. Ranking? 3rd

carogram

cannot derive actual data from it depicts size of country according to population rather than land area

Overfishing

capturing fishes faster than they reproduce

democracy

citizens elect leaders and can run for office

African American Distribution:

clustered in the Southeast

Distribution of indigenous people (in USA)

clustered in the Southwest and north-central states.

Hispanics clustering

clustered in the Southwest, near the Mexico border.

Language Groups

collection of languages within a branch with relatively RECENT common origin and many similar characteristic

Language branches

collection of many languages within a family that broke off a few thousand years ago; difference are not as extensive as between language families and archeological evidence established placement within the same family

Language families

collection of many languages, all of which descended from the same original tongue long before recorded history, but have since evolved different characteristics

five basic shapes of states

compact, prorupted,elongated, fragmented, perforated

Economic Downturn

country spends more than it takes in You are going to go into more and more debt High rates of unemployment, cannot pay benefits to state employments Two strategies: Stimulus strategy: Austerity strategy:

Polygot

country that speaks many languages i.e. Switzerland - Switzerland speaks a lot of languages - it is a matter of swiss pride (national identity) that they have all of these languages — linguistic diversity is their national identity

Creole Languages

creolized language results from combining colonizer's language with the indigenous languages Example - French Creole in Haiti

three schools of though about human-enviroemnt relationships

cultural ecology, environmental determinism, possibilism

three most common reasons to migrate

cultural/political, environmental, political

Remote Sensing

detecting the nature of an object and content of an area from a distance - back in the day: photographs taken from kites - now: photographs taken from satellites orbiting earth Uses * mapping features such as agriculture, drought, oil spills, water pollution, and sprawl * post earthquake damage handout - remote sensing is able to tell where the damaged/collapsed bc the computer can pick up on the textual differences - identifying regions with signature percent of collapsed buildings Examples: Google Earth

Ebonics

dialect spoken by some African Americans from slavery with African Americans speaking in code (influenced by history of slavery and racial segregation) notable for double negatives official name is "African American Vernacular English" — Ebonics comes from ebony and phonics controversial regarding how it should be viewed

Challenges in defining a state: sovereignty

disagreement occur when more than one state claims a territory 1) north and south korea 2) China and Taiwan 3) east china sea 4) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

African American migrations (south or north and west)

early 1900s — New farm technology reduced demand for labor and booming industrial cities in the North needed labor Push factors of South: less jobs Pull factor: booming North two main waves of African American migration from south to north and west - 1910s and 1920s → WWI from the South to the North 1 1940s and 1950s → WWII from the south to the north and the west expansion of factories for war materials, reduction of workers because of armed forces demand

Why did the Romance branch expand over the entire globe?

empire building = colonization

Hinduism

en ethnic religion - because of this its origin are unknown Ethnic because not trying to convert people What is the ethnic religion with the most followers? Hinduism 97% of Hindus are concentrated in India (ethnic because not trying to convert)

Environmental factors

factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions. PUSH FACTORS Mountains Seasides Warm Climates PULL FACTORS Water: most common environmental threat (flood or drought)

1) Europe to North America

for religious freedom (Puritan migration) the people settling the first 13 colonies PUSH left Europe back of lack of religious freedom (religious persecution) lack of economic opportunity come to America as indentured servants (because do not have enough job opportunities in Europe) PULL religious freedom economic prosperity economic opportunity

globalization

force or process that involved the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope Globalization means that the scale of the world is shrinking - in the ability of a person, an object, or an idea in another place - Has led to more specialization at the global level - Each place plays a distinctive place based on its local assets Oppositions: - The uniform cultural is globalization of cultural beliefs and forms, especially religion and language -- common communication (English language) - As many people aware of elements of global culture and aspire to possess them, local cultural beliefs forms, and traits may be threatened with social customs (ie. McDonald's culture)

Subsistence agriculture

found primarily for consumption by the farmer's family (developing)

Christianity

founded on the teachings of Jesus, Jesus was betrayed by Jesus, one of the disciples, and sentenced to death on the cross Unifying beliefs: Jesus's body was placed in a tomb and then disappeared on the third day -> resurrection. because Jesus died for human sins, people have hope for salvation

density

frequency with which something occurs in space, or in other words, the number of people, structure, or other phenomena per unit of land - to calculate: divide the number of objects by the measurement of the area - density concerns of human geographers in California: water, comes, population - dispersed versus concentrated Density = 2 houses/1 mile

large scale map

greater detail, smaller area

Indigenous people (USA)

grouped into three ethnic identities in the US 1) Native Americans 2) Alaska Native 3) Native Hawaiian

Hierarchical religion:

has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units Organized one way, in leaders (ex. Roman Catholic) Another way in geographic arrangement (ex. mormons) - The mormons are an example of a hierarchical religion - Organize landscape into population units (ward or congregation=750; stake=5,000) - Highest authority is the board and president *Roman Catholic Church very hierarchical religion Hierarchy of pope, archbishops, bishops, and priests Pope is at the top, then archbishops, bishops, and priests Ultimate authority is the Pope in Rome

concentration

how spread out the number of objects are over the same size area - high concentration —— objects are clustered - low concentration —— objects are dispersed if want neighbors - prefer to live in an area with a high concentration prefer to shop in a high concentration shopping mall so more stores are closer together and less walking - to be able to compare, clustered and dispersed must have the same amount of features - two can have the SAME density but very different concentration

Race

identify with a group of people who are perceived to share a physical trait, such as skin color. outdated categorization of humans based on outward physical characteristics — outdated because it is no longer accepted in a scientific, biological sense It impacts how people spatially arrange themselves and spend their time (housing, schools, leisure activities)

Nationality

identity with a group pf people who share legal attachment to a particular country legal - have a passport, citizenship - If you have American passport but your parents are from China - Chinese consider you Chinese citizens - Contrast to us - if no longer have an American passport then bye!

Animism

indigenous African religion (before Europeans colonized) an ethnic religion whose followers believe that inanimate objects or natural events, such as natural disasters, have spirits and conscious life. - Gods are mad at you if natural disaster - 100 million Africans adhere to animism -Obviously ethnic (stays in one place)

Antinatalism

influenced by Mathus Policies the encourage couples to limit the number of children they have China (one child policy), India (sterilization campaign) CHINA'S ATTEMPT TO LOWER ITS NIR One china policy in china in 1980 Enforced through a series of permits and financial policies Public campaigns promoting contraceptives, abortions, and sterilization CBR declined from 18 to 12 (1980/2016) and NIR from 1.2 to .5 INDIA'S ATTEMPT TO LOWER ITS NIR 1952: increased education and access to family planning methods Controversial use of sterilization campaign CBR declined from 34 in 1980 to 21 in 2015 but still huge population growth

Tertiary Sector

involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retaining, banking, law, education, and government. Paid for goods and services Mostly in DEVELOPED country Percentage increasing for both developed and developing countries but much higher percentage of people in developing countries Spike in tertiary for developed because developed countries have the technology to have less percentage of people for primary sector

Indigenous people in Canada

known as aboriginal - first nations - inuit - Métis

largest countries exporting agriculture products

largest countries exporting agriculture products Latin America, North America, Southeast Asia, South Pacific

small scale map

less detail, greater area

Nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality Acts as a centripetal force

Secondary Sector

manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products, OR fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods. Wood into a chair But percentage of people doing these jobs decreasing in both developing and developed countries but higher percentage in developing countries

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

mix

mix of the two

Pidgin Language

mixture of langua franca with a local language

Genetically Modified Organisms

modified through biotechnology to survive herbicides/insecticides (So kills stuff but the plants stay alive) Very prominent in the US - 3/4 of all of the processed food contains GMO ingredients US is advocating for GMO use among starving countries - Africa against it - despite better taste, increased nutrition, higher crop yield, and resistance to pests Higher yields - can control how the crops are grown - mix qualities that produce more corn poor stock GMO Negatives 1) Health - Consumption may reduce effectiveness of antibiotics - Could destroy ecological balances in nature 2) Export problems - GMOs need to be labeled - Europeans against it (believe not as nutritious) = African's fear that is they use GMOS they will trade with Britain 3) Dependence on US - If Africa goes GMO, need to get GMO seeds from the US - fear hypothetical "terminator" gene that would prevent farmers from replanting seeds and require them to repurchase seeds on a loop

Bosnia and Herzegovina

most ethnically diverse republic of the former Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina's Serbs and Croats did not want to live in a multiethnic state with a Muslim plurality. The Serbs and Croats fought to unite the portions of the republic that they inhibited with Serbia and Croatia. Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of the Muslim Bosniaks as an attempt to strengthen their attempt for breaking away (if they were ethnically homogeneous thought they would be better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia). Solved with the Dayton agreements in 1996 - the leaders of the various ethnicities divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into three regions (one under the control of the Bosniaks, other the Croats, and the other the Serbs)

Cultural factors

move to Utah because it is the Mormon capital of the world desire to attend a different school religious persecution

relocation diffusion

occurs when an innovation, cultural trait, or idea developed in a hearth and is carried to a new a area by migrating individuals or populations that possess it -- occurs most frequently through migration -- traits may fade in the hearth if the homeland loses enough of its population

Democratic Republic of Congo LITERALLY WHA

one of the most multiethnic countries. The Tutsis were key for the successful overthrow of the Congo's long time president Joseph Mobutu in 1997. Kabila soon split with the Tutsis, and the Tutsis once again found themselves offering support to rebels seeking to overthrow the Congo's government. Kabila turned for support to Hutus and other ethnic groups that also hated the Tutsis. Kabila was assassinated in 2001 and succeeded by his son who negotiated an accord with the rebels the following year. Despite the accord, conflict among the country's main ethnicities have continued and casualties have mounted.

Foreign direct investment (FDI):

or investment made by a company in the economy of another country. (direct investment by transnational corporations) Transnational corporations - operating in other countries where they are not headquartered - Most transnational companies in US and other developed countries Criticism of FDI Investment - trying to make money, make huge amount of money Criticism of FDI is that the investors will make the most amount of money so then money is flowing outside of the country Growth: Has grown rapidly since the 1990s from - 130 billion in 1990, 1.5 trillion in 2000 to 16.4 trillion in 2013 Allocation: 1/3 to developing countries 2/3 to developed countries Not evenly distributed

Intraregional Migration

people moving within one geographic region within a country URBANIZATION: move from rural to urban (economic - jobs) SUBURBANIZATION: move from urban to suburban (cultural - families) COUNTER URBANIZATION: move from urban to rural (cultural - lifestyle)

Distribution of African traditional religions

percent of animists in sub-saharan Africa has majorly declined over the last 100 years and major increase in amount of Christians and Muslims (Islam across north and christianity in sub-saharan Africa) In Botswana only - followers of traditional African religions now constitute a clear majority of the population

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

percentage by which a population grows in a year Computation: CBR- CDR= NIR Remember NIR is a percentage (n per 100, while CBR and CDR are expressed as n per 1,000)

Stage 1 Epidemiological Transition

pestilence and famine (High CDR) Principle cause of death: infectious and parasitic disease Ex. black plague (bubonic plague)

periphery

poor, developing countries that provide cheap labor and raw materials for core countries Afghanistan, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Philippines, Vietnam, most of Africa

Folk culture

practiced by small, isolated, and homogeneous groups (same culture, race, history)

gravity model

predicts optimal location of service Directly related to the number of people Inversely related to distance traveled ALSO Predicts INTERACTION between two locations Pop A x Pop B/distance^2 Shows you if more or less interaction Higher number = more interaction Lower number = less interaction From equation

Pyramid for Stage 1

premodern or high functioning Wide base = very high birth rate Narrows very quickly = high death rate Very few reach old age

Eight Modern International Migration Trends...why?

prior to 1500, long-distance migration happened haphazardly - mostly in hopes of spices, fame, or exploration changed in the 1500s because of European exploration! THIS set off waves of global migration trends

Stage 5 Epidemiological Transition

proposed (has not happened yet) EVOLUTION Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributes to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria The rise of the DDT-resistant mosquito has scientists worried about the increasing risk of malaria POVERTY Infectious diseases more prevalent in poor areas because unsanitary conditions and inability to afford needed drugs Tuberculous has been largely controlled in developed countries but remains a major cause of death in developing countries. INCREASED CONNECTIONS Transportation (ie air travel) makes it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms An example of relocation diffusion The maps to the right show how the distribution of AIDS closely matches the stages with the highest rates of international arrivals to the US

Push factors

reasons that induce people to leave their current location example: the Holocaust, persecution

Stage 2 Epidemiological Transition

receding pandemic (rapidly declining CDR) - Pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (when an epidemic spreads out all over the world) Factors that reduced spread of diseases during the industrial revolution: Improved sanitation Improved nutrition Improved medicine

Connection

refers to the relationship among people and objects across the barrier of space

Aggregation

refers to the size of the geographic unit under investigation, such as countries, states, counties, cities Why is it necessary: * To understand spatial patterns we need to identify a geographic unit by which to compare data Why important to think about? *Patterns evident at one level of aggregation are not necessarily true at another level of aggregation

political factors often act as push factors

refugee, internally displace person, asylum seeker

friction of distance

result of distance decay the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance Shorter distance = less expensive, takes less time - more interaction Larger distance = more expensive, takes more time - less interaction

the five largest states

riley can utter chinese bangers Russia, Canada, United States, China, Brazil

autocracy

run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people (Russia)

Review Question 1: In developing countries, the predominant flow of interregional migration is from __________ to __________ areas

rural to urban

Migration Transition Model Stage 4: Post Industrial

same as stage 3

Circulation (more specific form of mobility)

short-term, repetitive, and cyclical movements that reoccur on a daily basis (daily, monthly, or annually) example : college students moving to school each fall and returning home each spring (seasonal mobility)

Appalachian English

similar to ebonics with distinctive pronunciations and grammatical practices similar to ebonics in terms of pride/challenges

Interregional Migration

slavery was abolished by the 13th amendment in 1865. at that time, most African Americas were concentrated in the rural south late 1800s: African Americans remain in the South, working as sharecroppers

Transhumance

some pastoral nomads practice transhumance, which is seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Refugee

someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. A refugee has a "well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group."

Asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee

the non-ecumene

sparsely populated regions humans avoid clustering in certain physical areas - dry lands (cannot farm, 20$ of Earth's landmass) - wetlands (rain/heat depletes soil) - cold lands (permafrost in ground, cannot survive temp) - high lands (steep/harsh living conditions) the non-edumene has decreased due to development in technology

Central Africa

the Hutus and the Tutsis — speak the same language, hold similar beliefs, and practice similar culture and social customs, also intermarriage. Even though an agreement was signed in Rwanda over the means of sharing power in 1993, genocide started shortly after (this is just confusing!) The genocide was launched in 1994 because an airplane was carrying the presidents of Burundi and Rwanda, (both Hutus) and the plan was shot down by an air missile in 1994 Whether the attacker was a Hutu of a Tutsi is unknown The attack followed an assassination of the previous president of Burundi (first Hutu to be elected president of Burundi) What were the results of this genocide? → After the assassination of 2 Hutu presidents Hutus launched a genocide campaign that killed 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda and 300,000 in Burundi The Tutsis overcame in both places (still won even though deaths) Rwanda considered to be governed by Tutsis, but Burundi by Hutus

Asian American Distribution

the West, including Hawaii

Flood Plain

the area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends Near rivers

Atheism

the belief that God that not exist

Agnosticism

the belief that the existence of God cannot be proved empirically

spatial thinking (geo literacy)

the capacity to identify, analyze, and understand the location, scale, patterns, and trends of the geographic and temporal relationships among data, phenomena, and issues

site

the characteristic of a place

Robinson

the circular one - the person who tries to not be the worst at anything, so they are mediocre at everything ADVANTAGES - "compromise projection" - good at spatial relationships along the equator and median DISADVANTAGES - attempts to balance errors across ALL properties but makes it so all are distorted but it minimizes errors in each - no right angles - direction distorted

Self-determination

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

aquaculture

the cultivation of seafood under controlled condition

undernourishment

the dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for healthy life and carrying out light physical activities - Largest totals numbers are in India and China (the two most populous countries) - Largest by percentage is Sub Saharan Africa

Distance Decay

the diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance for its origin

White flight

the emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area

Green Revolution

the green revolution's two main practices were... 1) introducing new high yield seeds 2)expanded use of fertilizers Higher yield scenes Old corn plant made two corns - now makes four More fertilizer Because of the Green Revolution, agriculture productivity at a global scale has increased faster than population growth The miracle wheat seed is a higher yield seed - It is shorter and stiffer and responded better to fertilizer - Less affected by wind Miracle Rice seed - So does not blow in the wind, it is hardier - It is hardier and increases yield Problems with green revolution - Heavy machinery and technology is needed → farming machinery is very expensive for less developed countries →→ Developing countries cannot take advantage of the green revolution because they cannot afford fertilizers and expensive technologies

Horticulture

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers and the tree crops from the commercial base of mediterranean farming Large portion of California farmland is devoted to fruit and vegetable horticulture

situation

the location of a place compared to another place - describes the location of a place relative to other places

Prime agricultural land

the most productive farmland

toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

Good's Homolosine

the one with interruptions - the map that will you the truth whether or not your jeans make you look fat ADVANTAGES - preserves accurate proportions DISADVANTAGES -- interruptions lead to confusion over proximity relationships - not accurately representing distance, direction, and shape - Greenland and Australia become more distorted in shape, but sparsely inhabited

diffusion

the process by which features spread across space from one place to another

cartography

the science of mapmaking - it is both art (creative choices) and a science (facts, knowledge)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths for every 1,000 people alive in society

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the total number of live births for every 1,000 people alive in society

Meridians

the vertical lines from poll to poll identify degrees of longitude

Pull factors

those that entice people to move to a new place Examples: jobs, the American Dream

English can vary based on regions within countries

three main dialects in the United Kingdom: Northern, Midland, and Southern Originated with three different invading groups In the case of a language with multiple dialects, one may be recognized as the standard language because it is most accepted for business, government, education, and mass communication England's standard language is the British Received Pronunciation and was originally associated with London's upper-class residents

arithmetic density

total number of objects (people) in an area how to find it: divide population by the land area easy to find but does not tell us anything about distribution

Stage 2

urbanization and early expanding the death rate falls dramatically but the birth rate stays the same leads to a high increase in NIR Reasons: HIGH CBR - Same reasons as Stage 1 DECLINING CDR - Improved healthcare - Improved sanitation (bathroom) - Improved food production - Outside stimulus (technology given to other countries and therefore prematurely entering stage 2) NIR Population's growth is high because there is now a large gap between births and deaths, increasing the population rapidly

Aristotle (384 BC -322 BC)

was the first to demonstrate that Earth was spherical on the basis of evidence

Pythagorus ( 570 BC - 495 BC)

was the first to propose a spherical world

Economic reasons

why most people migrate Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants Historically individuals migrated from Europe. More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders