Ap Gov

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Right-to-work laws A) guarantee full employment. B) outlaw union membership as a condition of employment. C) require employees to join the union representing them. D) offer government jobs to unemployed workers. E) require welfare recipients to work for their welfare checks.

B) outlaw union membership as a condition of employment.

Public opinion polls have shown that

B) people are more likely to recognize slogans from TV commercials than famous political figures.

The idea that interest group activity brings representation to all is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) republicanism.

B) pluralist theory.

A ________ is a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy.

B) political ideology

Governments throughout the world use the schools to help with the ________ of young people.

B) political socialization

Which of the following groups would be LEAST likely to vote in a typical election?

B) poor white voters

The free-rider problem refers to A) unrelated amendments being added to a piece of legislation in order to bypass usual procedures. B) potential members of a group failing to join the actual group, as they know they will receive the same benefits whether they are active members or not. C) legislators who face no election opponents, and thus are automatically reelected. D) mass transit scofflaws who endanger government aid to subways, buses, and commuter trains by not being officially counted. E) welfare fraud and the costs it imposes on government and taxpayers.

B) potential members of a group failing to join the actual group, as they know they will receive the same benefits whether they are active members or not.

If Congress has increased the scope of government it is because A) members typically suffer from Potomac fever. B) members are by-spending liberals. C) that is what constituencies want. D) that is what Congressional staffers want. E) it is responding to the policy expertise provided by the bureaucracy.

Most important congressional activity is done A) on legislatorsʹ visits to their home districts. B) in meetings of standing committees and their subcommittees. C) on the House floor. D) on the Senate floor. E) in the White House.

Some economists argue that less affluent voters will always use their votes to support public policies that A) cut all tax rates. B) redistribute benefits from the rich to the poor. C) favor large defense budgets. D) keep taxes low. E) increase spending on foreign aid and international programs.

Suffrage refers to A) a type of election unique to the United States. B) the right to vote. C) a voter registration system. D) voter turnout rates. E) voting procedures in the electoral college.

The Democratic National Convention in ________ led to serious reforms in the methods it used to choose its convention delegates. A) 1936 B) 1968 C) 1952 D) 1984 E) 1992

The English politician and philosopher Edmund Burke favored the concept of legislators as ________, using their best judgment to make policy in the interests of the people. A) constituent robots B) trustees C) instructed delegates D) politicos E) judges

The ________ Act required that as of 1987, employers document the citizenship or legal immigrant status of their employees, or face substantial criminal penalties for failing to do so.

B) Simpson-Mazzoli

Which of the following is TRUE about most liberals in American politics?

B) They believe we should guard carefully the rights of defendants in criminal cases.

A ʺcommunication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decisionʺ is a definition of A) campaigning. B) lobbying. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) a policy output.

B) lobbying.

There is evidence that when incomes and educational levels are equal

B) members of minority groups tend to participate more than members of the majority.

A political figure who is in favor of increased military spending, supported freedom of choice on abortion, opposed affirmative action programs, wanted to tax the rich more, and felt the courts should stop coddling criminals is a

B) mixture of liberal and conservative.

In Europe, interest groups A) do not exist. B) often form political parties. C) exist but are not as powerful as in the United States. D) have the same role and power as in the United States. E) do not have the same constitutional protection that they have in the United States and are frequently persecuted.

B) often form political parties.

Recent public opinion polls have shown that most Americans

B) oppose the idea of big government in principle, but favor it in practice.

Ratification of the Constitution was done by (55) A) the voters in each state casting open ballots. B) special conventions in each state. C) the state legislatures approving the document. D) approval by the Supreme Court. E) majority vote of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

Contracts between business firms can be enforced across state boundaries as part of the constitutional provision of A) interstate compacts. B) privileges and immunities. C) implied powers of the states. D) extradition. E) full faith and credit.

Critics of the PAC system are concerned that A) PACs are not regulated. B) they tend to support only Republican candidates. C) PACs are too weak and ineffective to contribute to a strong democracy. D) only the largest and most powerful interest groups can afford to form PACs. E) PACs may control what the electoral winners do once in office.

Federalism contributes to democracy by each of the following ways EXCEPT A) easing the burdens on the national government so it can function more effectively. B) increasing the opportunities for government to be responsive to demands for policies. C) increasing access to government. D) having state governments add thousands of elected offices for which citizens may vote or run. E) providing a means for unified public policy.

Federalism is A) unique to the United States alone. B) practiced by about half the nations worldwide. C) practiced in about half the American states. D) practiced by nearly all of the 190 nations worldwide. E) practiced by fewer than 20 nations worldwide.

According to Russell Neuman, the paradox of mass politics is that the American political system works as well as it does given

E) the discomforting lack of public knowledge about politics.

A public good is defined as (9) a. Something in which any member of society can share b. A choice that the government makes in response to a political issue c. A public policy that is good for the nation as a whole d. Something provided by the government that cannot be provided by the private sector e. All of the above

A study by the Los Angeles Times in the mid-1980s found that reporters were ________ as likely to call themselves liberal as the general public. A) twice B) half C) one-third D) just E) not

A study of major party platforms by Gerald Pomper found that the parties broke their promises A) ten percent of the time. B) half the time. C) two-thirds of the time. D) over ninety percent of the time. E) a third of the time.

A system in which many groups make themselves heard and felt somewhere in the policy process is (16) A) pluralistic. B) direct democracy. C) hyperpluralistic. D) elitist. E) bureaucratic.

(T/F)(42) Most delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 held a cynical view of human nature.

(T/F)(42) The philosophy of the writers of the Constitution was based in part on the belief that the principal object of government was the preservation of property.

(T/F)(47) The Constitution obligated the new government to repay all the public debt incurred under the Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation.

(T/F)(49) The founders believed that state governments, where most of the governmental activity was expected to take place, would act as checks on the power of the national government.

(T/F)(49-50) The system of checks and balances and the separation of powers in the Constitution have a conservative bias because they favor the status quo.

(T/F)(55-56) The president has no formal role in amending the Constitution.

The largest item in the United States government budget, consuming more than one-fifth of spending, is (24) A) Social Security payments. B) foreign aid. C) education spending. D) national defense. E) welfare for the poor.

The media seem to have the least effect in terms of A) how people vote. B) how people evaluate political leaders. C) what Americans think about. D) the importance people attach to problems. E) who votes.

The media usually report on Americaʹs social problems in a manner that A) encourages government to take on more and more tasks. B) suggests government can really not be trusted to take on more tasks. C) is neither critical nor positive. D) displays a lack of real sensitivity. E) has often been described as benign neglect.

The most important effect of the constitutional amendments has been to (56) A) expand liberty and equality. B) reinforce elite control of government. C) expand the powers of the states. D) strengthen the capitalist economy. E) all of the above

The primary author of the Declaration of Independence was (33) A) Thomas Jefferson. B) Benjamin Franklin. C) James Madison. D) King George III. E) George Washington.

The separation of powers and the checks and balances established by the Constitution (65) A) allow almost all groups some place in the political system where their demands for public policy can be heard. B) have acted to discourage the growth of groups in American society. C) have made the United States one of the most democratic countries in the world. D) create so many obstacles that groups have no place for their policy demands to be heard. E) are basically undemocratic since only elites can formulate policies within the system.

The theory that seeks to explain political processes and outcomes as consequences of purposive behavior is called the A) rational-choice theory. B) behaviorism. C) means-ends theory. D) cognitive theory. E) goals theory.

The watchdog orientation of the press can be characterized as A) reformist. B) liberal. C) libertarian. D) conservative. E) partisan.

Television news coverage characteristically A) has little impact on shaping political opinions. B) lacks in-depth analysis. C) emphasizes policy issues. D) focuses on Congressional politics more than presidential politics. E) focuses on what elites think is important.

The weakening of party control over American politics A) is in part due to the increasing influence of the media. B) is leading to a multiparty system in this country. C) threatens democracy. D) threatens the very existence of political parties. E) leads to fewer differences between party platforms.

The writers of the United States Constitution (14) A) were distrustful of democracy. B) sought to establish the most democratic system they could. C) were interested in promoting equality above all else. D) patterned our government after Britainʹs except for the King. E) believed in majority rule.

Thomas Jeffersonʹs phrase ʺlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessʺ was a modification of John Lockeʹs phrase ʺLife, liberty, and ________.ʺ (36) A) property B) God C) heaven D) health E) equality

Ticket-splitting is best understood as A) voting with one party for one office and another for other offices. B) voting for Democratic candidates for president and Republican candidates for Congress. C) a tactic used to commit voter fraud, which enables a voter to cast multiple ballots. D) staying with the same party in an election, voting down the partyʹs line for every race. E) voting for Republican candidates for president and Democratic candidates for Congress.

Two key elements of the Madisonian model were to (49) A) keep most of the government beyond the control of a popular majority and separate the powers of different institutions. B) promote state power while separating the powers of different national institutions. C) keep as much of the government as possible beyond the control of a popular majority and extend the right to vote to everyone. D) combine the powers of different institutions and create a powerful presidency. E) require a system of checks and balances and extend democracy.

What sort of realignment has occurred in the current party era? A) a Southern realignment B) a rural/urban realignment C) a cultural realignment D) an entire realignment E) an age-based realignment

What was the original, sole, and express purpose of the convention in Philadelphia? (40) A) to revise the Articles of Confederation B) to choose the first president C) to negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain D) to abolish the Articles of Confederation E) to grant women the right to vote

Which of the following are NOT normally policy entrepreneurs? A) mass media B) appointed government officials C) interest groups D) elected government officials E) political parties

If a presidential candidate does not receive a majority of electoral college votes, then the president is chosen A) by popular vote. B) by the Justices of the Supreme Court. C) by the House with one vote for each state. D) by the Senate with two votes for each state. E) by majority vote of the entire Congress in a joint session.

The head of each cabinet-level executive department is appointed by the president and A) must be confirmed by a majority of the House. B) is not subject to House or Senate approval. C) must be confirmed by a majority of the Senate. D) must be confirmed by a majority of both the House and the Senate. E) must be confirmed by two-thirds of the Senate.

President Reaganʹs 1981 tax cuts were most beneficial to A) low-income families. B) the middle class. C) the government. D) high-income families. E) the states

The foremost attraction for the job of serving in Congress is A) a salary four times the income of the typical American family. B) generous retirement benefits. C) the power to make key public policy decisions. D) travel benefits. E) employment opportunities after leaving office.

The political resource that has the most potential to turn a situation of stalemate between the president and Congress into one supportive of the presidentʹs legislative proposals is A) presidential leadership. B) the presidentʹs party leadership. C) presidential rewards and sanctions. D) public approval. E) the threat of veto.

The presidential election of 1800 represents the first A) use of party nominating conventions. B) time the Senate elected the president. C) use of the electoral college. D) peaceful transfer of power in the world between parties via the electoral process. E) time the voters directly elected the presidential electors.

The state that has disproportionate power because it holds the first presidential primary each election year is A) New York. B) California. C) Iowa. D) New Hampshire. E) Rhode Island.

The two oldest cabinet departments are A) state and defense. B) interior and justice. C) treasury and justice. D) state and treasury. E) education and state.

The ultimate power to determine how much the government will tax and spend, and what it will spend taxes for, lies with A) the Treasury Department. B) the courts. C) the president. D) Congress. E) the bureaucracy.

The ultimate weapon in the presidentʹs arsenal of resources to influence Congress is probably A) media support. B) interest group support. C) her/his fundraising ability. D) mobilization of the public. E) the support of Wall Street and the Federal Reserve Board.

________ enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. A) An amicus curiae brief B) A public interest suit C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups D) A class action lawsuit E) A collective civil suit

D) A class action lawsuit

Which of the following states has increased its representation in the House from just seven in 1900 to 53 today?

D) California

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) With proportional representation systems, all it takes is between one and five percent of the vote for a party to win seats in the national legislature. B) In many Scandinavian countries, farmersʹ parties have long been in existence. C) Many new interest groups in Europe have formed parties on the basis of shared values. D) Green parties in Europe have never been able to win enough votes to enter the national legislature. E) Parties are more like interest groups in Europe than in the U.S.

D) Green parties in Europe have never been able to win enough votes to enter the national legislature.

Which of the following is TRUE in regard to the voting habits of African Americans and Hispanic Americans?

D) Members of these groups are more likely to vote than whites of the same income level.

A party machine is a kind of local party organization that A) threatens the efficiency of state and national party organizations. B) specializes in computerized mass mailings both to raise funds and influence voters on behalf of their candidates. C) uses specific and material inducements to win party loyalty and power. D) remains strong in most large American cities. E) has recently come to depend heavily on ethnic group support.

A partyʹs endorsement to officially run for office as the candidate of that party is called A) a ballot. B) a ticket. C) a nomination. D) a confirmation. E) an appointment.

A policy entrepreneur is A) an elected or appointed public official. B) a candidate seeking a career in elective office. C) someone who works to get ideas on the governmentʹs policy agenda. D) a knowledge specialist in a policy area. E) someone who uses politics for self-gain.

Advocates of the ________ believe that parties should present distinct, comprehensive programs for governing the nation and carry them out. A) differentiation approach B) McGovern-Fraser Commission C) responsible party model D) rational-choice theory E) party realignment

After the Persian Gulf War, fifteen major news organizations sent a letter A) condemning President Bush for killing tens of thousands of retreating Iraqi troops. B) citing a dozen instances of blatant, false propaganda that had been given them by Iraqi officials during the war. C) complaining that the Pentagonʹs rules for reporting the war were designed to control the news. D) congratulating the Pentagon for its brilliant war effort. E) complaining that they had been barred by the Pentagon from filming United States planes killing tens of thousands of retreating Iraqi troops waving white flags of surrender.

Agenda-setting effects on public opinion are an example of how A) the media influence individualʹs vote choices. B) the media have a bias in favor of the status quo. C) the media cue individuals about what political issues are important to think about. D) the media have a liberal bias. E) the media have no bias.

All governments (9-10) a. Ensure safety on the high seas and promote free enterprise b. Hold elections c. Provide public goods and socialize citizens into the political and social system d. Maintain national parks and a national defense e. Guarantee a capitalist economy and collect taxes

A means of selecting policymakers and or organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the publicʹs preferences is (14) A) government. B) politics. C) public administration. D) democracy. E) all of the above

A media event is A) a news event deemed of such importance to break into regular programming on television and radio. B) a gathering of people working in the media industry, often an awards ceremony. C) some newsworthy occurrence covered by reporters of the various media. D) staged primarily for the purpose of being covered by the press. E) a setup by the media to ambush or embarrass a prominent person.

A political party is A) less interested in winning elections than in particular public policy. B) a group of people who agree on everything and organize annually to win elections. C) a narrow interest group seeking advantage through elections. D) a team of men and women with similar beliefs seeking legitimate control of the government by through elections. E) an organization devoted to implementing policy in the public interest.

The overall set of shared values in a society is known as (19) A) individualism. B) value added voting. C) populism. D) political culture. E) collectivism.

The overriding bias in the news is toward stories that A) include talking heads. B) are triangular. C) are liberal. D) draw large audiences. E) target-specific audiences.

News coverage by the print and broadcast media is generally A) very ideologically biased. B) comprehensive. C) detailed. D) controversial. E) superficial.

On the issue of slaves, the Constitution specified (44) A) that a gradual end to slavery must be worked out by Congress and the states within ten years. B) that slavery would be banned beginning in 1800. C) a boundary, known as the Mason-Dixon line, south of which slavery would be legal. D) Nothing. It was too controversial a subject and the delegates could not agree on anything regarding it. E) that slaves would count as three-fifths persons for counting the nationʹs population and determining seats in the House.

One of the primary reasons for the comparatively small scope of American government is (20-21) A) liberalism. B) pluralism. C) judicial review. D) capitalism. E) individualism.

Over the past thirty years, there has been a marked rise in A) support for both the major and minor parties. B) support for the Democratic party. C) support for both the Democratic and Republican parties. D) support for minor parties. E) party neutrality.

PAC stands for (19) A) Partisan Assistance Contribution. B) Party Affairs Council. C) Policy Advisory Commission. D) Politically Active Constituency. E) Political Action Committee.

Parties and interest groups (11) a. Determine which issues are on the policy agenda b. Are not particularly interested in the policy agenda c. Have no effect on the policy agenda d. Determine the congressional agenda e. Work hard to get the issues they want on the policy agenda

Party dealignment means the A) the inability of the parties to deal with the nationʹs problems. B) lack of party cohesion in Congress. C) realignment of party coalitions. D) increasing inability of minority parties to win elections. E) decreasing influence of both parties on voters and government.

The principle source of news and information in the United States is A) the print media. B) magazines and radio. C) newspapers. D) radio talk shows. E) the broadcast media.

The sole purpose of government, according to John Locke, was to (34-35) A) promote the common good. B) prevent anarchy. C) educate its people. D) protect individuals from violence. E) protect natural rights.

Those who argue that the United States is in the midst of a culture war argue that Americans are becoming increasingly (22) A) isolationist. B) secular. C) hypocritical. D) egalitarian. E) polarized.

Voter turnout matters because (5) a. Federal funds are allocated on the basis of the number of voters in a congressional district b. It makes our country look better c. It makes citizens feel better d. Better candidates are selected when more people vote e. Politicians pay more attention to those who vote than those who do not vote

According to the text, the most important factor affecting voter turnout is A) education. B) gender. C) ideology. D) race. E) geography.

All presidents but one have been A) Protestant. B) Catholic. C) Hare Krishna. D) atheist. E) Evangelical Christian.

Appropriations, Judiciary, and Armed Forces are all examples of ________ committees. A) standing B) select C) conference D) joint E) rule

As president, ________ launched the ʺGreat Societyʺ at home while escalating the Vietnam War abroad. A) Lyndon Johnson B) Harry Truman C) Richard Nixon D) Gerald Ford E) Dwight Eisenhower

Basically, Congress is a(n) ________ decision-making body. A) reactive and cumbersome B) active and smooth C) unified and consistent D) radical and hasty E) retroactive

Cabinet-level executive departments are created by A) Congress. B) the Constitution. C) the president. D) rarely held national referendums. E) all of the above

Committee staff is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT A) providing services to constituents. B) organizing hearings. C) writing legislation. D) monitoring the executive branch. E) coordinating with congressional offices.

Congress was officially given the power to levy an income tax through the A) Sixteenth Amendment. B) Supreme Court case of Pollock v. Farmerʹs Loan and Trust Co. (1895). C) revenue clause of the original Constitution. D) Internal Revenue Act. E) Balanced Budget Amendment.

Constituencies influence policy mostly by A) the initial choice of the representative. B) influencing congressional leaders. C) empowering the president in his negotiations with Congress. D) buying votes through election contributions. E) lobbying Senators.

Except in Maine and Nebraska, the electoral college system operates in each state on the principle of allocating electoral votes on the basis of A) winner-take-all. B) proportional representation. C) allocating electoral votes based on the winner in each congressional district. D) a mixture of winner-take-all and proportional representation. E) majority rule.

Federal grants and contracts that members of Congress try to obtain for their constituents are collectively referred to as A) the pork barrel. B) casework. C) public service. D) perquisites. E) affirmative action.

Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are A) formula grants. B) categorical grants. C) revenue sharing grants. D) project grants. E) block grants.

House seats are up for election every A) two years. B) four years. C) six years. D) eight years. E) five years.

If engaged in retrospective voting, an individual would ask: A) What have you done for me lately? B) Who will do more for me next year? C) Who is the more attractive candidate? D) Why should I vote at all? E) Who will be lowering taxes?

If the presidential election is thrown into the House of Representatives, A) each stateʹs House delegation may cast only one vote, regardless of its number of representatives. B) each stateʹs House delegation casts as many votes as it has electoral votes. C) each House member has one vote and majority rules. D) the House vote is subject to veto by the president. E) each House member has one vote but a sixty percent majority is required to win the presidency.

In 1896, who liked silver money? A) debtors B) bankers C) exporters D) Eastern manufacturers E) coin collectors and dealers

In achieving ʺmomentum,ʺ nothing helps a candidate more than A) early unexpected primary and caucus victories. B) winning where a win was expected. C) a unanimous vote at the national nominating convention. D) closing the gap in the last stages of the campaign. E) strong competition.

Retrospective voting refers to voting for A) a candidate who promises to continue policies that have made you feel better off. B) a candidate because of his or her past stands on the issues. C) the same party and candidates election after election. D) different parties and candidates election after election. E) candidates for nostalgic reasons because they promise to return the country to some golden age in its past.

The Constitution gives the House of Representatives the power to A) initiate all revenue bills. B) ratify all treaties. C) confirm presidential nominations. D) try impeached officials. E) all of the above

The United States governmentʹs annual budget is now approximately A) $2.75 trillion. B) $15 trillion. C) $775 billion. D) $12 trillion. E) $11.3 trillion.

The War Powers Resolution may be considered unconstitutional because A) its use of the legislative veto may be considered a violation of the doctrine of separation of powers. B) it violates the presidentʹs power to declare war. C) it violates the presidents power as Commander in Chief. D) it was struck down by the Supreme Court. E) it violates the congressional power to appropriate funds for the military.

The filibuster A) is unique to the Senate. B) is unique to the House. C) is allowed in both the House and the Senate. D) has been ruled unconstitutional. E) has been prohibited in both the House and Senate.

The first presidential caucus is held in A) Iowa. B) Michigan. C) New Hampshire. D) Nebraska. E) New York.

The government borrows money principally by A) selling bonds. B) maintaining numerous departmental credit card accounts. C) printing more currency. D) obtaining loans from foreign governments. E) obtaining loans from the Federal Reserve.

The group responsible for administering and enforcing the Federal Election Campaign Act is the A) Federal Election Commission (FEC). B) National Committee for an Effective Congress. C) Political Action Committee (PAC). D) Federal Unethical Campaign Kommisars. E) electoral college.

The main instrument the national government uses to influence state governments is A) grants-in-aid. B) mandates. C) judicial review. D) the Tenth Amendment. E) presidential decrees.

The most powerful person in the Senate is the A) majority leader. B) vice president of the United States, who serves as president of the Senate. C) chair of the Rules Committee. D) Speaker. E) president of the United States.

The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, the postal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over other specific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects A) dual federalism. B) divided government. C) tripartite federalism. D) cooperative federalism. E) fiscal federalism.

The opening up of the process to choose delegates to the Democratic National Convention in the immediate aftermath of 1968 was spearheaded by A) the McGovern-Fraser Commission. B) the Kerner Commission. C) an act of Congress. D) President Johnson. E) the Warren Commission.

The pork barrel and casework are examples of A) opportunities for credit-claiming by members of Congress. B) advertising techniques. C) descriptive representation. D) position-taking. E) congressional continuity.

The presidentʹs ________ serves as the principal conduit of information from the White House to the press on a daily basis. A) press secretary B) vice president C) Chief of Staff D) Secretary of Information E) Domestic Policy Advisor

The presidentʹs role in the legislative process A) is especially important in influencing Congressʹs agenda. B) usually puts her/him in conflict with Congress. C) is usually minor because Congress operates independently from the president. D) is most effective in domestic policy. E) at least until 1995, has been to react to and modify congressional initiatives.

The principal type of federal aid for states and localities is A) categorical grants. B) disaster loans. C) revenue sharing. D) block grants. E) urban renewal grants.

The process of selecting Americaʹs leaders has almost no downtime before it revs up all over again. This is referred to as A) the permanent campaign. B) the revolving door. C) revolving elections. D) election mania. E) accountability.

The single most important advantage to someone trying to get elected to Congress is A) being an incumbent. B) having more money to spend on campaigning. C) being charismatic and photogenic. D) having a clean record. E) winning the endorsement of the top leaders of their party.

The supremacy clause A) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. B) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. C) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. D) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved to the states. E) states that the people are the supreme authority in the United States and that the government shall be subservient to them.

The way in which candidates attempt to manipulate money, the media, and momentum to achieve the nomination is through A) campaign strategy. B) primaries. C) charisma. D) propaganda. E) party support.

Unlike state and local governments, the federal government is borrowing primarily for A) its day-to-day expenses. B) future development needs. C) military defense. D) printing money. E) its capital needs.

Voter turnout in the United States is much lower than in other countries in part because A) of the unique American requirement of voter registration. B) Americans are asked to vote less often and do not sustain interest in the electoral process. C) Americans vote for fewer political offices and lack a sense of political efficacy. D) the choice offered Americans is greater than in other countries, which confuses potential voters. E) of the strident positions taken by the parties, which alienate middle-of-the-road voters.

When President Herbert Hoover and the Republicans were crushed in the election of 1932, voters were responding to the severity of the Great Depression under Hooverʹs presidency by A) retrospective voting. B) indirect primary voting. C) direct primary voting. D) initiative. E) irrational choice voting.

Which of the following characteristics would make one more likely to vote in an election? A) having a college degree B) being a young adult C) having a low income D) being a college student E) bring a welfare recipient

Which of the following congressional offices is mandated by the Constitution? A) Speaker of the House B) House and Senate Majority Leader C) President of the House D) President of the United States E) all of the above

Which of the following federal policies exemplifies the implied powers of Congress? A) environmental protection law B) income tax C) the regulation of interstate commerce D) the provision of an army and a navy E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT an effect of federalism? A) It simplifies the governmental system. B) Courts are called upon to be referees, and they gain power. C) It decentralizes political power. D) It creates more access points to government. E) It increases bureaucracy.

ʺRally eventsʺ A) are specific and dramatic events that relate to international relations, directly involving the United States and the president. B) have an enduring impact on a presidentʹs public approval. C) involve economic upsurges that dramatically increase presidential popularity. D) have no effect on presidential popularity even though presidents use them for that purpose. E) occur frequently during a presidentʹs administration.

Hispanics comprise approximately what percent of the American population?

A) 13 percent

________ is consciously breaking a law that is thought to be unjust.

A) Civil disobedience

The first ________ in April 1970 helped to spur on a number of environmental groups. A) Earth Day B) smog alert C) serious oil spill D) nuclear power plant accident E) nuclear plant explosion

A) Earth Day

Public opinion polling was first begun in 1932 by

A) George Gallup.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Hispanics are primarily concentrated in the rural areas.

The biggest uncontrollable expenditure in the federal budget is A) government retirement benefits. B) interest on the national debt. C) veterans aid. D) national defense spending. E) the Social Security system.

The first presidential caucus of the campaign season is traditionally held in A) Delaware. B) California. C) Minnesota. D) New Hampshire. E) Iowa.

The members of the Senate closely reflect the nation in terms of A) race. B) gender. C) economic status. D) prior occupation. E) none of the above

The typical member of Congress supports the president on national security roll-call votes A) very rarely. B) about 75 percent of the time. C) almost always. D) only 38 percent of the time. E) slightly more than half the time.

Today, roughly ________ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governments. A) 7.5 percent B) 25 percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent E) 1 percent

Which of the following is a member of the cabinet? A) director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation B) Speaker of the House C) secretary of the navy D) White House Chief of Staff E) none of the above

Which of the following is most equitably distributed in America? A) income B) access to education C) taxes D) credit E) federal aid to states and cities

Which of the following presidents was a Republican? A) Harry Truman B) John Kennedy C) Lyndon Johnson D) Jimmy Carter E) Richard Nixon

Which of the following statements about congressional committees is FALSE? A) Unless a committee gives a bill a favorable report it almost never can be considered by the full House or Senate. B) The most important output of the committee is the marked up bill. C) Members of the committee usually serve as floor managers of the bill. D) Members of the committee act as cue-givers to whom other members turn for advice. E) none of the above

Which of these is NOT among the factors that tend to lead to the creation of a federal form of government in a country? A) large population B) diverse population C) large land area D) the existence of multiple religions E) industrialization

Which president was a political scientist? A) Ronald Reagan B) James Madison C) Richard Nixon D) Bill Clinton E) Woodrow Wilson

(T/F)(10) The voter turnout rate in the United States is one of the highest in the world.

(T/F)(44) The Connecticut Compromise gives more power to the House of Representatives.

(T/F)(44) The three-fifths compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved delegatesʹ differences over the issue of state representation.

(T/F)(52) Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution were known as Federalists.

(T/F)(54) The Bill of Rights had to be added to the Constitution before any states would ratify it.

(T/F)(55-57) Nearly every successful amendment to the Constitution has been proposed by a national convention.

(T/F)(56) Women were given the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1820.

(T/F)(58) Informal changes to the Constitution have been rare and ineffective.

(T/F)(61) The Constitution was intended to be static.

(T/F)(7) The revolutionary expansion of channels and Web sites anticipated in the near future is likely to enhance the political interest and involvement of young people.

(T/F)(21) The American creed includes laissez-faire.

(T/F)(21-22) Politicians who argue that ʺthe people should be put firstʺ are emphasizing populism.

(T/F)(24) The national government in the United States now spends approximately $2.8 trillion every year.

(T/F)(32) A Constitution is never neutral.

(T/F)(56) Amendments to the Constitution over the nationʹs history have expanded the American electorate by extending the right to vote to women, non-whites, and 18 year-olds, thus further democratizing our system of government.

(T/F)(58-59) The Constitution usually means what the Supreme Court says it means.

(T/F)(60) Technology has had the effect of diminishing the separation of the people from those who exercise power.

(T/F)(62) The Constitution created a Republic.

(T/F)(9) Public goods are things that everyone shares, such as clean air.

A 2002 survey of 1,149 journalists found that, compared to the general public, journalists were twice as likely to consider themselves A) Democrats. B) radicals. C) Republicans. D) conservatives. E) policy entrepreneurs.

According to Thomas Jefferson, which of the following is an inalienable right? (20) A) Liberty B) Taxes C) Justice D) Jurisprudence E) Incontinence

According to the text, Ronald Reaganʹs presidency was characterized by A) more concern and energy devoted to the presidentʹs media appearances than in any other administration. B) a number of spontaneous media appearances by the president designed to take advantage of his Hollywood experience. C) considerable animosity between the media and the administration. D) Reaganʹs frequent false statements which were later documented by reporters to be either errors or deliberate lies. E) attempts to avoid media appearances by the president.

At the center of all theories of elite domination of politics is (17) A) big business. B) the Congress. C) the nouveau riche. D) the Trilateral Commission. E) the president.

At the top of the political agenda during the period of the Articles of Confederation was (39) A) economic issues. B) social-equality issues. C) military issues. D) voting rights issues. E) slavery.

At the turn of the century, newspaper magnates Joseph and William Randolph Hearst ushered in the era of A) yellow journalism. B) nickel tabloids. C) newspaper chains. D) penny press. E) political advertising.

In 2004, the average sound bite of a presidential candidate shown talking on the nightly news averaged A) less than ten seconds. B) about thirty seconds. C) about two minutes. D) about ninety seconds. E) about a minute.

In a 2002 survey of 1,149 journalists, A) more were found to identify themselves as Democrats than as Republicans. B) a majority expressed no party preference whatsoever. C) they were about evenly split in their party preferences between Republicans and Democrats. D) more were found to identify themselves as Republicans than as Democrats. E) a large majority were found to be both ideologically neutral and have no preference for one party over the other.

John Locke believed that the ʺend of governmentʺ was (34-35) A) preservation of property. B) majority rule. C) equality of man. D) pursuit of happiness. E) ʺthe beginning of life.ʺ

Keeping the party operating between conventions is the job of the A) national committee. B) regional offices. C) elected officials. D) congressional leadership. E) majority or minority whip.

Most news organizations assign their best reporters to particular ________, which are specific locations where news frequently emanates. A) beats B) digs C) ʺtheatersʺ D) ʺlighthousesʺ E) chains

Most of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention regarded what as the greatest threat to government? (42) A) factions B) kings C) slaves D) foreign adversaries E) charismatic leaders

Newspaper magnates Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst tried to outdo one another in sensational reporting of wars, violence, corruption, and gossip around the turn of the twentieth century in what is now remembered as the era of A) yellow journalism. B) investigative journalism. C) tabloid journalism. D) scandalism. E) hyperjournalism.

One survey of journalists in 2002 found that ________ were Democrats. A) 37 percent B) 29 percent C) 60 percent D) 45 percent E) 85 percent

One survey of journalists in 2002 found that ________ were Republican. A) 19 percent B) 60 percent C) 54 percent D) 30 percent E) 44 percent

Populism emphasizes (21-22) A) the people. B) the elected officials. C) representative democracy. D) the meritocracy. E) prosperity.

Power in the major United States political parties is A) fragmented among local, state, and national party organizations. B) concentrated in the state parties, with national and local organizations playing only minor roles. C) hierarchically distributed from the national to local levels. D) centralized in national party organizations. E) concentrated in party machines at the local level.

The Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) asserted the power of the Court to (58-59) A) check the actions of the other branches through judicial review. B) nullify constitutional amendments. C) confirm presidential appointments. D) determine its own size and makeup. E) impeach the president.

The United States government under the Articles of Confederation can best be described as (38) A) weak and ineffective. B) overly prone to intervention in foreign affairs. C) overly bureaucratic. D) dictatorial. E) a personal tool of George Washington.

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans introduced at the Constitutional Convention differed mainly over whether (43) A) states should send equal numbers of representatives to Congress. B) there should be a president. C) the states or the national government should regulate interstate commerce. D) there should be a legislative branch at the national level. E) slavery should be permitted in the country.

The first true anti-slavery party was the A) Free Soil party. B) Anti-slavery party. C) Populist party. D) Progressive party. E) Republican party.

The first two weeks of the Constitutional Convention were spent debating (41) A) the nature of republican government. B) the economic structure of the new government. C) the terms of Britainʹs surrender. D) military issues and the need for a standing army. E) practical political issues.

Under the Articles of Confederation most governmental power rested in (37-38) A) the state governments. B) the national government. C) the president. D) the Congress. E) all of the above

Which of the following categories is the largest expenditure in the federal budget? (24) A) Social Security B) Medicaid C) environment D) national defense E) homeland security

Which of the following is TRUE about most third-party campaigns in American history? A) They almost never win office. B) They occasionally succeed. C) They usually become major political parties over time. D) They have been most successful at promoting party dealignment. E) They frequently are successful.

Who is the most likely to visit a candidateʹs web site? A) the candidateʹs supporters B) the candidateʹs detracters C) undecided voters D) unregistered citizens E) retired Americans

A party era begins, or is made more certain, with A) the defeat of an incumbent president. B) a critical election. C) the founding of a new major party. D) party competition. E) a congressional election.

According to the text, the diversity of political interests in America is resulting in (19) A) a decrease in political participation. B) policy gridlock. C) the breakdown of the educational system. D) an increase in political participation. E) a cultural renaissance.

American government is viewed most positively by the (16) A) socialist theory. B) pluralist theory. C) positivist philosophy. D) hyperpluralist theory. E) elite and class theory.

Andrew Jackson was the first president identified as a(n) A) Independent. B) Democrat. C) Republican. D) Democratic-Republican. E) Whig.

As technology has enabled the media to pass along information with greater speed, news coverage has become A) less biased. B) less complete. C) randomized. D) more biased. E) more complete.

Between the 1930s and the 1960s, people attracted to the Democratic party included A) Protestants and Jews. B) urban working classes and intellectuals. C) northerners and the rich. D) farmers and rural dwellers. E) the college-educated and business owners.

Compared to 1952, recent polls on party identification have shown that A) more people today identify themselves as Democrats. B) there are more independents than there are Democrats or Republicans. C) the percentage of Democrats has increased only slightly, while the percentage of Republicans has declined. D) both the percentages of both Democrats and Republicans in the country have increased. E) none of the above

During the 1992 election campaign, CBS News promised to ________, but then changed its policy when it proved to be unworkable. A) follow campaign ads with factual analysis B) reform the sound bite process C) ban coverage of polls D) float no trial balloons E) give equal time to each candidate on each news broadcast

During the American Revolution, Patrick Henry said (20) A) ʺWe fight for truth, justice, and the American way!ʺ B) ʺGive me liberty or give me death.ʺ C) ʺI regret that I have but one life to give for my country.ʺ D) ʺOur fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.ʺ E) ʺLive free or die.ʺ

Every political party depends upon what the text calls a ________ , meaning a set of individuals or groups supporting it. A) system of patronage B) coalition C) set of super delegates D) power base E) linkage institution

In 2000, Green party candidate Ralph Nader forced more attention on ________ issues and drew away a small percentage of votes from Al Gore. A) budgetary B) environmental C) health D) national security E) welfare

In John Lockeʹs philosophy, the requirements that standing laws be known and private property be preserved (34-35) A) are always threatened by democratic government. B) impose two major limits on government. C) are unenforceable when government is limited. D) must be sacrificed in the interest of democracy. E) could only be enforced by a powerful king.

In a famous, televised speech in 1952 to save his vice-presidential candidacy, ________ denied having received illegal gifts and payments, and declared that the family dog, Checkers, though a gift, would not be returned. A) John Sparkman B) Richard Nixon C) Lyndon Johnson D) Spiro Agnew E) Dwight Eisenhower

In a winner-take-all system, A) coalition governments are common. B) unless a party wins, there is no reward for the votes it gets. C) if no single party gets a majority vote, a runoff election is held between the top two parties. D) legislative seats are allocated according to each partyʹs percentage of the nationwide vote. E) the party winning the majority of the votes wins all the seats up for election in the legislature.

In the description of political parties as ʺthree-headed political giants,ʺ which of the following is NOT considered one of those three heads? A) the party-in-government B) the party-out-of-power C) the party-in-the-electorate D) the party as an organization E) none of the above

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published (14) A) A Theory of Democracy B) The Communist Manifesto C) The Federalist Papers. D) Poor Richardʹs Almanac. E) War and Peace.

National, state, and local governments in America spend almost ________ of the gross domestic product. (24) A) 3 percent B) 30 percent C) all D) 10 percent E) none

Over a third of Americaʹs wealth is owned by (16-17) A) the United States government. B) one percent of the population. C) a third of the population. D) seven percent of the population. E) Japanese investors.

Party machines in large cities relied primarily on ________ to reward friends and punish enemies. A) local judges B) patronage C) city police departments D) the civil service merit system E) third parties

Political issues (12) A) are always acted upon by the government. B) arise when people disagree about a problem or public policy choices made to combat a problem. C) are limited in number in the United States. D) usually emerge out of group consensus on a problem. E) all of the above

Political parties perform all of the following tasks EXCEPT A) pick policymakers and run campaigns. B) enforce rigid adherence to their policy positions. C) advocate public policies. D) coordinate policymaking. E) give cues to voters.

Purposely staged activities held in front of the media are called A) trial balloons. B) media events. C) political dramas. D) press conferences. E) news.

Reflecting the natural rights philosophy, the Declaration of Independence stated that governments derive their just powers from (35-36) A) God. B) the consent of the governed. C) tradition. D) their elected leaders. E) a Constitution.

Regarding the right to vote in national elections, the framers of the Constitution (44) A) required that all free, adult males with property worth at least $50 be allowed to vote. B) decided to leave it up to the individual states to determine voter qualifications in their own states. C) finally granted women the right to vote. D) included a requirement that all free, adult males be allowed to vote. E) provided that free men and women over the age of 20 be allowed to vote.

Since 1960, newspaper circulation has declined from one newspaper for every two adults to slightly more than one newspaper for every ________ adults. A) twenty B) four C) fifteen D) ten

Some scholars have suggested that a consequence of separation of powers and checks and balances has been (65) A) the inability of groups to get their grievances heard. B) fragmented policymaking processes. C) the tyranny of the majority. D) streamlined, but hasty, government decision making. E) political instability.

Television news programs are tailored to A) a highly educated audience. B) a fairly low level of audience sophistication. C) male audiences in their twenties and thirties with high disposable incomes. D) white middle-class America. E) an urban population.

The worst off of Americaʹs minority groups are

A) Native Americans.

Which of the following is TRUE of most conservatives in American politics?

A) They favor free market solutions to problems rather than looking to the government for regulating business.

Common Cause is an example of A) a public interest lobby. B) a subgovernment. C) interest group liberalism. D) a single-issue group. E) a for-profit lobby.

A) a public interest lobby.

Poll results can vary widely if

A) a question is altered, even slightly.

In general, liberal ideology supports

A) a strong central government that sets policies to promote equality.

Reapportionment

A) can dramatically shift political power between the regions.

The American Voter study on ideological sophistication among voters in the 1950s showed that a plurality of Americans were

A) group benefits voters.

The Constitution was ratified by (55) A) popular vote in each of the states. B) special conventions in each of the states. C) the electoral college. D) state representatives to the Constitutional Convention. E) the state legislatures.

The Constitutional Convention dealt with slavery by (44) A) prohibiting it only north of the Mason-Dixon line. B) recognizing it by providing for the return of escaped slaves. C) prohibiting it after twenty years. D) counting the slaves as a full part of the population for the purposes of representation in the House. E) emancipating slaves on the principle of equality.

Part of Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups is the argument that A) the larger the potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute. B) the larger the potential group, the more likely potential members are to contribute. C) potential group size does not have any measurable affect on the willingness of potential members to contribute. D) an actual group and a potential group are virtually the same when it comes to effectiveness. E) the smaller the group the less likely the potential members are to contribute.

A) the larger the potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute.

A ________ committee is one appointed for a limited, specific purpose, such as that set up to investigate the Watergate scandal. A) standing B) select C) conference D) joint E) special

A mid-term election is A) one in which the incumbent is running for reelection. B) a congressional election that is not accompanied by a presidential election. C) held every two years. D) a special election that may remove an official from office in the middle of the term. E) a presidential election that occurs during a session of Congress.

A pocket veto is the situation in which the president A) vetoes particular items in a spending bill. B) lets a bill die by neither signing nor vetoing it after Congress has adjourned. C) rejects a Congressional override. D) lets a bill become law by neither vetoing nor signing it. E) sends a law back to Congress with the reasons for rejecting it.

A single Political Action Committee A) has no limit on the amount of money it can spend on a candidate. B) can at most account for only a small percentage of a winnerʹs total spending. C) usually puts all its efforts into one candidate. D) can gain the most influence by giving money to candidates who disagree with them. E) can make or break a candidate in a particularly close congressional election.

A voter supporting a candidate based specifically on comparing the candidateʹs stances on the issues of abortion rights, health care, and government aid to education to the voterʹs own preferences on such issues is an example of A) retrospective voting. B) policy voting. C) civic duty. D) initiative. E) agenda setting.

Almost every policy the national government has adopted has originated with A) the Senate. B) the states. C) the House of Representatives. D) the Supreme Court. E) the president.

As the right to vote has been extended, A) voter turnout has increased proportionately. B) proportionately fewer of those eligible have chosen to vote. C) the number of candidates running for office has increased. D) voter turnout has actually remained about the same. E) the scope of American government has shrunk.

Campaigns strengthen voter commitment to the usual party or the candidate they previously supported by emphasizing ________ as part of their campaign strategy. A) conversion B) reinforcement C) activation D) persuasion E) direct mail

Enumerated powers are those that are A) reserved for the states. B) stated in the Constitution. C) implied in the Constitution. D) involving money matters. E) granted specifically to the president.

Highly educated individuals are more likely to vote because A) they are smarter. B) they see more policy differences between candidates. C) they have a lower sense of political efficacy. D) most of them are white males. E) they have more influence.

In cooperative federalism, A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres. B) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of government. C) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct. D) states are supreme over the national government. E) both A and B

In recent years, A) presidents have been less concerned about their appointment power. B) presidents have paid closer attention to appointing officials who will be responsive to the presidentʹs policies. C) presidents have paid less attention to agency rules and regulations. D) there has been a trend toward decentralized decision making in the White House. E) there has been a trend toward centralized decision making in the White House.

In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork and requirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ________ to support programs in areas like community development and social services. A) formula grants B) block grants C) project grants D) categorical grants E) computerized grant applications

In the Constitution, the powers to coin money, to enter into treaties, and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states were given to A) neither the individual states nor the national government. B) the national government. C) the individual states. D) the Senate only. E) both the individual states and the national government.

John F. Kennedyʹs ʺwheel-and-spokesʺ system of management was characterized by A) a hierarchical organization with a chief of staff at the top. B) many aides with equal status balanced against one another in the decision-making process. C) the presidentʹs involvement in every administrative detail. D) a closed, small network of computers that directly linked the president to his closest advisors through e-mail messages. E) a streamlined, fast-paced, and efficient decision-making style.

Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children are examples of A) categorical grants. B) formula grants. C) project grants. D) state grants. E) block grants.

On average, most of the money raised by a candidate for Congress comes from A) political parties. B) individual contributions. C) the candidateʹs own savings. D) Political Action Committees. E) loans.

Project grants A) have no strings attached. B) are awarded on the basis of competitive applications. C) are distributed according to a specific formula. D) are automatically given to states and communities. E) all of the above

Social Security programs, interest on the national debt, and military pensions are examples of A) tax expenditures. B) uncontrollable expenditures. C) revenue sources. D) tax loopholes. E) incremental expenditures.

Tax expenditures consist of A) the way taxes are spent by the federal government. B) tax exemptions, deductions, and exclusions. C) taxes paid by employers for social insurance programs. D) direct grants-in-aid to individuals by the government. E) the amount of deficit caused by revenue shortfalls.

The 1974 Federal Election Campaign Act A) placed legal limits on total campaign contributions. B) placed legal limits on presidential campaign spending. C) required private rather than public financing of primaries and elections. D) prohibited disclosure of campaign fund sources. E) all of the above

The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Interstate Highway System are all examples of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) triangulation. D) layer cake federalism. E) unitary federalism

The United States Senate has ________ members. A) 50 B) 100 C) 435 D) 438 E) 535

The ________ is responsible for supervising preparation of the federal budget and advising the president on budgetary matters. A) Treasury Department B) Office of Management and Budget C) Senate Finance Committee D) General Accounting Office E) Bureau of the Budget

The budget cycle begins in the executive branch ________ months before the fiscal year begins. A) 11 B) 19 C) three D) seven E) 24 or more

The election of 1896 left a legacy of a political alignment that endured for several decades, wherein A) the Democrats won the more populous Northeast and Midwest, and the Republicans won in the South and West. B) the Democrats won the South and West, while the Republicans won in the more populous Northeast and Midwest. C) the Democrats won the Midwest and the South, while the Republicans won in the Northeast and West. D) the Democrats won in the Northeast and West, while the Republicans won in the Northeast and South. E) the Republicans swept the South, and the Democrats won in all other regions.

The fastest growing source of federal revenue has been A) fees for services. B) Social Security taxes. C) personal income taxes. D) borrowing. E) corporate income taxes.

The federal debt in the United States A) is the difference between federal government revenues and expenditures in a given year. B) has increased due to the budget deficit caused by the difference between revenues and expenditures. C) was eliminated due to George W. Bushʹs efforts to balance the budget. D) consists of the interest that government must pay on the budget deficit. E) is just under $1,000,000,000.

The filibuster is a technique used in the A) House to delay legislation until a full House can convene. B) Senate to prolong debate in order to kill a bill. C) Senate to bypass committees in voting on controversial issues. D) House to allow more time to debate controversial policies. E) House and Senate to prevent a vote on a bill.

The first peaceful transfer of power between parties via the electoral process in the history of the world occurred as a result of the presidential election of A) 1796. B) 1800. C) 1860. D) 1896. E) 1789.

The founding fathers envisioned a presidency that would A) be better organized than todayʹs presidency. B) have fewer responsibilities than todayʹs presidency. C) have greater control over the Congress than todayʹs presidency. D) have greater powers than todayʹs presidency. E) clearly be the dominant branch of government.

The proportion of the United States gross national product spent by state and local governments has ________ since 1929. A) increased at a much faster rate compared to the national government B) increased, but not nearly as fast as the national governmentʹs C) dropped considerably D) remained steady E) dropped slightly

The purchasing of military hardware is known as A) regalia. B) procurement. C) requisitioning. D) appropriations. E) mobilization.

The workings of the federal system are sometimes called A) internal relations. B) intergovernmental relations. C) intrastate relations. D) interstate relations. E) international relations.

Those largely indifferent to the results of an election, but who decide to vote anyway to show support for democratic government are called ________ voters. A) guilt-driven B) civic-duty C) regime-maintenance D) patriotic disaffected E) disaffected

When constituency opinion and the presidentʹs proposals conflict, members of Congress are more likely to A) vote with the president. B) vote with their constituents. C) seek an electronic vote rather than a voice vote. D) not vote. E) vote according to their own ideology.

Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of the Internal Revenue Service? A) investigating and prosecuting thousands of errant taxpayers or nonpayers of federal taxes B) establishing the annual tax rates that Americans of different incomes must pay C) auditing more than one million taxpayers annually D) collecting the federal income tax E) All of these are the IRSʹs responsibilities.

Which of the following is not a feature of incremental budgeting? A) Most of the debate and attention are focused on the proposed increment. B) Agencies must justify their entire budget request. C) Very little attention is focused on the budgetary base. D) The budget for any given agency tends to grow by a little bit every year.

Which of the following offices is responsible for making economic projections about the performance of the economy, the costs of proposed policies, and the economic effects of taxing and spending alternatives? A) Congressional Research Service B) Congressional Budget Office C) General Accounting Office D) Ways and Means Committee E) Federal Reserve

Which of the following statements about President Reaganʹs 1981 tax cut is FALSE? A) Taxes were indexed to the cost of living. B) Corporate taxes were increased. C) Federal taxes were reduced by 25 percent. D) It provided new tax incentives for personal saving and investment. E) none of the above

In public opinion polling, a sample as small as about ________ people can faithfully represent the ʺuniverseʺ of Americans.

B) 1,500

The first census in the United States was conducted in

B) 1790.

The ________, offered as a proposal at the Constitutional Convention, called for each state to be equally represented in Congress. (43) A) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) B) New Jersey Plan C) Connecticut Compromise D) three-fifths compromise E) Virginia Plan

The day-to-day activities of the national party are the responsibility of the A) congressional party leaders. B) national chairperson. C) president. D) national committee. E) national convention.

All people who might be group members because they share some common interest make up A) an actual group. B) a potential group. C) a collective group. D) an interest group. E) a probable group.

B) a potential group.

Elitist views of interest groups emphasize that A) groups are essentially equal in their power and thus cancel each othersʹ influence on policymakers. B) a system of interlocking directorates reinforces the power of the few dominant groups. C) group competition weakens the ability of any one group to dominate. D) because there are so many groups, their effect on policy is insignificant. E) the leaders of powerful interest groups tend to think they are superior to the average citizen and thus they demand special privileges from government not accorded the rest of society in order to maintain themselves as a privileged elite.

B) a system of interlocking directorates reinforces the power of the few dominant groups.

Civil disobedience necessarily involves

B) consciously breaking a law thought to be unjust.

President Ronald Reagan argued that

B) government was not the answer to the nationʹs problems, government was the problem.

Three basic strategies employed by interest groups are all of the following EXCEPT A) lobbying. B) implementation. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) going public.

B) implementation.

Critics of polling think

B) it makes politicians more concerned with following than leading.

Following the 1964 election,

B) public trust in government dropped significantly.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic interest group strategies in America? A) lobbying B) running candidates for office C) litigation D) electioneering E) implementation

B) running candidates for office

The level of confidence about a public opinion poll is referred to as

B) sampling error.

Technological improvements in communication have caused interest groups to A) consolidate. B) sharply increase in number. C) sharply decline in number. D) move out of Washington, D.C. E) form broad coalitions to expand their clout.

B) sharply increase in number.

The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment showed that (56-57) A) Congress was unwilling to support a measure opposed by a strong minority of the public. B) a national majority in favor of an amendment is not sufficient to add it to the Constitution. C) most states did not want to grant constitutional equality to women. D) we are a democracy, and majority opinion prevails. E) men are pigs, still unwilling to grant women equal rights.

The first televised ________ occurred during the 1960 presidential campaign. A) election returns B) presidential debate C) national political convention D) political commercial E) presidential press conference

The impact of TV news is that it A) familiarizes the public with issues through its emphasis on headline reading. B) alters the priorities Americans attach to a circumscribed set of problems. C) influences the governmental agenda because policymakers and policy entrepreneurs depend on it. D) has little influence on the public agenda because most viewers are less educated. E) all of the above

The largest segment of an American political party is described as A) the party-out-of-power. B) the party-in-the-electorate. C) the party-in-government. D) the party volunteers. E) the party organization.

The list of problems to which political leaders are paying serious attention is a(n) (11-12) a. problem set b. policy agenda c. issue constellation d. legislative package e. none of the above

A Senate seat is up for election every A) two years. B) four years. C) six years. D) eight years. E) five years.

The policymaking institutions of the American national government include all of the following EXCEPT (12-13) a. The presidency b. Political parties c. Congress d. The Senate e. The Supreme Court

A major reason cited for Americaʹs level of voter turnout compared to other industrialized countries is A) bad weather in certain parts of the United States on election day. B) greater interest in democracy in the United States. C) registration is more cumbersome in the United States. D) registration is more cumbersome in other nations. E) Americansʹ high sense of political efficacy.

The primary goal of the American Revolution was to (37) A) establish a new political system. B) restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs as British subjects. C) create a new economic order. D) institutionalize new social values based on equality. E) establish property rights.

After each federal census, A) the office of the Speaker of the House changes hands. B) the size of Congress increases. C) the membership of the House is reapportioned D) the Senate reapportions its membership. E) all of the above

All of the following may increase the likelihood that an incumbent is defeated EXCEPT A) national political ʺtidal waves.ʺ B) redistricting. C) campaign funding. D) scandals. E) a strong challenger.

Americaʹs ________ society makes it more sensible to have Social Security administered on a national rather than a state-by-state basis. A) electronic B) free enterprise C) mobile D) multi-ethnic E) aging

Among recent presidents, the average approval ratings in the public opinion polls have been A) higher at the end of the presidentʹs term than at the beginning. B) over 75 percent. C) higher at the beginning of the presidentʹs term than at the end. D) below 40 percent. E) slowly rising over the course of a presidentʹs term(s).

Among the presidentʹs constitutional powers as a maker of foreign policy is the power to A) ratify peace treaties. B) appropriate foreign-aid funds. C) extend diplomatic recognition to foreign governments. D) declare war. E) all of the above

As provided in the Constitution, how are electoral votes allocated for each state? A) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in the House of Representatives. B) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in both the House and the Senate. C) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members in the Senate. D) Each state is proportioned to their population, with all states having at least one vote. E) Each state casts two electoral votes.

Beginning in 1985, federal income taxes were ________ to the cost of living, so that government no longer got a larger percentage when inflation pushed incomes into higher brackets while the tax rates stayed the same. A) raised B) added C) indexed D) lowered E) flat-rated

By custom, the vice-presidential nominee is chosen A) through a competitive wide open roll-call vote on the final day. B) on the basis of the second largest number of delegates. C) on the basis of the presidential nomineeʹs recommendation. D) by the electoral college. E) by the platform committee.

Californiaʹs Proposition 209, which intended to end affirmative action programs in the state, is an example of A) a direct primary. B) an indirect primary. C) an initiative. D) a referendum. E) a voter override.

Campaigns are most effective in A) getting people to contribute time and money. B) converting voters from one candidate to another. C) reinforcing existing preferences toward candidates. D) educating people on the issues. E) shaping how the media will portray a candidate to the public.

Compared to most other democratic systems, nominations and campaigns in the United States A) require less commitment of time on the part of the candidate. B) are decided more by party bosses than the general public. C) tend to be more open. D) tend to be shorter. E) involve less money.

Congress attempts to bind itself to a total expenditure level that should form the bottom line of all federal spending for all programs by passing A) a zero-based binding resolution. B) a budget reconciliation. C) a budget resolution. D) an appropriations bill. E) an authorization bill.

Electoral mandates A) are the procedures used by the electoral college to tally the presidential electoral votes. B) occur most often in mid-term elections. C) consist of the perception that the voters strongly support the winnerʹs positions. D) are the constitutional requirements that federal elections be held on the second Tuesday of November of even numbered years. E) have no real effect on how Congress supports the president.

Electors in the electoral college meet in their states in December (following the November general election) to officially cast their ballots, then mail their votes to A) the House of Representatives. B) the president. C) the vice president. D) the Supreme Court. E) the Federal Election Commission.

Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficult funding problems for A) Congress. B) federal taxpayers. C) state and local governments. D) foreign governments. E) the recipient of the service or program.

Impeachment is roughly the political equivalent of a(n) A) exoneration. B) admission of guilt. C) indictment in criminal law. D) guilty verdict. E) firing.

In 1965, ________ was added to the Social Security program to provide hospital and physician coverage to the elderly. A) Medplan B) Healthmark C) Medicare D) Medicaid E) disability

The watchdog orientation of the press helps to A) increase confidence in government. B) restrict politicians. C) de-emphasize individualism. D) educate the mass public. E) assist politicians in leading the mass public.

The ʺparty-in-governmentʺ refers to A) registered party voters who hold civil service jobs in the government and are influencing policy. B) winning candidates who become the main spokespersons for the party that nominated them. C) coalitions of interests and ideologies that support a partyʹs candidates. D) party workers who hold patronage jobs in the government and can influence policy. E) party members who perpetuate the party, make its rules, and keep it running.

Thomas Patterson found that media coverage of presidential candidates changed from a descriptive framework to a(n) A) evaluative framework. B) analytical framework. C) empirical framework. D) uniform framework. E) normative framework

In contrast to the Democratic Congress of recent decades, the new Republican majority in Congress is passing more federal aid in the form of A) revenue sharing. B) categorical grants. C) block grants. D) tax credits. E) tax expenditures.

In its McCulloch v. Maryland decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of A) judicial restraint. B) judicial review. C) the supremacy of the national government over the states. D) the supremacy of the states over the national government. E) Maryland in a dispute with the national government.

In most advanced industrialized countries, national campaigns A) are even less dignified than in the United States. B) occur once every four years. C) are limited by law to no more than two months. D) are longer than American elections. E) occur only once every seven years.

In order to impeach a president, it takes A) a unanimous vote of the Supreme Court. B) a two-thirds vote in the Senate. C) a majority vote in the House of Representatives. D) a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. E) a majority vote in the Senate.

Todayʹs news people work in an environment of ________ toward government. A) friendship B) cynicism C) hostility D) trust E) acceptance

Under the Articles of Confederation, power in the states began to shift to the hands of (38-39) A) merchants and lawyers. B) middle-class farmers and craft workers. C) governors. D) low-income landowners. E) new industrialists.

In terms of religion, most members of Congress are A) Catholic. B) Jewish. C) Protestant. D) born-again Christians. E) atheists.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of statesʹ rights was usually made by those opposing the national governmentʹs efforts in the area of A) the Vietnam War. B) abortion rights. C) civil rights for African Americans. D) the interstate highway system. E) the Korean War.

In the United States showdown with Saddam Hussein in January 1991, A) Congress declared war on Iraq. B) Congress voted against using force against Iraq, but President Bush used force anyway. C) Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use military force against Iraq. D) after granting President Bush a thirty-day extension, Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution and effectively placed a ninety-day limit on combat. E) Congress did not vote on declaring war or authorizing military force, preferring to let the president act alone.

Most members of Congress would be considered A) trustees. B) instructed delegates. C) politicos. D) ambassadors. E) attentive leaders.

Most political coverage by the media during a presidential campaign A) is the result of successful manipulation by the campaigns. B) focuses on the substance of the key issues voters care about, and how the candidates stand on them. C) deals with the campaign game: whoʹs ahead in the polls, what candidate Xʹs new strategy will be, and speculation. D) is analysis of the interest groups and campaign contributors who are backing each candidate, and why they are backing them. E) deals with the candidatesʹ personal character flaws and family.

Nebraskaʹs legislature is the only one in the United States that is NOT A) elected by the voters. B) unicameral. C) bicameral. D) tricameral. E) under term limits.

One recently controversial application of the ʺfull faith and creditʺ provision of the Constitution is for A) extradition. B) birth certificates. C) same gender marriages. D) bigamy. E) abortion

Only ________ can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration. A) members of the House B) senators C) members of the House or senators D) the president E) the Speaker of the House

PAC is an acronym for A) the Partisan Activities Commission. B) political access conveyance. C) political action committee. D) power-as-cash. E) positive action campaign.

PACs are A) committees formed to lobby government officials in behalf of their interests. B) state commissions organized to reform campaign financing practices. C) committees organized by interest groups to channel money to parties and candidates. D) subcommittees of the FEC. E) groups organized by political activists to increase voter participation.

Party loyalty at the voting booth is A) stronger than it was a generation ago. B) no longer a good indication of voting behavior. C) still a good predictor of voting behavior. D) almost nonexistent today. E) greater among Democrats than among Republicans.

Party outsiders have ________ getting elected in the United States than in other countries. A) about the same chance of B) no chance of C) a much easier time D) a somewhat more difficult time E) a much less likely chance of

Presidential press conferences A) give the president a chance to be spontaneous. B) have not been used since the Nixon administration. C) are not very useful means of eliciting information. D) are required by the Constitution without saying how often. E) are small, intimate meetings with the president.

Proponents of a national primary argue that it would do each of the following EXCEPT A) bring directness and simplicity to the nomination process. B) no longer allow votes in one state to have more political impact than votes in another. C) lengthen the time of the campaign. D) concentrate media coverage and increase interest and understanding. E) increase interest in more states.

Providing select information and a request for money to lists of people who have supported candidates of similar views in the past is a frequently used political technique known as A) soft money. B) conversion. C) direct mail. D) fundraising. E) caucusing.

Research has shown that the cost of American election campaigns is A) high compared to other countries. B) decreasing when the rising cost of living is taken into account. C) per person, about the same as a DVD movie. D) only about 25 cents per voter. E) a national scandal.

Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from A) cooperative to dual federalism. B) state domination to national domination. C) dual to cooperative federalism. D) a unitary to a federal system. E) a federal system to a unitary one.

Some believe the War Powers Resolution could be successfully overturned by the Supreme Court because it A) was vetoed by President Nixon. B) was not ratified within the constitutionally mandated seven-year period. C) uses a legislative veto, which may violate the separation of powers. D) interferes with the presidentʹs power to declare war. E) was really aimed at the Vietnam War only.

Some prefer the concept of legislators as ________, mirroring the preferences of their constituents. A) trustees B) politicos C) instructed delegates D) uninstructed delegates E) pollsters

The Office of Management and Budget, the National Security Council, and the Council of Economic Advisors are A) members of the White House staff. B) advisory bodies of the Department of State. C) policymaking bodies of the Executive Office of the President. D) part of the presidentʹs cabinet. E) the key liaison agencies between the president and Congress.

The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden A) defined the meaning of the elastic clause. B) settled the contested presidential election of 1824. C) defined commerce as virtually every form of commercial activity. D) established the principle of implied powers. E) established the supremacy of the national government.

The Supreme Court case of Printz v. United States A) enhanced the powers of Congress by expanding its interpretation of commerce. B) denied Congress the power of regulating guns in school zones. C) voided the congressional mandate in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requiring local community officials to conduct background checks on prospective gun purchasers. D) affirmed the provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. E) none of the above

Which of the following is FALSE about the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? (37) A) Each state had only one vote in Congress. B) Most authority rested with the United States Congress rather than the state governments. C) The Congress had only one house. D) There was no president. E) All of these are false.

The electoral college was originally established in order to A) provide direct election of the president by the people, although its operation has had the opposite effect. B) merely certify the results of the peopleʹs choice for president and vice president. C) give the nationʹs elite the power to choose the president and vice president rather than the people directly. D) insure high voter turnouts in elections throughout the country. E) give legitimacy to the presidency, which was regarded suspiciously by most people as another potential monarchy.

The federal budget consumes ________ of Americaʹs gross domestic product. A) 20 percent B) 30 percent C) 50 percent D) 25 percent E) 12 percent

The initiative is put on the ballot as a result of A) the governorʹs order. B) a Supreme Court ruling. C) a petition signed by a certain percentage of the voters in the previous election. D) public opinion polls showing strong support for a certain measure not acted upon by the legislature. E) a special, legally constituted convention voting to place it there.

The main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities is A) judicial decisions. B) politics. C) grants-in-aid. D) mandates. E) revenue sharing.

The main type of federal aid to state and local governments is in the form of A) block grants. B) formula grants. C) categorical grants. D) project grants E) revenue sharing.

The real differences between the House and the Senate lie in their A) ideology. B) membersʹ characteristics. C) organization and centralization of power. D) role in policy. E) power relative to each other.

The scandal surrounding Richard Nixonʹs administration that led to impeachment hearings was known as A) Iran-Contra. B) the Camp David Affair. C) Watergate. D) Checkers. E) Teapot Dome.

The specific goal of the presidential nomination game is to A) win the majority of votes cast in presidential primaries. B) win the majority of votes cast in presidential caucuses. C) win the majority of delegate votes in order to win the party nomination. D) win a majority of votes in the electoral college. E) beat the other partyʹs candidate in the general election.

The supremacy clause of the Constitution states that all of the following are the supreme law of the land, EXCEPT A) laws of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). B) the United States Constitution. C) state constitutions. D) treaties of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). E) both C and D

Which of the following takes the most positive view of democracy in the United States? (16) A) democratic centralism B) pluralist theory C) hyperpluralism D) democratic positivism E) elite theory

Which of the following would NOT be considered a contemporary challenge to American democracy? (18-19) A) complexity of the issues B) the threat of communism C) the use of money in politics D) political participation rates E) diversity

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson A) were the first presidents to exercise power beyond the specific powers granted to the president in the Constitution. B) developed the role of the president as manager of the economy. C) set a precedent for presidents to serve as world leaders. D) were the only two presidents to ever have their actions declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E) were among the least effective presidents.

To actually fund a program, Congress must pass an ________ bill. A) authorization B) expenditure C) appropriations D) omnibus E) impoundment

To be the presidential candidate of a major political party, a person must A) win a majority of party primaries in the states. B) first be nominated by the electoral college. C) win a majority of the delegates at the partyʹs national convention. D) win a majority of the delegates elected from state caucuses. E) have the endorsement of incumbent party leaders.

To cut off debate and end a filibuster is known as A) franking. B) coattails. C) cloture. D) overriding. E) hushing.

Today, a majority of the delegates to the national convention are selected through A) state party conventions. B) party caucuses. C) presidential primaries. D) local party conventions. E) state legislatures.

Voter registration procedures were adopted around the turn of the century as a means to A) prevent African Americans from voting. B) increase voter participation. C) prevent corruption associated with stuffing ballot boxes. D) increase the number of potential voters. E) establish minimum voting qualifications, such as passing the Political Literacy Test or a civic education course.

Voter registration was begun around the turn of the twentieth century A) to encourage voting through advance notice. B) by party bosses to discourage people from voting. C) to make elections more ethical. D) to allow for the secret ballot. E) to discourage patronage.

When a president vetoes congressional legislation, A) Congress must form a joint committee to address the presidentʹs complaints. B) the Supreme Court determines whether the law will take effect. C) Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses. D) there is nothing Congress can do about it. E) one house of Congress can override the veto if it votes to do so with a two-thirds vote.

When members of Congress hold a hearing to question a cabinet member on how a law is being carried out, they are engaging in A) agenda-setting. B) filibustering. C) legislative oversight. D) casework. E) congressional administration.

Which of the following did the Federal Election Campaign Act NOT do? A) require disclosure of campaign contributions by all candidates for federal offices B) provide public financing for the presidential nominees of both major parties C) provide public financing of House and Senate races D) limit presidential campaign spending E) provide public financing of Senate races

A study by Shanto Iyengar and Donald Kinder suggested that television news can A) conceal problems that actually exist. B) make something out of nothing. C) influence the criteria by which the public evaluates political leaders. D) affect how people vote. E) produce a hypnotic effect that makes viewers vulnerable to subtle, subconscious messages.

Which of the following statements about voter participation is FALSE? A) As people age, their likelihood of voting increases. B) Minority groups with high levels of income and education have a higher turnout rate than whites with comparable status. C) Men are more likely to vote than women. D) Individuals who have lived at the same address longer are more likely to vote than those who have moved. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) About 5 percent of registered voters typically show up for caucuses. B) About 50 percent of the population votes in the November presidential election. C) Voters in primaries and caucuses tend to be representative of voters at large. D) About 20 percent of the population votes in presidential primaries. E) More people vote in primaries than attend caucuses.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Unlike the United States, the governments of most democracies take the responsibility of seeing to it that all of their eligible citizens are on the voting lists. B) American government asks citizens to vote far more often than most democracies. C) Americans are expected to vote for a much narrower range of political offices than most democracies. D) The choice offered Americans at elections is not as great as in other democracies. E) none of the above

Which of the following was NOT a provision of President Reaganʹs 1985 tax simplification program? A) It removed several million low-income individuals from the tax rolls. B) It eliminated or reduced the value of many tax deductions. C) It increased the number of tax expenditures available to businesses. D) It reduced the number of tax brackets to two. E) none of the above

Approximately ________ of presidential campaign spending is for TV ads. A) 40 percent B) 20 percent C) 60 percent D) 80 percent E) 90 percent

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the Democratic party adding superdelegates to its national nominating conventions? A) the sense that party insiders and elected officials would be more likely to support the most electable candidate B) the need for establishing a ʺpeer reviewʺ to the process, with input from politicians who often know the candidates best C) the insistence of the McGovern-Fraser Commission to have superdelegates play a major veto-like role D) the feeling that earlier reforms had given too little say to the partyʹs state and national leaders, with disastrous election results E) none of the above

With the advent of television, A) presidential caucuses were replaced by primaries. B) television coverage of conventions increased steadily. C) multiballot conventions died. D) conventions became shorter. E) All of these occurred.

Approximately what percent of African Americans live below the poverty line?

C) 25

________ is a communication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a government decision maker, particularly in the legislative and executive branch, with the hope of influencing his or her decision. A) Electioneering B) An amicus curiae brief C) Lobbying D) Litigation E) Campaigning

C) Lobbying

The least-healthy, the poorest, and the least-educated group in the American mosaic are the

C) Native-American Indians.

The authors of The American Voter would agree with each of the following statements EXCEPT

C) People who think in ideological terms are most likely to switch parties from one election to the next.

Unlike Hispanics who have come to America to escape poverty, the recent influx of Asians has been driven by

C) a new class of professionals looking for greater opportunity.

Single-issue group politics has been especially emotional over the issue of A) consumerism. B) equality. C) abortion. D) foreign policy. E) affirmative action.

C) abortion.

African Americans comprise what proportion of the American population?

C) about 12 percent

A pluralistic interpretation of interest group politics would maintain that A) all groups are subject to corrupt practices and tactics involving violence. B) the degree of organization of a group has no effect on its ability to influence policy. C) all legitimate groups can affect public policy by means of one political resource or another. D) when groups compete the public interest is not served. E) the overemphasis on groups in America has submerged the value of the individual and lead to government policies that suppress individual interests.

C) all legitimate groups can affect public policy by means of one political resource or another.

Economic groups A) are those which require individuals to pay dues to be members. B) consist only of corporations, rather than individuals, as members. C) are those groups interested in wages, prices, and profits. D) lobby on behalf of all consumers. E) are those groups that provide information to Congress.

C) are those groups interested in wages, prices, and profits.

An example of a collective good is A) food. B) employment. C) clean air. D) housing. E) all of the above

C) clean air.

Amicus curiae briefs A) are written explanations of a court decision. B) are lawsuits submitted by interest groups. C) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. D) enable groups of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. E) are legal arguments submitted by the presidentʹs attorneys advocating the United States governmentʹs position in an important federal court case.

C) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.

The ________ theorists argue that the power of the few is fortified by an extensive system of interlocking directorates, and that wealthy corporations prevail when it comes to major decisions by government. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) pyramid

C) elitist

Class action lawsuits A) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. B) consist of lawsuits brought to the courts by one particular social class in society. C) enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. D) enable organized interests groups to sue the federal government over a particular issue. E) ask a court to take action against a particular group to stop them from injuring another group financially.

C) enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major elements of the subgovernment system at the national level? A) interest group B) congressional committee C) federal court D) federal agency E) bureaucrats

C) federal court

Literally, amicus curiae means A) legal opinion. B) legal argument. C) friend of the court. D) curious observer. E) let the decision stand.

C) friend of the court.

As one becomes more socialized with age, oneʹs political orientations

C) grow firmer.

The American Voter study on ideological sophistication among voters in the 1950s showed that only a small percentage of Americans

C) had a coherent political ideology.

Business PACs A) have so far been associated only with multinational corporations. B) are the most visible of Washington lobbies. C) have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs. D) have not been as effective as labor and consumer PACs. E) contribute more to Democrats than to Republicans.

C) have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs.

Sampling error describes

C) how close a sample estimate is to the real population value.

The idea that too many groups are getting too much of what they want is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) proliferation theory.

C) hyperpluralist theory.

Political action committee (PAC) money goes overwhelmingly to A) Independents. B) challengers. C) incumbents. D) Democrats. E) Republicans.

C) incumbents.

One of the major inducements of the American interest group system is that it A) provides too much representation. B) distracts government officials. C) is biased toward the wealthy. D) stifles the expression of new interests. E) is dominated by single-issue groups.

C) is biased toward the wealthy.

Civil disobedience

C) is intentionally violating a law believed to be unjust in order to bring about change.

According to Robert Salisbury, the increase in lobbying activity has resulted in A) greater clout for business and industry groups. B) less democracy. C) less clout overall for interest groups. D) government by minority interests. E) elitist policymaking.

C) less clout overall for interest groups.

According to Mancur Olson, small interest groups generally are ________ compared to all other groups. A) insignificant B) incoherent C) less focused D) more effective E) more democratic

C) less focused

According to the text, lobbying works best A) with people who are undecided about a policy. B) when large amounts of money are involved. C) on people already committed to the lobbyistʹs policy position. D) when the lobbyist uses pressure tactics. E) when the lobbyist starts crying and pleading.

C) on people already committed to the lobbyistʹs policy position.

If the exact same methods are used to update the analysis of The American Voter study, one finds

C) only some increase in the percentage of ideologues in 1988 compared to 1956.

According to ________ theorists, interest groups compete and counterbalance one another in the political marketplace. A) elitist B) hyperelitist C) pluralist D) hyperpluralist E) free market

C) pluralist

The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations, including his or her knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his or her political world, is known as

C) political socialization.

All subgovernments have the same goal A) protecting the public interest. B) attacking the government head-on. C) protecting their self-interest. D) electing the most qualified people to office. E) to join the main government.

C) protecting their self-interest.

Demographic changes in the United States population could translate to political consequences through the process of

C) reapportionment.

The union shop A) outlaws union membership as a condition of employment. B) offers low-cost consumer goods to union members. C) requires new employees to join the union representing them. D) is supported by business groups. E) is a business owned by a union, has a tax-exempt status, and is not allowed to collect profits.

C) requires new employees to join the union representing them.

The union shop A) serves as the headquarters of an organized labor group. B) sells only goods made by laborers affiliated with a union. C) requires that all employees in a unionized business join the union. D) is a retail store whose employees are unionized. E) both B and D

C) requires that all employees in a unionized business join the union.

A ʺcollective goodʺ refers to A) goods and services that are publicly owned. B) benefits that accrue to the group that sought them. C) something of value that benefits both the actual and potential members of a group. D) a public policy that is in the public interest. E) goods and services collected for the needy.

C) something of value that benefits both the actual and potential members of a group.

The case involving Eli Lilly and Company illustrates how A) little influence special interests actually have on Congress. B) special interests can still bribe members of Congress. C) special interestsʹ campaign contributions can influence congressional action. D) Congress can regulate the activities of special interests. E) the increasing importance of multinational corporations.

C) special interestsʹ campaign contributions can influence congressional action.

The term gender gap refers to

C) stable pattern where women tend to be more likely than men to vote Democratic.

Interest group liberalism is promoted by A) ideologically liberal interest groups and not conservative groups. B) one group winning and another losing in the competition for government action or funding. C) subgovernments. D) hyperpluralists. E) all of the above

C) subgovernments.

According to Mancur Olson, A) large groups are the most effective groups B) the bigger the group, the smaller the free-rider problem. C) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. D) the larger the group, the more effective it is in influencing public policies. E) the key to group power is to form broad coalitions with other groups, making themselves nearly invincible.

C) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good.

According to many observers, ʺthe new parentʺ in the socialization process has become

C) the mass media.

An issue that became controversial regarding the 1990 census was

C) the undercount of minority groups.

A myth about members of Congress is that they A) generally are educated and come from high-status occupations. B) tend to develop policy specialties. C) are especially effective in carrying out their constituent service. D) are overpaid, underworked, corrupt, and ineffective. E) are overwhelmingly male.

A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on the grounds that A) overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment. B) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government. C) it has no right to charter a national bank. D) the federal government isnʹt preventing illegal immigration into their states. E) the Federal Reserve Board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state borrowing costs.

A referendum is an election A) in which citizens can propose their own legislation. B) for judicial offices. C) for choosing party nominees for state offices. D) whereby voters are given the chance to approve or disapprove some legislative act or constitutional amendment. E) to determine whether to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.

According to the Constitution, all federal appropriations must be authorized by A) the General Accounting Office. B) the Office of Management and Budget. C) the president. D) Congress. E) the secretary of the treasury.

At the time of the constitutional convention, slavery (44) A) existed only in Georgia and the Carolinas. B) was permitted in all thirteen states. C) was illegal only in Massachusetts. D) was prohibited north of the Mason-Dixon line. E) was prohibited by the Connecticut Compromise, which was never put into effect.

Cable News Network (CNN) A) has taken the place of the three major networks as Americansʹ primary source for news. B) specializes in after-the-fact news summaries and in-depth analysis. C) has brought television into a new era of bringing the news to people and political leaders as it happens. D) is a government-owned news agency that specializes in international news. E) has had more effect on the mass public than it has had on political elites.

Critics of the ʺminimal effects hypothesisʺ about the mediaʹs effect on public opinion point to the mediaʹs role in A) how voters cast their ballots. B) concealing problems that exist by ignoring them. C) shaping what priority Americans attach to problems. D) whether people choose to vote. E) mobilizing voter turnout.

During the first Persian Gulf War, reporters A) had very free movement but only limited access to accurate military information on a timely basis. B) were barred from covering the war or speculating about it from the time the air strikes began until the entire war was over. C) were denied freedom of movement and had only limited access to accurate military information on a timely basis. D) were frequently captured by Iraqi troops and sentenced to long jail sentences for reporting information unfavorable to the Iraqi government. E) had very free movement, and access to accurate military information almost immediately.

Each party holds a national convention every A) six years. B) year. C) four years. D) five years. E) two years.

Governments in the modern world, whether democratic or not, are similar in doing all of the following EXCEPT (9-10) a. Maintaining a national defense b. Providing public services c. Protecting citizens' civil liberties d. Providing public goods e. Collecting taxes

An example of a tax expenditure is A) a lower tax rate for lower income families. B) direct government support of a charity. C) the social security system. D) a tax deduction for the mortgage interest paid by homeowners. E) the purchase of a Stealth Bomber by the Pentagon.

An example of incremental budgeting is A) reviewing an agencyʹs budget to establish a lower base. B) Carterʹs zero-based budgeting. C) reducing an agencyʹs budget a little each year. D) giving an agency a little more than it had last year. E) breaking a budget into its component parts and reviewing each part individually.

Appointed to the vice presidency in 1973 due to a vacancy, he was the only one to become president having run for neither the presidency or vice presidency in the preceding election. A) Lyndon Johnson B) Nelson Rockefeller C) Ronald Reagan D) Gerald Ford E) Jimmy Carter

Before the president submits her budget to Congress, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) coordinates the requests of A) the governors. B) individual legislators. C) the subject matter committees of Congress. D) executive agencies. E) interest groups.

By 1990, the Social Security system was financed by a payroll tax of A) 2 percent. B) 5 percent. C) 7.5 percent. D) over 15 percent. E) 10 percent.

Caucuses in Congress A) press committees to hold hearings. B) push their preferred legislation. C) mobilize votes for favored legislation. D) all of the above E) none of the above

Changes in presidential approval levels appear to be due primarily to A) the presidentʹs personality. B) how the media treat the president. C) the financial elitesʹ responses to presidential policies. D) the publicʹs evaluation of how the president is handling policy areas. E) how the presidentʹs policies affect people individually.

Compared to other countries, the United States holds ________ elections for various offices. A) far fewer B) somewhat fewer C) about the same number of D) more E) twice as many

Critics of a national primary argue that A) the campaign would be lengthened. B) obscure candidates would receive too much of an advantage. C) the media would have little impact. D) no candidate would receive a majority, thus a run-off election would be needed. E) All of these could happen.

Critics of the primary and caucus system point to the fact that A) disproportionate attention goes to the later caucuses and primaries. B) no precedent for them is written into the Constitution. C) only the best known candidates have a chance of winning the primaries and caucuses. D) participation in primaries and caucuses is unrepresentative of the public at large. E) none of the above

During the 1950s and early 1960s, over half the federal budget was spent every year on A) agricultural subsidies and programs. B) Medicare. C) the interstate highway program. D) the Department of Defense. E) Social Security.

During the 1991 Gulf War, A) the War Powers Resolution was ignored. B) Congress cut off funding after sixty days. C) President Bush did not seek congressional support for the operation. D) Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use force against Iraq. E) Congress adopted a formal declaration of war against Iraq.

Economists Allen Meltzer and Scott Richard argue that the cost of government grows because A) democracy works best at the federal level. B) big government is necessary for the maintenance of a capitalist system. C) democracy is by nature an expensive form of government to operate. D) people in a democracy use the government to secure benefits. E) iron triangles pressure the government to expand their favored programs.

Examples of issues addressed in recent initiatives include all of the following EXCEPT A) ending affirmative action. B) setting maximum claim sizes. C) paying college graduates to reside in a state for a number of years. D) election day registration. E) none of the above

Extradition is the requirement that states A) provide sanctuary for federal criminals. B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states. C) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings. D) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment. E) enforce federal law within their state.

Failing to meet its own budget timetable, Congress has frequently resorted to ________, which are laws that allow agencies to spend at the previous yearʹs level. A) reconciliations B) revenue extensions C) appropriations D) continuing resolutions E) retrenchments

Federal aid to state and local governments accounts for how much of federal spending? A) 33 percent B) 50 percent C) 2 percent D) 18 percent E) 75 percent

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the biggest change in government spending was the A) ratification and implementation of the Twenty-eighth Amendment, the Balanced Budget Amendment. B) abandonment of the gold standard and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. C) growth of new budgeting techniques such as zero-based budgeting. D) increase in social service expenditures and decline in defense spending. E) elimination of tax expenditures.

High public approval of the president A) has no effect on congressional elections. B) gives the president less control over Congress. C) once achieved is usually sustained for the remainder of his/her presidency. D) provides a cover for members of Congress to cast votes to which their constituents might otherwise object. E) allows members of Congress the freedom to vote according to their ideology rather than party.

House incumbents typically receive A) about the same amount of contributions from PACs as challengers. B) less from PACs than challengers. C) much more from PACs as challengers. D) generous support from their party campaign committees. E) none of the above.

If the allocation of power under dual federalism were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a marbled cake where the flavors blend into each other. B) an angel food cake- fluffy with little substance. C) New York cheesecake- heavy and crushing under its own weight. D) a layer cake, with two distinct layers. E) a cupcake.

In 1996, Congress passed a law giving the president the authority to propose rescinding funds in appropriations bills. Later, A) Congress overturned the law. B) President Clinton chose not to use such authority. C) President Clinton used it successfully. D) the Supreme Court voided the decision. E) President Bush voided the decision.

In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states must A) match federal funding dollar for dollar. B) propose standard operating procedures. C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds. D) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws. E) all of the above

In most advanced industrialized countries, election campaigns are A) endless affairs, sometimes lasting a year or more. B) not limited by law. C) limited by law to two weeks. D) limited by law to no more than two months. E) limited by law to three months.

In most caucus states, about ________ of the registered voters typically show up for party presidential caucuses. A) 60 percent B) 20 percent C) 35 percent D) 5 percent E) 50 percent

In most congressional elections, challengers A) outspend an incumbent. B) win. C) are better known than incumbents. D) lose. E) spend roughly as much money as incumbents.

In the electoral college vote in the election of 1800, there was a tie between A) Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. B) John Adams and James Madison. C) John Adams and Aaron Burr. D) Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. E) George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.

Republican congressional reforms in the 1990s included all of the following EXCEPT A) committee chairs were allowed to choose the chairs of subcommittees on their committees. B) both committee and subcommittee chairs were limited to three consecutive two-year terms as chair. C) some subcommittees were eliminated. D) committee chairs were given complete control over the timing of bills under consideration. E) none of the above

Since 1929, the national governmentʹs share of American governmental expenditures has A) dropped. B) remained the same. C) approached nearly 100 percent. D) grown rapidly. E) grown at a slower rate than the statesʹ share.

Studies have shown that once one takes into account the status of their party in Congress and their standing with the public, presidents renowned for their legislative skills are A) twice as successful in winning congressional support than other presidents. B) most likely to reshape the contours of the political landscape. C) most likely to be able to create opportunities for political change. D) no more successful in obtaining congressional support than those considered less adept at dealing with Congress. E) much more successful in gaining support for their domestic policies than for their foreign policies.

Tax expenditures tend to most benefit A) lower-income people and the poor. B) lower-middle class people and small businesses. C) the government. D) middle- and upper-income people and corporations. E) state and local governments and school districts.

The Constitution A) provides a list of specific powers and implied powers reserved for the president. B) places the power of the presidency above the other branches of government. C) requires Congress to delegate specific areas of presidential power. D) says remarkably little about presidential power. E) B, C, and D are all correct.

The Constitution framers A) were unanimous in wanting a single president to lead the country. B) were united in wanting a strong chief executive. C) were united in wanting a chief executive similar to the prime minister of Great Britain. D) generally wanted a president with limited authority and responsibilities. E) hoped to create a monarchy in the United States.

The Constitutionʹs provision that Congress has the right to ʺmake all laws necessary and proper for carrying into executionʺ its powers is often referred to as the A) enumerated powers. B) heart of fiscal federalism. C) Unwritten Amendment. D) elastic clause. E) privileges and immunities.

The Democratic and Republican candidates for president are formally nominated by the A) presidential caucuses. B) presidential primaries. C) electoral college. D) national party conventions. E) national committees.

The Federal Election Campaign Act A) provided public financing for Senate and House races. B) required broadcasters to provide free air time to each major candidate for federal office. C) ended public financing for presidential campaigns. D) required all candidates for federal office to disclose all contributions made to their campaigns. E) removed spending limits from presidential campaigns.

The New Hampshire primary is important because A) New Hampshire has a very large number of delegates. B) New Hampshire is a particularly typical state. C) it is the primary held closest to the time of the convention. D) it is the first primary. E) it involves the first caucuses.

The Office of Management and Budget parcels out money to government agencies and is accountable to A) the Internal Revenue Service. B) Congress. C) the secretary of the treasury. D) the president. E) the Congressional Budget Office.

The War Powers Resolution A) prohibited the president power from committing American troops without congressional approval. B) established the chain of command of the armed forces in the event the president is incapacitated. C) gave the president the formal power to declare war in the case of nuclear attack. D) mandated the withdrawal of forces after sixty days unless Congress declared war or granted an extension. E) established the code protocols that launch nuclear missiles in order to prevent accidental or unauthorized missile launches.

The biggest slice of the federal budget pie belongs to A) law enforcement. B) national defense. C) education aid. D) income security expenditures. E) health expenditures.

The minority whip A) assists the majority leader in party-line votes. B) becomes the Speaker automatically if the Speaker resigns. C) represents African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans in each chamber of Congress. D) keeps a close head count on key votes, and attempts to keep party members in line. E) is used to punish members who do not vote with the rest of their party.

The newest cabinet department is A) commerce. B) agriculture. C) interior. D) homeland security. E) transportation.

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system is called A) economic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) fiscal federalism. E) monetary federalism.

The power to directly regulate such things as drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior has been granted A) to all governments by the Bill of Rights. B) to the national government. C) to the president. D) to state governments. E) to both the state and national governments.

The presidential cabinet A) is the electronically locked vault where the president keeps his top secret papers. B) is given tremendous power under the Constitution. C) includes, by law, a minimum of two sitting members of Congress at all times. D) consists of the head of each executive department, plus any additional government officials the president designates. E) can veto actions by the president.

The presidential election of 1800 was A) the first use of direct primaries in the United States. B) decided by the House of Representatives after a tie in the electoral college. C) notable for the importance of key convention speeches to swing the votes in the electoral college. D) the first transition of power between parties accomplished by votersʹ ballots in the history of the world. E) influenced by media intent on forcing incumbent out of office.

The presidentʹs cabinet A) was provided for and elaborated upon by the Constitution. B) has changed very little since 1960. C) tends to serve as a collective board of directors. D) consists of executive branch leaders who advise the president on policy and administer government departments. E) all of the above

The primary factor influencing whether or not a person approves or disapproves of a presidentʹs job performance is A) age. B) geographic location. C) gender. D) political party identification. E) presidential personality.

The principle of the supremacy of federal law over state law was affirmed in A) Marbury v. Madison. B) the Tenth Amendment. C) United States v. Darby. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) the presidential election of 1804.

The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Courtʹs decision in A) United States v. the States. B) Gibbons v. Ogden. C) Miranda v. Arizona. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) Marbury v. Madison.

The selective perception of most voters means that they A) are susceptible to having their minds changed fairly easily by effective campaigns. B) make rational choices about the purposive benefits to themselves of voting for a particular candidate. C) keep a fairly open mind regarding the candidates during the election campaign, and choose based on rational analysis. D) pay most attention to things they already agree with, and interpret events according to their own predispositions. E) are skeptical of all candidates and view all campaigning as suspect.

The seniority system gave a decisive edge to House members from ________ districts. A) Republican B) suburban C) older D) safe E) competitive

To be sent to the president, a bill must be passed by A) the House. B) the Senate. C) either the House or the Senate. D) both the House and the Senate. E) a majority vote of Congress, regardless of which house the votes come from.

Today, the national government spends about A) a tenth of our gross domestic product. B) a half of our gross domestic product. C) 100 percent of our gross domestic product. D) a fifth of our gross domestic product. E) a third of our gross domestic product.

Traditionally, a vice president A) has no formal constitutional powers. B) later becomes president. C) is an important advisor to the president. D) has little responsibility. E) both C and D

What accounts for the success of congressional candidates? A) their highly representative policy positions B) presidential coattails C) economic forces D) advertising, credit-claiming, and position-taking. E) good looks

What was the main criticism of the national bank created by the United States government? A) It was printing too much worthless paper money which debtors were using to pay off their debts. B) It was charging exorbitant interest rates on its loans. C) It was borrowing too much money, putting the United States government hopelessly in debt. D) It was an instrument of the elite and gave the national government too much control of the economy. E) It did not efficiently distribute money to the states.

Which of the following countries have the smallest total tax revenues as a percentage of their gross domestic product? A) Sweden B) Canada C) Germany D) United States E) United Kingdom

Which of the following does NOT characterize the standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) federal guidelines B) grants-in-aid C) shared costs D) separate and distinct roles for the national and state governments E) shared administration

Which of the following is NOT a constitutional power of the president? A) serve as Commander in Chief of the armed forces B) sign or veto legislation passed by Congress C) appoint federal judges with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate D) enact legislation by issuing decrees E) All of these are the presidentʹs constitutional powers.

Who opposes public financing of campaigns the most? A) liberals B) conservatives C) challengers D) incumbents E) independents

The 2000 census indicated that the largest minority population is comprised of

D) Hispanics.

The largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States is

D) Hispanics.

That successful lobbying efforts by consumer groups benefits all consumers, and not just group members, is an example of A) interest group liberalism. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) a free-rider problem. E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups.

D) a free-rider problem.

Native Americans tend to be

D) all of the above

All Governments (9-10) a. Have written constitutions b. have a legislature c. provide services d. have a president e. are elected

In 2000, exit polls received much of the blame for the mediaʹs inaccurate call of the Florida result, but blame could also be placed on

D) both A and B

Flight attendants won a(n) ________ against the airline industryʹs regulation that all stewardesses had to be unmarried. A) amicus curiae brief B) writ of habeas corpus C) bill of attainder D) class action lawsuit E) administrative appeal

D) class action lawsuit

Sidney Verba and his colleagues found that while voter turnout declined between 1967 and 1987,

D) contacting government officials and giving money to candidates increased.

According to the text, the least effective activity of lobbyists in Congress is A) contributing to campaigns. B) providing information. C) activating members of Congress to vote on legislation. D) converting members of Congress to the lobbyistsʹ positions. E) both A and B

D) converting members of Congress to the lobbyistsʹ positions.

The science of population changes is

D) demography.

Over the last fifty years much of Americaʹs population growth has occurred

D) in the West and South.

Concerns about reliance of pollsters on telephone surveys have recently been caused by

D) increased use of cell phones.

An advantage of single-issue groups is their A) financial resources. B) pool of potential members. C) pool of actual members. D) intensity. E) diversity.

D) intensity.

Protest

D) is designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.

All of the following are ingredients of a pluralistic democracy EXCEPT (16) A) group competition for policy benefits. B) bargaining and compromise. C) majority rule. D) multiple access points to policymakers. E) separation of powers.

Almost all definitions of political parties have which of the following in common? A) Parties have formal organizations. B) Parties have a mass following. C) Parties try to win elections. D) Parties are run by elites. E) Parties have limited policy agendas.

An exit poll is taken

D) on election day, by interviewing voters as they leave the polling place.

Right-to-work laws ________ the union shop. A) take a neutral stance toward B) require C) legalize D) outlaw E) regulate

D) outlaw

Reapportionment occurs after every census to reallocate

D) the House of Representatives.

Public opinion is defined in the text as

D) the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy.

Random sampling is considered

D) the key to the accuracy of opinion polls.

Political socialization is defined as

D) the process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations.

Nationwide, the fastest growing age group is composed of

D) those over 65 years old.

Interest group liberalism holds that A) the fact that there are numerous interest groups proves nothing, because groups are extremely unequal in power. B) interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time. C) when one interest group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system. D) virtually all pressure group demands are legitimate, and the job of government is to advance them all. E) the role of government is to leaven the natural inequalities of the free market system and that entails paying more attention to the needs of economically weak interest groups and less attention to economically powerful groups.

D) virtually all pressure group demands are legitimate, and the job of government is to advance them all.

Both authoritarian and democratic political systems seek to teach citizens, especially youth, the positive aspects of their political systems because

D) youth will then grow up to be supportive citizens.

A broad program for community development would most likely be supported through a(n) A) formula grant. B) enterprise zone. C) project grant. D) categorical grant. E) block grant.

A(n) ________ is a policy document allocating taxes and expenditures, or a series of goals with price tags attached. A) balance sheet B) procurement C) fiscal register D) apportionment E) budget

Abraham Lincoln announced in his 1861 inaugural address that he would willingly support a constitutional amendment to A) prohibit states from seceding from the Union. B) return the United States to a confederation, with greater powers given to the states. C) establish the United States as a unitary system, where states would have to obey all national government decisions. D) outlaw slavery. E) guarantee slavery.

An authorization bill A) provides the funding for discretionary programs. B) authorizes the president to spend specific line-item amounts in the final budget. C) covers only one year at a time. D) sets the maximum amount that may be spent for entitlement programs. E) establishes, continues, or changes a discretionary program or an entitlement.

Compared to other Western nations, Americaʹs total government expenditure as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is A) one of the largest, but dropping. B) about average. C) the highest and increasing. D) one of the largest. E) one of the smallest.

Elections in the United States perform which of the following functions? A) make or ratify legislation B) select party nominees C) select officeholders from among party nominees D) both B and C E) all of the above

Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities, which have discretion in deciding how to spend the money are called A) project grants. B) discretionary grants. C) formula grants. D) categorical grants. E) block grants.

In mid-term elections, the A) presidentʹs coattails are the strongest. B) presidentʹs party typically gains seats. C) president almost always wins reelection; a president who does not is the exception. D) president usually does not become involved. E) presidentʹs party typically loses seats.

In order of decreasing amounts, federal expenditures include A) national defense, interest on the national debt, and direct payments to individuals. B) interest on the national debt, national defense, and direct payments to individuals. C) national defense, direct payments to individuals, and state and local grants. D) direct payments to individuals, national defense, and interest on the national debt. E) none of the above

In the Senate, the ________ Committee is responsible for writing tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. A) Revenue B) Budget C) Appropriations D) Ways and Means E) Finance

Medicare A) is given only to those who do not have private insurance. B) is administered separately from the social security system. C) provides only hospital coverage to the poor. D) is the most expensive of all the welfare programs, providing basic medical care for the poor. E) provides both hospital and physician coverage to the elderly.

Most of the money spent on presidential campaigns these days is spent on A) computer services. B) air travel, hotels, and meals. C) direct mail. D) printing. E) the media.

Precinct-level presidential caucuses A) directly choose national convention delegates. B) determine how many votes that state will cast for each of the presidential candidates at the national convention. C) have absolutely nothing to do with choosing delegates to the major partiesʹ national nominating conventions. D) choose delegates to state conventions where delegates to the national convention are selected. E) choose delegates to county caucuses/conventions where delegates to the state convention are selected, then the state convention chooses national convention delegates.

References by commentators on the presidency to there being ʺtwo presidenciesʺ refer to A) the president as candidate and the president as elected leader. B) the first term and the second term of a president. C) what the president originally proposes to accomplish and what the president actually does accomplish. D) the differences between public and private presidential actions. E) national security and domestic policy.

Richard Neustadt has argued that presidential power is the power to A) instruct. B) command. C) educate. D) control. E) persuade.

Social Security payments are an example of a(n) A) increment. B) indexing. C) apportionment. D) controllable expenditure. E) entitlement.

The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act called for the president to order ________, if Congress failed to meet specific deficit-reduction goals. A) reconciliations B) defunding directives C) re-authorizations D) continuing resolutions E) sequestrations

The 1960 presidential debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy illustrates the A) propagandistic nature of American presidential campaigns. B) role of radio broadcasting in the United States. C) importance of experience in presidential politics. D) importance of issues in presidential debates. E) power of television in American politics.

The ________ is the list of subjects or problems to which government officials, and people outside of government closely associated with those officials, are paying some serious attention to at any given time. A) A-List B) plum book C) prioritization schedule D) catalog of current issues E) policy agenda

The ability of groups to prevent the government from taking actions adverse to their interests leads to what the text calls (19) A) Dahlʹs ʺideal democratic process.ʺ B) elite dominance. C) budget deficits. D) enlightened understanding. E) policy gridlock.

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the twentieth century lasted until A) the Iranian Hostage Crisis. B) World War II. C) the commercialization of television. D) the beginning of Franklin Rooseveltʹs presidency. E) the Vietnam War and Watergate.

The first American political party evolved A) from the supporters of George Washingtonʹs first campaign for president. B) out of Thomas Jeffersonʹs efforts to get the Declaration of Independence adopted. C) out of public disgust over the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, leading to calls to solve conflicts through peaceful party competition. D) during the Constitutional Convention. E) out of Alexander Hamiltonʹs efforts to get Congress to establish a national bank.

In evaluating American democracy, hyperpluralists (18) A) claim that competing groups vying for power make for generally efficient, honest government. B) claim that society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. C) claim that too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. D) believe that the public interest is nearly always translated into public policy in the United States. E) none of the above

In general, magazines are A) politically conservative. B) basically reserved for the educated elite. C) not a major source of news in the United States. D) not read very widely in the United States. E) a major source of news in the United States.

Loyalty to a political party has ________ over the past thirty years. A) increased slightly B) increased significantly C) decreased D) remained about the same E) virtually disappeared

Media events are A) spontaneous occurrences such as train wrecks or assassinations that we normally think of as news. B) monopolized by political elites. C) purposely staged events held in front of the media. D) spontaneous events used to enhance image. E) ineffective when used by political radicals.

Most Americans are A) liberal. B) moderate-liberals. C) moderate. D) conservative. E) non-ideological.

Narrowcasting refers to A) media programming focused entirely on media events. B) the technical ability to block access to broadcast signals. C) media programming aimed at a particular (narrow) audience. D) media programming delivered in brief program segments. E) political advertising being developed for homogeneous audiences.

News is what A) the public believes are the most important political issues facing the country. B) government officials want it to be. C) is timely and different. D) has the greatest impact on the most people. E) journalism professors say it is.

News management in the Reagan White House operated on each of the following principles EXCEPT A) talk about the issues you want to talk about. B) control the flow of information. C) expand reportersʹ access to the president. D) revving helicopter engines so the president would not be able to hear reportersʹ questions and not have to answer them. E) stay on the offense.

People who invest their political ʺcapitalʺ in a particular issue are often called A) talking heads. B) policy wonks. C) policy entrepreneurs. D) political investors. E) policy specialists.

Pluralist theory contends that in the United States (16) A) society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. B) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. C) many groups vie for power with no one set of groups dominating. D) the many members of Congress dominate a singular official such as the president. E) because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

Political candidates make many promises when running for office. In electing one, the public can expect A) specific implementation of the promise to differ from the general promise made during the campaign. B) few to be carried out because political promises are made to be broken. C) that for every broken promise, many more will be kept. D) a significant gap between party platform and political performance. E) both A and D.

Single-issue groups (12) a. Are rapidly losing prominence in American politics b. Usually run their own candidates for public office c. Have little sympathy for compromising d. Help facilitate the construction of a cohesive national public policy e. are highly regarded by political scientists for their contributions to democracy

Television coverage of the war in Vietnam had the effect of A) generating popular support for the president and the war. B) hiding the true horrors of the war and the number of casualties from the American people. C) exposing governmental naivete´ and lies about the progress of the war. D) duping the public into believing the war would soon end. E) simultaneously undermining support for the war in North Vietnam while boosting public morale in South Vietnam.

The American political parties fall far short of the responsible party model for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) they are too decentralized. B) there is no mechanism for the parties to discipline officeholders. C) their presidential candidates ignore the party platform. D) their candidates are usually self-selected. E) none of the above

The American two-party system promotes A) the organization of political parties around special interests. B) the weakness of centrist positions on policy issues. C) moderation in conflict and ambiguous policy positions. D) greater conflict, but clear policy choices. E) competitive elections.

The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution (54) A) during the ratification process, before final ratification of the constitution. B) during the Constitutional Convention, at the insistence of Thomas Jefferson. C) after the ratification process was complete, and partly to fulfill a promise to those who supported ratification. D) in 1865 after the union victory in the Civil War. E) piece by piece during the first hundred years of its operation.

The British levied new taxes on its North American colonies in the eighteenth century in order to pay for (32) A) maintaining the elegant lifestyle of the British royalty. B) conquest of territories in Africa and Asia. C) defending new territories obtained after the French and Indian War. D) tax cuts and social welfare programs for residents of the British Isles. E) the rising cost of tea.

The Declaration of Independence says that ʺall men are created equal.ʺ Which aspect of the American creed does this suggest? (20) A) Individualism B) Egalitarianism C) Liberty D) Capitalism E) Populism

The Founding Fathers believed that a major source of political conflict was the (42) A) governmentʹs attempt to preserve private property. B) absence of majority rule. C) unequal distribution of property. D) religious differences in society. E) Indian tribes.

The Madisonian system (49) A) is a form of direct democracy. B) encourages change. C) has a conservative bias favoring the status quo. D) discourages moderation and compromise. E) both C and D

The average amount of air time that a presidential candidate has been given to talk uninterrupted on the TV news A) has increased dramatically since 1960. B) has increased dramatically since 1980. C) has declined dramatically since the 1960s. D) has been remarkably consistent over the years. E) has increased slightly since 1970.

The chairperson of the party that controls the White House is normally selected by A) members of the party in Congress. B) a committee of state chairpersons. C) the president. D) closed primary. E) none of the above

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not worry about preserving individual rights for all of the following reasons EXCEPT (47-48) A) every state had its own bill of rights. B) they were constructing a limited government that could not threaten personal freedoms. C) they included a bill of rights in Article V. D) they dispersed power so that each branch or level could constrain the other. E) the various states were already doing a sufficient job of protecting individual rights.

The effects a policy has on people and problems is called (13) A) policy outputs. B) policy implementation. C) policy impacts. D) policy issues. E) policy agenda.

The first daily newspaper in America was A) the Associated Press established in 1841. B) The New York Times established in 1800. C) printed in Philadelphia in 1783. D) the Colonial Gazette printed in 1607. E) Common Sense printed in 1776.

The nationʹs most influential newspaper and its unofficial ʺnewspaper of recordʺ is A) Congressional Quarterly. B) USA Today. C) The New York Times. D) the Wall Street Journal. E) the Washington Post.

The news does not mirror reality because A) journalists are more liberal than most people. B) the number of potential news stories is limited. C) journalists must select stories that will draw the largest audience. D) journalists are more conservative than most people. E) the news media are biased toward the coverage of political events.

The upsurge of partisan independence among Americans since 1952 A) has come mostly at the expense of the Republicans. B) has not harmed either party. C) has come mostly at the expense of the Democrats. D) has occurred mostly among minor party identifiers. E) has harmed both parties equally.

Two of the most important principles of democratic theory are majority rule and (15) A) the plurality rule. B) judicial review. C) minority rights. D) majority restraint. E) Robertsʹ Rules of Order.

When journalists select stories to cover, the overriding bias is toward A) stories about the personality quirks of political celebrities. B) international and foreign policy stories. C) stories that will draw the largest audience. D) stories involving the most important policy issues of the day. E) stories that target specific audiences.

Which of the following is NOT a contemporary theory of democracy? (16-18) A) hyperpluralism B) class theory C) democratic centralism D) pluralism E) elite theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the cornerstones of an ideal democracy? (15) A) a constitution B) effective participation C) economic equality D) Citizen control of the Agenda E) equality in voting

________ arise when people disagree about a problem or a public policy choice made to combat a problem. (12) A) Revolutions B) Social Crises C) Political Issues D) Governments E) Wars

A critical election involves and accelerates a process called A) partisan transformation. B) electoral examination. C) proportional representation. D) party realignment. E) democratic rejuvenation.

A key question that confronts government regarding different public policy choices is (13) A) whether an appropriate linkage institution is willing to frame a policy. B) which is the most complicated one to deal with. C) which is the least complicated one to deal with. D) whether or not government should do anything about them. E) all of the above

According to hyperpluralists, the increasing caseloads of federal and state courts demonstrate (18) A) the high status of attorneys in the United States. B) the inability to control the bureaucracy in implementing policy. C) that groups are more likely to appeal to different institutions in order to gain policy benefits. D) the expanding scope of government in the United States. E) the increasing complexity of our social networks.

According to the ʺthree-headed political giantʺ model of political parties, the largest component of an American party is the A) party as an organization. B) party-in-the-states. C) party Congress. D) party-in-the-electorate. E) party-in-government.

Blanket primaries A) cost less than open primaries. B) discourage party loyalty. C) depress voter turnout. D) encourage party loyalty. E) have fewer undercounts.

By eighteenth-century standards, life was ________ for most people in the United States at the time of the Revolution. (32) A) hell both politically and economically B) politically oppressive C) ideal D) not bad E) an economic nightmare

Compared to the government under the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution gave the central government (46-47) A) far fewer powers. B) total control of the economy. C) about the same economic powers. D) more economic powers. E) almost no economic powers.

Critically affecting the electoral college vote, bringing new issues to the public agenda, and venting popular discontent are important roles played by A) intra-party factions. B) splinter groups in a multiparty system. C) the two-party system in thwarting extreme or unconventional views. D) third parties in a two-party system. E) parties based on a single issue in a multiple-issue society.

During the military campaign in Afghanistan, President Bush and the White House frequently watched ________ to see events as they happened. A) Nightline B) Good Morning America C) closed circuit, top-secret Pentagon video relays D) CNN E) The MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour

For most newspapers in medium-sized cities and small towns, their principal source for reporting national and world news is A) USA Today. B) The New York Times. C) Cable News Network. D) The Associated Press. E) The Washington Post.

In 1968 the Democratic party was torn apart, leaving the door to the presidency open for Republican Richard Nixon primarily due to A) the failure of President Johnsonʹs War on Poverty. B) the sudden evaporation of the New Deal coalition. C) the abandonment of the Democratic party by African Americans. D) President Johnsonʹs Vietnam War policies. E) the severity of the mid-60ʹs recession.

In order to put the national economy on sound footing, the Constitution obligated the new government to ________ all the government debts incurred under the Continental Congress. (47) A) forgive B) renegotiate at lower interest rates C) renegotiate at higher interest rates D) repay E) negate

In recent elections, the trends in party identification in the United States have been A) an increase in the percentage of Democrats and a decline in the percentage of Independents. B) an increase in the percentages of Democrats and Republicans and a decline in the percentage of Independents. C) an increase in the percentage of Democrats and a decline in the percentage of Republicans. D) a decrease in the percentage of Democrats and an increase in the percentage of Independents. E) a fairly constant percentage of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents.

In what way do weak political parties affect the scope of government? A) They make it difficult for politicians to help their constituents. B) They allow presidents to expand the scope of foreign policy, while they decrease the domestic scope of government. C) Being weak, they are unable to counteract the power of government so the scope of government grows. D) Since it is harder for them to enact legislation, it is hard for them to either expand or decrease the scope of government. E) They have had no real effect on the size and power of government.

Individuals aged 29 and under are A) more likely than older individuals to spend time getting news. B) less likely than older individuals to use the Internet for news. C) more likely to rely on newspapers than on television as a news source. D) less likely than older individuals to learn about the presidential campaign from a daily newspaper. E) more likely than older individuals to use newsmagazines as a news source.

Linkage institutions A) help link the three branches of government together to achieve coherent policies. B) are used to implement public policies. C) link political parties to the government. D) translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers. E) link the president to members of his/her party in Congress, so they can coordinate their policies in government.

Many elite and class theorists believe that ________ of Americans control most government policy decisions. (16-17) A) 5 percent B) a majority C) the vast middle class D) 1 percent E) 10 percent

One advantage of the Internet for democracy is that it (7-8) a. Provides less information than newspapers b. Makes it easy to avoid political topics c. Will provide more political information to political elites d. Makes it easier for citizens to communicate directly with government e. None of the above

Party eras in American politics are periods of time in which A) partisan identification is at high levels and political party nominees win most elections rather than independent candidates who are unaffiliated with a party. B) party organizations grow very strong, are able to control the policy positions of their candidates, and win votes by providing jobs and government services to loyal party supporters. C) political dominance frequently shifts from one party to the other. D) one party dominates. E) one party wins every presidential election.

People gradually moving away from both parties is referred to as A) partisan drift. B) coalition politics. C) realignment. D) dealignment. E) alignment.

Political knowledge (4) a. Is greater among youth than elderly b. Is not that important in a democracy c. Is generally high in the United States d. Fosters political tolerance e. None of the above

Rational-choice theory asserts that A) the parties should not be expected to differentiate themselves in any way. B) more extremist party positions give the public a sense that things can really be changed, and usually win elections. C) the wise party selects policies in which it truly believes, and gives the voters a chance to vote them up or down on principle. D) the wise party selects policies that are widely favored. E) none of the above

Realignments are typically associated with A) a major reorganization of the executive branch. B) the creation of new states. C) one party winning the presidency while the other controls Congress. D) a major crisis or trauma in the nation. E) changes in election laws.

Ross Perotʹs candidacies for president in 1992 and 1996 were an example of what type of third-party campaign? A) a split-level party B) a party espousing an extreme ideological position C) a splinter party D) a party serving as an extension of one individualʹs candidacy E) none of the above

Television became extremely important in political campaigns beginning in A) 1948. B) 1952. C) 1972. D) 1960. E) 1984.

The American Revolution was based upon the ideas of (35-36) A) intellectual slaves. B) intellectual frontiersmen. C) George Washington. D) European political thinkers. E) American farmers.

The American Revolution was different from the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions in that (37) A) it was much bloodier. B) it was much shorter. C) it did not result in a change of government. D) it produced little societal change. E) It was different in all these ways.

The Associated Press is an example of a A) high-technology medium. B) newspaper chain. C) massive media conglomerate. D) wire service. E) trade association acting as an interest group for newspapers.

The Constitution prohibited the states from doing each of the following EXCEPT (47) A) harboring runaway slaves. B) placing duties on imports from other states. C) printing paper money. D) establishing a republican form of government. E) interfering with lawfully contracted debts.

The Depression of the 1930s gave rise to what is called A) econo-politics. B) party competition. C) the Era of Divided Government. D) the New Deal coalition. E) the Republican resurgence.

The New Deal coalition made the ________ party the minority party for decades. A) Socialist B) Federalist C) Whig D) Republican E) Democratic

The Republican party rose to prominence in the late 1850s as the A) Free Silver party. B) Party Of The Wealthy Elite. C) Gold Standard party. D) Anti-slavery party. E) Party of Rural Farmers.

The election of 1828 that brought Andrew Jackson to the presidency was significant because it A) began the ascendancy of the New Deal coalition around the Democratic party. B) marked the rise of the Whigs. C) was the first time the Republican party controlled Congress. D) forged a new political coalition. E) marked the beginning of the dominance of northern industrialists.

The most fundamental element of democratic theory is (15) A) ʺpower to the people!ʺ B) government efficiency. C) equality. D) majority rule. E) access to information.

The nature of groups and the government in hyperpluralist theory is (17-18) A) strong government and strong groups. B) weak groups and strong government. C) weak groups, strong elites, and weak government. D) strong groups and weak government. E) too few groups result in the creation of many governments.

The ʺresponsible partyʺ model holds that parties should A) not use wedge issues that cause the other partyʹs supporters to fight with each other during the campaign. B) avoid making promises. C) keep to middle-of-the-road positions. D) present clear alternatives to voters. E) avoid ideological stands.

To propose a formal amendment to the Constitution, one needs to have a (55) A) three-quarters vote in Congress. B) national convention requested by half of the states. C) majority vote of the Supreme Court. D) two-thirds vote in Congress. E) the presidentʹs approval.

Todayʹs massive media conglomerates control newspapers with over ________ of the nationʹs daily circulation. A) 53 percent B) 30 percent C) 50 percent D) 80 percent E) 33 percent

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the power to (38) A) levy taxes. B) overturn state laws. C) regulate commerce. D) maintain an army and navy. E) all of the above

Up until the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt, A) reporters did not ask presidents questions, they simply reported what presidents did. B) presidents held daily press conferences. C) presidents held private chats with reporters in a very informal setting rather than hold public press conferences. D) reporters submitted their questions to presidents in writing. E) reporters had fireside chats with presidents in the White House.

Which of the following statements about Franklin Roosevelt and the news media is FALSE? A) Roosevelt used presidential wrath to warn reporters off material he did not want covered. B) The press revered Roosevelt. C) Roosevelt knew how to feed the right story to the right reporter. D) The press often reported on Rooseveltʹs health and confinement to a wheelchair. E) none of the above

Which of these was NOT one of the big three disagreements at the Constitutional Convention? (43-44) A) what to do about slavery B) who should have the right to vote C) whether or not the states should have an equal number of votes in Congress D) whether the courts should have the power of judicial review E) issues of equality

Which president held one thousand press conferences, far more than any other? A) John F. Kennedy B) Richard Nixon C) Ronald Reagan D) Franklin Roosevelt E) Bill Clinton

Who was the president who brought together the original New Deal coalition in support of his candidacy? A) Woodrow Wilson B) Lyndon Johnson C) John F. Kennedy D) Franklin D. Roosevelt E) Herbert Hoover

A choice that government makes in response to some issue on its agenda is called (11-12) a. Selective selection b. A law c. stimulus-response d. rational choice theory e. public policy

A major purpose of the economic provisions in the Constitution was to (45-46) A) promote a more equal distribution of wealth in the country. B) guarantee the states a significant economic role. C) preserve and strengthen the farm economy to the disadvantage of manufacturing. D) establish a comprehensive set of social welfare programs to assist people in times of need. E) create a strong national government so as to bring stability out of economic chaos.

A proportional representation system for electing members to a nationʹs legislature is more likely to lead to a A) situation like that of the United States, with only two major parties as rivals. B) centralization and unification of political forces within the nation. C) single party holding all the seats. D) moderating of political conflict. E) greater number of political parties holding seats.

A small band of farmers in western Massachusetts took up arms in what is remembered as (39) A) the Farmersʹ Revolt. B) King Georgeʹs War. C) the Boston Tea Party. D) the Whiskey Rebellion. E) Shaysʹ Rebellion.

A trial balloon is a A) method used by the media to force a politician or public official to admit to lying to a reporter. B) piece of information leaked to politicians from a reporter in order to confirm another source. C) sensational criminal trial that attracts inflated media coverage. D) directive by judges to deny access to reporters in certain sensitive cases. E) method used by public figures of leaking certain stories to reporters to see what the political reaction will be.

About which state has it been said that the political parties are so weak as to be almost nonexistent? A) Pennsylvania B) New York C) Texas D) Alaska E) California

According to James Madison and many of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention, what is the primary source of political conflict? (42) A) ignorance B) stupidity C) emotions D) religious beliefs E) unequal distribution of wealth

After the Revolution, a major power shift occurred in the states from ________ to ________. (38-39) A) the broad middle class; a handful of wealthy individuals B) countryside; city C) city; countryside D) the east coast; the western interior E) wealthy individuals; broad middle class

An example of a splinter party would be A) the Prohibitionist party. B) the Poor Manʹs party of 1952. C) the Libertarian party. D) Ross Perotʹs United We Stand. E) George Wallaceʹs American Independents.

An interest group so single-minded that its members often vote on only one issue, ignoring a politicianʹs stand on everything else, is known as (10) a. A one-issue group b. a uni-issue group c. a hot-button group d. a mono-issue group e. a single-issue group

As ________, political parties serve the role of translating inputs from the public into outputs from policymakers. A) coalitions B) superdelegates C) political converters D) machines E) linkage institutions

Constitutional amendments are usually ratified by (55-56) A) state conventions called by two-thirds vote in Congress. B) a national convention. C) a majority of the Supreme Court. D) a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress. E) legislatures of three-fourths of the states.

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention generally agreed on each of the following EXCEPT (43-44) A) questions of human nature. B) the need for a limited government. C) the object and nature of a republican government. D) causes of political conflict. E) issues of equality.

During the colonial period, A) Americans experienced less freedom than citizens of most European nations. B) Britain was involved in nearly every aspect of American politics. (32) C) Americans were burdened with cumbersome feudal and hierarchical restraints. D) Americans suffered one of the lowest standards of living in the world. E) the King and Parliament generally confined themselves to governing the coloniesʹ foreign and trade policies.

During the second party system in United States history, Martin Van Buren argued that A) political parties were harming the country because they promoted factionalism, petty bickering, and disunity. B) the Whigs should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. C) the Democrats should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. D) the Republicans should be the sole party, as they were the only legitimate representatives of the people. E) a governing party needed a loyal opposition party to represent parts of society that it could not.

Each of the following violations of individual rights is forbidden in the original Constitution EXCEPT (48) A) passing ex post facto laws. B) strict limits on the prosecution of treason. C) passing bills of attainder. D) suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. E) suspension of freedom of speech.

Following the first Nixon-Kennedy presidential debate of 1960, opinion polls showed that A) those who watched on television thought Nixon had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Kennedy won. B) those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Kennedy had won. C) those who listened over radio thought it was a draw, while those who watched television thought Kennedy did better. D) those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Nixon had won. E) those who watched on television thought Kennedy had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Nixon won.

In a democratic society, parties, elections, interest groups and the media are all examples of ________ between the preferences of citizens and the government's policy agenda (11) a. Cross-pollination b. Inputs and outputs c. Ideological bridges d. Obstacles e. Linkage institutions

In elections since 1968, A) the Democrats have dominated both the presidency and the Congress. B) the Republicans have dominated both the presidency and the Congress. C) party control of both Congress and the presidency has shifted from one party to the other at least every other election. D) the Democrats have dominated the presidency, while the Republicans have dominated Congress. E) the Republicans have dominated the presidency, while the Democrats have dominated the Congress.

In many other democracies, the system of awarding seats in the national legislature, unlike in the United States, is one of A) single-member districts. B) intellectual merit alone. C) winner-take-all. D) virtual representation. E) proportional representation.

In post-Revolutionary America, state governors were often selected by (38) A) judges. B) the president. C) heredity. D) the people directly. E) state legislatures.

In the United States, to become a member of a political party you need to A) pay annual dues. B) officially join that party by attending a party meeting. C) hold a membership card. D) register with that party at your precinct office. E) claim to be a member.

In what was a very different era, the press chose not to point out to readers or to photograph the fact that President ________ was confined to a wheelchair. A) Warren Harding B) Harry Truman C) Dwight Eisenhower D) Lyndon Johnson E) Franklin Roosevelt

Lockean thought and the Declaration of Independence are similar in that both (36) A) recognize the right of the people to determine their own form of government, short of resorting to revolution. B) were developed in the late 1700s. C) value the preservation of private property. D) seek common ideals in government through the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. E) support the concept of natural rights and the idea that government be built on the consent of the governed.

Many politicians believe that single-issue groups (12) a. Are essential to democracy b. Stimulate the political system to solve public policy problems c. Complicate efforts to seek the middle ground on various issues d. Do not affect policymaking e. Play a unifying role in American politics

________ are not unwilling victims of big government and its big taxes in a democracy, they are at least its co-conspirators. A) Citizens B) Members of Congress C) Presidents D) Bureaucrats E) Political parties

Agencies invariably pad their budget requests because A) they want the almost inevitable budget cuts to be bearable. B) Congress would view a lower request as a sign of weakness. C) it is an accepted part of zero-based budgeting. D) their constituencies expect more benefits. E) cost overruns almost always put them over budget.

All of the following are examples of how federalism decentralizes our policies EXCEPT A) federal income tax. B) regulation of abortion. C) death penalty. D) funding of education. E) homeland security.

________ members present and voting can halt a filibuster by voting for cloture. A) Sixty B) Seventy C) Eighty D) Fifty-one E) Seventy-five

Americans want a strong president, A) but do not like a concentration of power. B) and do not care whether the strength is used for good or for ill. C) and would like to abolish all checks on presidential power. D) but do not expect much from any president. E) but want an even stronger Congress.

Americaʹs national, state and local governments spend an amount equal to ________ of the GDP. A) 20 percent. B) 30 percent. C) 50 percent. D) 25 percent. E) 12 percent.

Americaʹs party nomination system could best be described as A) open and entrepreneurial. B) rational and bureaucratized. C) informal, but rational. D) a meritocracy. E) an apprenticeship system.

Political protest is

A) the use of unconventional and dramatic actions to achieve policy change.

Among the states that allow voter registration at the polls on election day, voter turnout rates are A) higher than in other states. B) impossible to compute. C) no different than in other states. D) lower than the national average. E) declining over time and at a higher rate than in other states.

________ privileges refer to the free use of the mails enjoyed by Congress. A) Franking B) Conmail C) Junket D) Procurement E) E-mail

An election whereby voters are given the chance to approve or disapprove some legislative act or constitutional amendment is called A) a referendum. B) an initiative petition. C) a direct primary. D) a direct election. E) a ratification election.

An especially important asset for incumbents running for reelection is their A) service to constituents. B) voting records. C) support by party leaders in Congress. D) presidential support. E) invisibility.

An estimated ________ of the federal budget is considered uncontrollable, unless Congress changes a law or existing benefit levels. A) two-thirds B) 80 percent C) one-half D) one-third E) one-fifth

Approximately how many states allow voters to register at the polls on election day? A) 6 B) 14 C) 34 D) 44 E) 49

As Richard Neustadt has argued, presidential power is probably best understood as the power to A) persuade. B) command. C) control. D) harass. E) veto.

________ was widely regarded to be the worst and most ineffective president. A) Warren Harding B) Richard Nixon C) Ronald Reagan D) Bill Clinton E) Andrew Johnson

Bicameralism means that a legislative body is one A) with two houses, providing checks and balances on policymaking. B) in which each state has two senators, providing equal representation of the states. C) in which incumbents have a better chance of being reelected, providing continuity in policymaking. D) that must share power with a president, providing more efficient policymaking. E) in which there are only two political parties.

Budget items mandated by law or by a previous obligation are known as A) uncontrollable expenditures. B) increments. C) fiscal mandates. D) bearer bonds. E) procurements.

Business interests have traditionally found their demands received most favorably by A) state governments. B) the courts. C) Congress. D) the president. E) cities.

Conventions are not as important as they once were in that A) we know who is going to win the presidential nomination before the convention meets. B) there is less drama and fanfare. C) rousing credentials fights and keynote speeches are a thing of the past. D) they have not taken more than one ballot to nominate a president since 1952. E) they no longer adopt party platforms.

Conservatives would tend to favor each of the following EXCEPT

A) affirmative action.

Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, protect consumers, try to clean up dirty air and water, and do many other things are all justified as ________ of Congress. A) implied powers B) categorical grants C) constitutionally specified powers D) reserved powers E) enumerated powers

The most common form of political participation in the United States is

A) voting in presidential elections.

Federalism is A) a system of shared power by the state and national governments. B) the same as unitary government. C) sole government authority in the national government. D) sole government authority in the states. E) a three-branch government with a system of checks and balances.

Fiscal federalism is A) the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local government spending. C) the federal governmentʹs regulation of the money supply and interest rates. D) the federal income tax. E) a sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in the United States.

In addition to fighting segregation and discrimination, civil rights interest groups have also focused on A) broader economic problems. B) the environment. C) transportation. D) housing quality. E) gender equality.

A) broader economic problems.

In 1995, the Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses, A) limited the use of unfunded mandates. B) prohibited the states from using unfunded mandates. C) limited the use of block grants. D) avoided funded mandates. E) all of the above

In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. City of New York that A) a 1996 law granting the president the authority to propose rescinding funds in appropriation bills was unconstitutional. B) the pocket veto was unconstitutional. C) that the Clinton impeachment vote was unconstitutional. D) that the president could not line-item veto grant monies to urban areas. E) none of the above

In order to convict and remove an impeached president, it takes A) a two-thirds vote in the Senate. B) a majority vote in the Senate. C) a majority vote in the House of Representatives. D) a two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. E) both B and D

Which of these would be most likely to vote? A) a well-educated, middle-aged government worker B) a young southerner without a high school diploma C) a well-educated senior citizen who used to work for a big corporation D) a young southern high school teacher E) a middle-aged professor at a private university

A major feature of incremental budgeting is that it A) provides small increases in the current budget over the previous yearʹs budget. B) greatly inflates government spending each year. C) fragments the budget into many small items, making it hard to plan a unified budget. D) reduces current budgets by small amounts over successive years. E) reevaluates the budgetary base on which past budgets were built.

Which one of the following countries has federalism as its method of governing? A) Canada B) China C) France D) Kenya E) No other country uses federalism.

According to Herbert Alexanderʹs ʺdoctrine of sufficiency,ʺ A) there is a minimum amount of money that candidates must spend to have a chance at winning. B) candidates with large personal fortunes are almost guaranteed victory, unless their opponent is of roughly equal net worth. C) in order to win a candidate must have more money than his or her opponent. D) the wealthier candidate always wins. E) a candidateʹs sense of self-worth, not money, is most important to a successful campaign.

According to political scientist Gary Jacobsonʹs research, a Congressional incumbent who spends a tremendous amount of money to get reelected A) is more likely to lose. B) is more likely to win. C) is likely to win by a landslide of over 70 percent of the vote. D) is likely to get a higher percentage of the vote. E) is no more or less likely to win than a candidate spending little money.

According to the Constitution, a president must be at least ________ years of age. A) 35 B) 30 C) 40 D) 25 E) 21

________ are crucial for many voters because they provide a regular perspective through which voters can view the political world. A) Party identifications B) Civic duties C) Direct primary elections D) Initiative petitions E) Party platforms

According to the Federal Election Campaign Act, candidates must A) disclose who contributed to their campaigns, and how the money was spent. B) reject any contributions of Political Action Committees that exceed $1,000. C) apply for federal funds if they are running in a presidential election. D) raise their own campaign funds. E) all of the above

According to the original Constitution, the president must be A) at least 35 years old. B) a resident of the United States for at least five years. C) a citizen of the United States for at least ten years. D) a white man. E) all of the above except D

A budget deficit occurs when expenditures exceed A) revenues. B) borrowing. C) appropriations. D) authorizations. E) inflation.

A constitutional duty of the vice president is to A) preside over the Senate and cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie. B) attend the funerals of foreign leaders on behalf of the president. C) preside over the House and cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie. D) raise funds for party candidates. E) all of the above

African Americans constitute ________ of the United States Senate. A) less than 10 percent B) approximately 35 percent C) roughly half D) well over half E) about 20 percent

In states with caucuses, A) supporters of candidates try to get elected as delegates through a pyramid of meetings. B) the state legislature selects the stateʹs delegates to the national conventions. C) party leaders select delegates according to their own candidate preferences. D) candidates appoint supporters to serve as delegates. E) delegates are chosen through general election of a candidate.

In the 1800 election presidential candidates were nominated by A) their partiesʹ elected representatives in Congress. B) their partiesʹ nominating convention. C) their partiesʹ voters in primary elections. D) the electoral college. E) the president.

In the 1976 case of Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that A) the limitation on the amount of money persons could contribute to their own election campaigns violated free speech, and was unconstitutional. B) presidential election campaigns could not be paid for by tax dollars. C) the forced disclosure of contributions to federal elections violated freedom of association, and was therefore unconstitutional. D) the limitation on the amount of money people could contribute to their own election campaigns was not a violation of free speech, and was constitutional. E) congressional and state legislative districts must be of equal population and reapportioned every ten years.

In the 2004 election, John Kerry won votes among those most concerned with A) the economy, health care, and education. B) the fairness of the tax system. C) the environment, the economy, and transportation issues. D) the environment and urban affairs. E) civil rights, the environment, and the economy.

In the House of Representatives, it is the ________ Committee that writes tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. A) Ways and Means B) Appropriations C) Budget D) Revenue E) Finance

In the original constitutional system, A) each presidential elector cast two ballots and the top vote-getter was named president and the runner-up became vice president. B) the Senate elected the president and the House of Representatives elected the vice president. C) each presidential elector cast one ballot for one of the president/vice president teams running. D) the state legislatures elected the president and vice president, with the candidate getting the second most votes becoming vice president. E) the president, once elected by the electoral college, chose the vice president.

In the relationship between lobbyists and members of Congress, A) members of Congress can ignore and embarrass lobbyists. B) lobbyists hold the greater power. C) members of Congress depend on lobbyists for reelection. D) lobbyists pay members of Congress to pass or defeat bills. E) lobbyists spend most of their efforts on converting opponents to their cause.

Income taxes A) provide the largest source of federal revenue. B) were first used in 1915 after the Sixteenth Amendment was passed. C) were declared constitutional in Pollock v. Farmerʹs Loan and Trust Co. D) yield about 11 cents of every federal revenue dollar. E) All of these are true.

Incumbents are those A) already holding office. B) running for office for the first time. C) who have been defeated in an election. D) retired members of Congress. E) running for an office.

Legislators who use their best judgment to make policy in the interests of the people are called A) trustees. B) instructed delegates. C) politicos. D) attentive leaders. E) opinion leaders.

Most of the governments in the world today are ________, in which all power resides in the central national government. A) unitary B) federalist C) nationalist D) confederations E) fiscal

Near the end of 1990, Congress approved a major change in the making of budget policy that shifted the focus from cutting spending to A) controlling increases in spending. B) eliminating government programs. C) increasing taxes. D) increasing non-tax revenues. E) controlling the size of the deficit.

News coverage of presidential campaigns tends to emphasize A) campaign strategies and poll results. B) the candidatesʹ positions on the issues. C) the voting and performance records of the candidates in their current offices. D) fair coverage of all the candidates. E) debates between the candidates.

Nomination for public office is A) a partyʹs selection of a candidate. B) being appointed to a government post. C) a win in key state primaries. D) a victory in the general election. E) the incumbentʹs selection of a candidate.

Nominees to the United States Supreme Court must be confirmed by A) the Senate. B) the House. C) either the House or the Senate. D) both the House and the Senate. E) the president.

Occasionally, a major political tidal wave rolls across the country and throws large numbers of incumbents of a given party out of office. When did this last occur? A) 1994 B) 1980 C) 1974 D) 1964 E) 1954

Of the following, which is the most direct form of democracy? A) initiative B) referendum C) direct primary D) presidential election E) recall

On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle of A) universalism. B) stinginess. C) cronyism. D) to the victors go the spoils. E) needs-testing.

Overall, members of Congress can ________ of the American people. A) possibly claim substantive representation, but not descriptive representation B) possibly claim descriptive representation, but not substantive representation C) claim both substantive and descriptive representation D) claim neither substantive nor descriptive representation E) possibly claim both substantive and descriptive representation

President Clintonʹs decision making style was A) to immerse himself in the details of policy and run an open White House, soliciting the advice of a large number of aides. B) to set up a chain of command in which all advice was sent upward to his Chief of Staff who then presented Clinton with the decision-making options. C) highly organized and decisive, with the president actually flipping a coin to decide issues where his advisors are evenly divided. D) to delegate so much decision making authority to his aides that the media often call them his ʺhandlers.ʺ E) to remain highly isolated and make most decisions in consultation only with his two closest advisors.

Presidential coattails refers to A) voters who support the president casting their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidentʹs party. B) the tendency for the presidentʹs party to lose congressional seats in midterm elections. C) fund-raising parties the president hosts to raise money for congressional candidates. D) the presidentʹs power to appoint members of his own political party to cabinet posts and as personal advisors. E) members of Congress voting according to the wishes of the president.

Research on voting behavior has shown that A) policy voting has become somewhat easier than in the past. B) a candidateʹs image is not as important today as it was in the past. C) Americans tend to identify with the underdog. D) party identification has become more important in voting decisions. E) policy voting has become harder than in the past.

Social Security taxes are A) paid for by employees and employers. B) paid for by employees only. C) paid for by employers only. D) taxes paid on Social Security benefits. E) levied and collected by state governments.

Social insurance taxes A) are earmarked for a specific purpose. B) have grown very little in recent years. C) go into the governmentʹs general money fund. D) are paid only by employers. E) all of the above

Sometimes states tackle problems that are generally considered national problems. This is most likely to occur when the federal government acts in a way that most state residents do not like. An example of this is A) state funding for stem cell research in California. B) lowering the minimum wage. C) collecting taxes on purchases made on the Internet. D) restrictions on the chemicals that can be used for developing digital photographs. E) local school board policies about which textbooks are appropriate.

States are responsible for most public policies dealing with each of the following issues EXCEPT A) economic issues. B) social issues. C) police powers. D) family issues. E) moral issues.

Studies have shown that presidential ________ in an election have little effect on the success of the partyʹs candidates for the House and Senate. A) coattails B) junkets C) vetoes D) headwinds E) scandals

Suffrage means A) the right to vote. B) turning out to vote. C) voting for the winner. D) voting for the loser. E) the struggle for equal rights for women.

The Constitution states that Congress has the power to establish post offices. This is an example of A) enumerated powers. B) delegated powers. C) implied powers. D) reserved powers. E) shared powers.

The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act A) mandated maximum allowable deficit levels for each year until 1993, when the budget was to be balanced. B) required automatic budget cuts, primarily in the area of defense. C) froze all United States government expenditures at their 1988 levels for three years in an effort to eliminate the budget deficits. D) allowed agencies to spend at the previous yearʹs level. E) called for tax increases to pay for federal spending.

The McCulloch v. Maryland case dealt with what specific grievance? A) a state taxing a national bank B) toll bridges on interstate roads C) the location of Marylandʹs capital city D) a state coining its own money E) import taxes on goods made in other states

The National Security Council A) links the presidentʹs key foreign and military policy advisors. B) is composed of the heads of the three branches of the armed services and makes recommendations to the president on combat strategy. C) was established by President Roosevelt to manage foreign and domestic intelligence operations. D) was created by legislation to keep the president informed on foreign affairs. E) helps the president make policy on such matters as inflation and unemployment.

The Office of Management and Budget estimates that the total tax expenditures is more than ________ of the federal governmentʹs total receipts. A) 30 percent B) 10 percent C) 25 percent D) 40 percent E) 50 percent

The Office of Management and Budget is comprised of A) political appointees and career officials. B) political appointees, career officials, and congressional staffers. C) all political appointees. D) all career officials. E) economists.

The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, A) explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. B) limited the total income tax Congress could levy on an individual. C) set up the Social Security system. D) forbade Congress from levying an income tax, but was later repealed. E) required the federal government to balance its budget each year but it was repealed during the Great Depression.

The Social Security Act was passed under the administration of President A) Franklin D. Roosevelt. B) Dwight D. Eisenhower. C) Herbert Hoover. D) Lyndon Johnson. E) Abraham Lincoln.

The Social Security Act, which set up the Social Security system, was passed in A) 1935. B) 1913. C) 1865. D) 1962. E) 1929.

The Twenty-fifth Amendment, ratified in 1967, A) created a means for selecting a new vice president when the office became vacant. B) granted 18-year-olds the right to vote. C) limited the president to two terms in office. D) specifically forced Richard Nixon from office. E) provided for the direct election of the president by the people.

The budget of the Department of Defense A) decreased in the 1990s. B) constitutes the bulk of the ʺuncontrollableʺ expenditures of the United States budget. C) constitutes over half of all federal expenditures. D) is the driving force in the expansion of the federal budget. E) has increased despite the end of the Cold War.

The enumerated powers of Congress and the national government are those A) specifically spelled out in the Constitution. B) set out in the first ten amendments. C) involving taxes, spending, and fiscal policy. D) not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, but nonetheless acknowledged. E) requiring ratification by the states.

The fact that candidates must tailor their appeals to the particular interest of each major state tends to result in A) numerous campaign promises adding up to new government programs. B) increased public interest in the campaign. C) limiting the scope of government. D) a more open and democratic process. E) a tilt toward statesʹ rights at the expense of the national government.

The federal debt A) consists of all the money borrowed over the years by the national government and still outstanding. B) is money owed to foreign nations by the United States government when it imports more goods than it exports. C) is all money borrowed over the years by the federal government and owed to state governments. D) is the difference between the amount of annual tax receipts and government expenditures. E) is money owed by taxpayers to the United States government, but never paid.

The heads of executive agencies send their budget requests to the A) Office of Management and Budget. B) Congressional tax committees. C) president. D) Treasury Department. E) Congressional Budget Office.

The high point of voter turnout in the United States was in A) 1896. B) 1932. C) 1972. D) 1968. E) 1960.

The main purpose of the Congressional Budget Office is to A) advise Congress on the consequences of its budget decisions. B) act as a liaison with interest groups. C) prepare Congressʹ own operating budget for salaries and supplies. D) receive reports and recommendations from committees. E) advise the president on congressional priorities in the budget.

The member of a presidential campaign who helps reporters make their deadlines with stories that the campaign would like to see reported is the A) press secretary. B) media liaison. C) propagandist. D) director of public relations. E) media consultant.

The relationship between campaign spending and electoral success is that A) spending more than your opponent does not assure victory. B) the candidate who spends the most is sure to win. C) the more incumbents spend, the more likely they are to be reelected. D) the amount of money spent and winning are entirely unrelated. E) none of the above

The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid is an example of A) a string attached to categorical grants. B) an important element of the ʺformulaʺ used to calculate formula grants. C) a project grant supported by the interest groups. D) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds. E) an unfunded mandate.

The ʺBig Moʺ refers to A) achieving momentum in the nomination campaign. B) the path-breaking presidential campaign of Morris ʺMoʺ Udall. C) the overwhelming need for money in a presidential campaign. D) the importance of the Missouri primary in the presidential nomination campaign. E) the moment in which a candidate receives enough delegates to receive the nomination.

Traditionally, Congressional committee chairpersons have been chosen through A) the seniority system. B) party rank. C) popularity with majority leaders. D) a majority vote by committee members. E) the merit system.

What bothers politicians most about the rising costs of high-tech campaigning is A) that fund-raising has come to take up so much of their precious time, distracting them from legislation. B) that so many good people can not afford to run for reelection. C) they feel like whores who will do anything for a campaign contribution. D) the increasing influence of PACs. E) the declining number of PACs that they relied on for large campaign contributions.

When Political Action Committees contribute money to members of Congress they are usually seeking A) access to policymakers. B) votes on specific legislation. C) to install a preferred challenger in office. D) to create a more pluralistic Congress. E) to literally buy opposing legislatorsʹ votes.

Which is FALSE regarding the electoral college? A) Whoever wins the most votes in the electoral college wins, even if that isnʹt a majority. B) Maine and Nebraska do not use the ʺwinner-take-allʺ system. C) Electors can vote for whomever they want, regardless of how their stateʹs voters voted. D) In most states ALL the electors vote for whomever won the most votes in their state, even if that wasnʹt a majority. E) The electors themselves are selected by state parties.

Which of the following does NOT characterize presidential elections around 1800? A) The candidates barnstormed the country campaigning and giving speeches. B) Most of the campaigning was done by state and local party organizations. C) Campaigns were directed at state legislators, not the voters. D) Newspaper coverage of the campaign was extremely biased and dishonest. E) All of these describe the pathetic, sordid, sorry state of early American elections- weʹve come a long way baby!

Which of the following factors weaken political campaignsʹ effects on voters? A) selective perception, party identification, and incumbent name recognition B) negative advertising, party identification, and incumbent name recognition C) campaign expenditures, party identification, and incumbent name recognition D) selective mobilization, party identification, and incumbent name recognition E) selective mobilization, negative advertising and incumbent name recognition

Which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Congress requires voter registration nationwide. B) The Motor Voter Act allows eligible voters to register by checking a box on their driverʹs license application. C) In North Dakota, you donʹt have to register to vote. D) In a few states, you can register to vote on election day. E) Some states let you register at supermarkets.

Which of the following is NOT a standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) distinctly separated powers of state and national governments B) federal grants-in-aid C) shared administration of programs D) shared financing of government E) federal guidelines imposed on states

Which of the following is NOT associated with incremental budgeting? A) An agency or program must prove it still merits its very existence every year. B) Most of the budget debate and attention is over an increase in the agencyʹs funding. C) Agencies and programs tend to safely assume they will receive at least what they had last year. D) The budget for any given agency tends to grow a bit every year. E) Agencies often pad their budgets a little bit.

Which of the following is NOT true about categorical grants? A) The federal government is less likely to apply conditions to these grants today than in the 1970s. B) There are several hundred specific purposes or categories for which these grants can be used. C) Virtually every one is enshrouded in rules and regulations for its use. D) A project grant is the most typical type of categorical grant. E) Categorical grants are monies that can be spent in broad categories of functions.

Which of the following is TRUE about PACs? A) They must report their contributions to the Federal Election Commission. B) They are not required, but encouraged, to report their contributions to the Federal Election Commission. C) Their numbers have declined precipitously in recent years. D) Most exist for about the length of a campaign, then die out to be replaced with new ones in the next election cycle. E) They can contribute an unlimited amount of money to any campaign, so long as the contribution is made publicly.

Which of the following is TRUE about the electoral college? A) On very rare occasions, an elector has voted differently from the popular vote winner of his state. B) It is scheduled to be phased out in 2006, though some still argue its usefulness and want to rescind the phase-out. C) It is used in nearly half of the democratic nations around the world. D) An elector has never voted differently from the popular vote winner of his state. E) none of the above

Which of the following is responsible for responding to congressional requests for information and providing non-partisan studies? A) Congressional Research Service B) Congressional Budget Office C) General Accounting Office D) Ways and Means Committee E) Office of the Majority Leader

Which of the following statements about crises is FALSE? A) There were more immediate crises early in American history than there are today. B) Most crises occur in the realm of foreign policy. C) Crises are rarely the presidentʹs doing. D) The president has become more prominent in handling crises than other branches of government. E) It is easier for an individual president to manage crises than it is for congressional leaders to do so.

Which of the following statements about federalism is FALSE? A) Federalism was hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention. B) Eighteenth-century Americans had little experience in thinking of themselves as Americans first and state citizens second. C) There was no other practical choice in 1787 but to create a federal system of government. D) Loyalty to state governments was so strong that the Constitution would have been resoundingly defeated had it tried to abolish them. E) None of the above; all are TRUE.

Which of the following statements about money in Congressional elections is FALSE? A) It costs more money to elect a president than to elect a member of Congress. B) Most of the money spent in congressional elections comes from individuals. C) About a quarter of the funds raised in general election contests come from PACs. D) Political Action Committees often make contributions after the election. E) PACs often switch sides and give money to the candidate they originally opposed.

Which of the following statements about the 1800 presidential election is TRUE? A) The 1800 election was ultimately decided in the House of Representatives. B) The 1800 election was the first one in which the candidates were chosen by party conventions. C) For the first time the focus of the 1800 election was on the citizen voters. D) The candidates in the 1800 election vigorously campaigned in each of the states. E) all of the above

Which of the following statements about the majority leader of the House of Representatives is FALSE? A) The majority leader exercises substantial control over which bills get assigned to which committees. B) The majority leader is the main steppingstone to the job of Speaker of the House. C) The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills in the House. D) The majority leader is responsible for rounding up votes on behalf of the partyʹs position on legislation. E) He or she is the principal ally of the Speaker.

Which of the following statements about the presidential veto is FALSE? A) Almost half of all vetoed bills have been overridden by Congress. B) Presidents can not veto only parts of a bill. C) Even the threat of a presidential veto can be an effective tool for persuading Congress to give more weight to presidentsʹ views. D) The presidential veto is an inherently negative resource. E) The president, unlike most governors, cannot use a line-item veto.

Which of the following statements about the state governments is accurate? A) They carry out virtually all the functions they always have, while the national government has taken on new functions. B) The national government has taken away nearly all the functions the states used to perform. C) The national government has taken away about half the functions the states used to perform. D) There has been a sharp decrease in the proportion of gross national product spent by states and localities since 1929. E) Their policy functions have nearly been taken over by the national government.

Which of the following statements about those who challenge incumbent members of the House is TRUE? A) They are usually not well-known. B) They are usually experienced legislators. C) They usually have a well-established organizational backing. D) They tend to be well-financed. E) They usually conduct public opinion polls and only run if they have a good chance of winning.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Federal grants can put an unwanted financial burden on states. B) When Congress imposes a program on the states, it also provides the funds for the program. C) Congress decreased funding of Medicaid in the 1980s to relieve state financial burdens. D) States are always seeking increases in grant programs. E) all of the above

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The American states have unitary governments. B) Federalism is the typical way nations organize their governments. C) Great Britain has a federal system. D) Most European countries are confederations. E) none of the above

Which of these candidates would most likely get elected? A) a representative running for reelection B) a senator running for reelection C) an incumbent representative challenging a senator D) a challenger E) an incumbent

Which of these is the least important dimension of a candidateʹs image? A) intelligence B) integrity C) reliability D) competence E) experience

Which of these was NOT a principle established in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland? A) State governments are forbidden spending more money than they raise each year, while there is no such requirement on the national government. B) The national government can establish a national bank, even though the Constitution does not say it can. C) The national government is supreme to the states when it is acting within its sphere of action. D) The national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers. E) State laws preempt national laws when the national government clearly exceeds its constitutional powers and intrudes upon state powers.

One of the reasons that ʺbusinessʺ does not always get what it wants is A) business groups often have different interests and want different things. B) it has limited resources to spend on influencing government policy. C) it has often used ineffective lobbying techniques. D) it is a relatively ʺweakʺ cluster of interest groups. E) none of the above

A) business groups often have different interests and want different things.

Steve Sovernʹs LASTPAC and Common Cause A) agree that all candidates and officeholders should not accept money from political action groups. B) disagree on the issue of whether PACs engage in influence peddling. C) disagree on the issue of whether electioneering is an appropriate policy arena for interest groups. D) agree that the $5,000 limit on PAC contributions makes such contributions meaningless in multimillion -dollar presidential campaigns and should be rescinded. E) agree that the income tax check-off to support public financing of presidential campaign should be eliminated.

A) agree that all candidates and officeholders should not accept money from political action groups.

An example of a public interest group is A) Common Cause. B) American Medical Association. C) National Organization for Women. D) National Association of Manufacturers. E) National Rifle Association

A) Common Cause.

Interest group liberalism is associated with which of the following criticisms? A) In an effort to please and appease every interest, agencies proliferate, conflicting regulations expand, programs multiply, and the budgets skyrocket. B) Real power is held by relatively few people, key groups, and institutions that get nearly all they want from government. C) Interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time, and democratic government is well served by their competition. D) The framers of the Constitution intended that groups serve to bargain for various interests in American society, and this has proven a wise and relatively fair, open system. E) The interest group system is dominated by liberal interest groups who have been successfully pushing an agenda that has made it hard for the police to fight crime, contributed to declining moral values and bankrupted the government with giveaways to welfare freeloaders.

A) In an effort to please and appease every interest, agencies proliferate, conflicting regulations expand, programs multiply, and the budgets skyrocket.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) In the American economy, government directly determines wages, prices, and profits. B) Public policy in America has economic effects through regulations, tax advantages, subsidies and contracts, and international trade. C) Even a minor change in government regulatory policy can cost industries a great deal or bring increased profits. D) How the tax code is written determines whether people and producers pay a lot or a little of their incomes to the government. E) B and D only

A) In the American economy, government directly determines wages, prices, and profits.

Which of the following groups claims the smallest share of its potential members? A) National Consumers League B) United States Savings and Loan League C) Tobacco Institute D) Air Transport Association E) American Medical Association

A) National Consumers League

________ helps to explain why public interest lobbies have relatively small proportions of actual members. A) The free-rider problem B) Special interest liberalism C) The rise of political action committees D) Tougher regulation of all lobbyists E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups

A) The free-rider problem

Subgovernments are composed of key interest group leaders interested in policy X, the government agency in charge of administering policy X, and the ________ handling policy X. A) congressional committees and subcommittees B) federal courts C) public relations officers D) political candidates E) local governments

A) congressional committees and subcommittees

Public opinion polls can weaken democracy by

A) drowning out election issues with a steady flood of poll results.

The idea that just a few groups have all the power is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) syndicalism.

A) elite theory.

The text identifies two types of lobbyists, A) full-time employees and consultants. B) policy experts and legal specialists. C) attorneys and non-attorneys. D) those based in Washington, D.C., and those based elsewhere. E) ʺold schoolʺ and ʺmodern styleʺ lobbyists.

A) full-time employees and consultants.

According to the classic study, The American Voter, done in the 1950s, most Americans fell into the category of

A) group benefits voters.

Single-issue groups A) include members with narrow, uncompromising interests. B) have had little effect on the outcomes of elections. C) mainly focus on the issue of abortion. D) are not taken seriously because they lack a large constituency. E) tend to focus on their specific economic interest rather than on collective social issues.

A) include members with narrow, uncompromising interests.

One can predict how the majority of young people will vote simply by

A) knowing the political leaning of their parents.

The most successful tactic that civil rights and environmental groups have used to influence policy is A) litigation. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) media advertising. E) protest demonstrations.

A) litigation.

The successes of civil rights and womenʹs rights groups in redirecting the course of public policy, once they were organized, is pointed to as evidence to support the ________ theory that American politics is open and not a problem. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

A) pluralist

Which of the following theories offers the most positive interpretation of the effect of interest groups on American democracy? A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

A) pluralist

One of the effects of growing older on political learning and political behavior is that

A) political participation increases with age.

A(n) ________ group is composed of all people who might be group members because they share some common interest. A) potential B) interest C) actual D) single-issue E) latent

A) potential

According to the text, one of the most common function of lobbyists is to A) provide information and ideas to members of Congress. B) recruit former officeholders to help with public relations. C) convert members of Congress to the point of view the lobbyists represent. D) actually introduce new legislation. E) raise funds for preferred political candidates.

A) provide information and ideas to members of Congress.

Today, most polling is done through

A) random digit dialing.

The Simpson-Mazzoli Act

A) represented a crackdown on illegal aliens by requiring that employers document the citizenship or legitimate immigrant status of workers or pay stiff fines.

The Simpson-Mazzoli Act

A) required employers to document the citizenship of their employees.

The United States Constitution requires that the government conduct an ʺactual enumerationʺ of the population every

A) ten years.

The hyperpluralist complaint that interest group politics creates subgovernments refers to A) the cooperative efforts of group leaders, government agencies, and members of congressional committees and subcommittees to promote special interests. B) the power of interest groups in determining government policies. C) the conflict of interest created when government agencies promote group interests. D) the use of paid lobbyists on congressional committees and subcommittees. E) the proliferation of specialized local governments over the last thirty years, many of which are designed to service some special interest.

A) the cooperative efforts of group leaders, government agencies, and members of congressional committees and subcommittees to promote special interests.

The pluralist theory of American politics maintains that A) the extensive organization of competing groups is evidence that influence is widely dispersed among them. B) the proliferation of interest groups results in political stagnation. C) the largest interest groups will come to dominate policymaking. D) although groups often do not play by the rules of the game, they do represent the American public at large. E) the slogan on our money, e pluribus unum, is accurate in the sense that out of the many competing groups in America, a single unified American purpose has been forged.

A) the extensive organization of competing groups is evidence that influence is widely dispersed among them.

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. B) the smaller the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. C) the more levels of authority within a group, the more faith its members will have in it. D) the more levels of authority within a group, the less faith its members will have in it. E) the larger the group, the more likely it is to win.

A) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good.

If public opinion analysts agree about anything it is that

A) the level of public knowledge about politics is dismally low.

A pollster using a representative sample of 1,500 Americans finds that 52 percent support candidate X and 48 percent support candidate Y. The pollsterʹs conclusion should be that

A) the race is too close to call because of a possible sampling error.

The 1936 Literary Digest poll underestimated the vote for President Franklin Roosevelt by 19 percent because

A) the sample was drawn from telephone books and motor-vehicle records.

A budget reconciliation A) reconciles the differences between House and Senate versions of the budget. B) revises program authorizations to achieve required savings. C) is an act of Congress that establishes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. D) must be passed to actually fund programs established by authorization bills. E) sets limits on expenditures based on revenue projections.

A large number of studies have concluded that the news media are A) moderately biased toward liberal ideology. B) not biased on any systematic basis, and the news is typically characterized by neutrality. C) slightly biased toward the Democrats. D) strongly biased toward the Democrats. E) slightly biased toward the Republicans.

A marriage license issued in one state is valid and honored in all states under the constitutional provision of A) separation of powers. B) full faith and credit. C) national supremacy. D) national licensure. E) privileges and immunities.

A(n) ________ is a partyʹs official selection of a candidate to run for office. A) appointment B) nomination C) conversion D) imprimatur E) endorsement

About ________ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federal government. A) 33 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent

According to Aaron Wildavsky, budgeting is a process most concerned with A) making sure every citizen receives a fair amount of government benefits. B) translating financial resources into human purposes. C) keeping the government running on a day-to-day basis. D) keeping expenditures balanced with taxes. E) redistributing the natural distribution of wealth in a capitalist economy in a fairer more civilized way than the push and shove of free enterprise.

An ________ bill is an act of Congress that establishes a discretionary government program or an entitlement, or that continues or changes such programs. A) omnibus B) authorization C) impoundment D) appropriations E) enabling

An electoral mandate ________ the presidentʹs level of support in Congress. A) does severe harm to B) usually has a positive effect on C) increases by a factor of 2.5 D) has no effect on E) guarantees a sharp increase in

An example of casework by a member of Congress is A) writing a newsletter to send out to constituents. B) helping a constituent gain citizenship. C) voting for a bill desired by constituents. D) working with a caucus on a public policy that affects his or her constituents. E) all of the above

An ʺuncontrollableʺ expenditure in the federal budget is defined as A) expenditures exceeding revenues so as to require borrowing to cover the difference. B) an expenditure that is required by current law or a previous government obligation to people automatically eligible for some benefit. C) an annual incremental increase in the cost of a program. D) one in which more money must be appropriated to handle a national crisis. E) the governmentʹs allowance for meeting budget requests.

Anthony Downsʹ theory of rational voting behavior predicts that people will vote if they A) can afford the time and energy to do so. B) think one party will give them more policy benefits than the other. C) think their vote will make the difference for a particular candidate. D) identify with a particular candidate, even though they doubt that one vote can make a difference. E) feel obligated to do so.

Approximately what percentage of the federal budget is uncontrollable? A) one-fourth B) two-thirds C) almost all of it D) one-half E) one-third

Compared to members of the House, senators are A) more likely to have personal contact with their constituents. B) more likely to face difficult reelection opponents. C) less likely to face difficult reelection opponents. D) less likely to use television in their reelection campaigns. E) none of the above

Comparison between members of the House and Senate concerning the impact of incumbency on their reelection chances shows that one of the reasons that senators have a smaller advantage is because they A) have become over-specialized as policymakers. B) are more likely to be held accountable on controversial issues. C) are less visible. D) have longer terms that increase the chance of scandal. E) represent more homogenous constituencies.

Congressional reforms of the 1970s A) professionalized the operation of Congress and made it much more efficient. B) decentralized power and democratized Congress. C) were aimed at rooting out scandal and corruption. D) ended the two-party monopoly of Congress and brought new parties into Congress. E) all of the above

Congressʹs role in national security policy has typically included all of the following EXCEPT A) support or criticism of the president. B) initiation of policy. C) oversight of the executive branch. D) to pass authorizations and appropriations for presidential actions. E) monitoring constituent opinions on national security.

Daniel Smith argues that initiatives typically stem from A) broad public demand for the policy. B) the actions of a dedicated policy entrepreneur. C) the natural emergence of policy issues. D) responsive elected officials, working in coalition. E) none of the above

Donating $200,000 to a political party to help its presidential nominee in somewhat indirect ways is A) legal, and known as soft money. B) illegal under the McCain-Feingold Act. C) of unclear legality and the subject of a controversial and vague Supreme Court ruling. D) legal, and known as a PAC contribution. E) illegal under the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA).

Each of the following is considered a disadvantage of federalism for democracy EXCEPT A) local interests may be able to thwart national majority support of certain policies. B) powerful interests in a state can use the state as a power base to promote their interests. C) voter turnout rates in state and local elections are even lower than in national elections. D) large number of governments in the United States make exercising democratic control more difficult. E) policy diversity can discourage states from providing services that would otherwise be available.

Elections have a tendency to expand the scope of government because A) so many people become involved in the process. B) voters like to feel that they are sending a message to government to accomplish something. C) so much money is involved in campaigns. D) elections open opportunities for more government employment. E) because they are so expensive to conduct.

Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that A) power is centralized in state and local government. B) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. C) there is one federal government and all regional governments are administrative subunits of it. D) power is centralized in the national government. E) there are three branches of government and a system of checks and balances.

Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policies. B) increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national level. C) increases access to government. D) allows more opportunities for political participation. E) allows customization of policies for local needs.

Few developments have changed American politics as much as A) campaign finance reforms in the 1970s. B) the proliferation of presidential primaries. C) the creation of PACs. D) expanded number of TV news shows. E) talk radio.

For a candidate, the most important and desirable result of the early nomination contests is A) doing well in a state highly representative of the entire United States population. B) doing better than expected, thus winning an image as the partyʹs frontrunner and holder of momentum. C) winning the highest number of national convention delegates. D) winning all of its electoral votes. E) winning the highest number of votes.

From clean-air legislation to welfare reforms, the states constitute a ________ to develop and test public policies and share the results with other states and the national government. A) major roadblock B) national laboratory C) neglected resource D) last chance E) severe reluctance

Funding for the interstate highway system is an example of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) tripartite federalism. D) a unitary system of government. E) national federalism.

House and Senate committees A) all have an equal number of Republicans and Democrats. B) all have a majority of members from the majority party in that chamber. C) must have their membership approved by the president. D) are non-partisan, and thus some committees are nearly all Democrats and others nearly all Republicans. E) are populated by the hired staff members of Congress, freeing the elected members for more important work.

How is a unitary system different from a federal one? A) The national government can coin money, conduct foreign relations, and declare war. B) The national government can change the boundaries of states, or abolish them. C) State governments have political autonomy and can nullify national laws. D) Administrative subunits, such as states, can collect taxes, conduct elections, and make laws independently of the national government. E) both B and C

How many governments are there in the United States? A) 538 B) over 100,000 C) 51 D) one E) 50

How many presidents were political scientists? A) about half of them B) one C) all but one of them D) two E) all of them

How many senators are elected from each state? A) one B) two C) four D) it depends on a stateʹs population E) the same number as it has electors in the electoral college

Impeachment of a president means that the president is A) convicted of a crime. B) indicted by the House. C) removed from office. D) tried by the Senate. E) all of the above

In Bush v. Gore (2000), the United States Supreme Court ruled that A) the Florida Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the presidential election legal issues. B) although a recount was legal, the same (or more precise) standards for evaluating ballots would have to be applied in all counties. C) the butterfly ballot was unconstitutional. D) the time used to recount ballots could extend past December 12, when the Florida electors would meet. E) punch card ballots were illegal if not used in all counties.

In Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court ruled that A) California was required to recognize the legality of same sex marriages. B) California could not require a new resident to wait one year before being eligible for welfare benefits. C) California could withhold educational benefits from children of illegal immigrants. D) California was required to offer bilingual education programs in the public elementary schools. E) California could not provide welfare benefits to illegal immigrants.

In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of the different levels of government are distinct, like a layer cake. A) fiscal B) dual C) tripartite D) cooperative E) anti-

In order of decreasing amounts, the sources of federal revenue include A) individual income tax, excise tax, corporate income tax, and social insurance receipts. B) individual income tax, social insurance receipts, borrowing and corporate income tax. C) social insurance receipts, corporate income tax, individual income tax, and borrowing. D) corporate income taxes, personal income taxes, borrowing and social insurance taxes. E) borrowing, individual income tax, social insurance receipts, and corporate income tax.

Laws that directly regulate abortion, drinking ages, marriage and divorce, or sexual behavior are policy prerogatives that belong to A) the bureaucracy. B) the states. C) Congress. D) local governments. E) federal courts.

Many voters have come to feel that they no longer need the parties to guide their electoral choices because A) the parties have become so much alike that it makes little difference. B) modern technology makes it possible for them to evaluate and make their own decisions about the candidates. C) the parties tend to rely on groups that lean heavily in their favor. D) once in office, candidates rarely follow the party line anyway. E) parties have become the captives of powerful interest groups that control the candidates, and the candidates donʹt look out for the interests of ordinary people.

Members of Congress engage in each of the following activities that increase the probability of their reelections EXCEPT A) advertising. B) party voting. C) credit-claiming. D) position taking. E) spend much of their time away from Congress and in their home districts.

Millionaire Senator Edward Kennedy sponsoring a bill to help the poor and disadvantaged would be an example of A) descriptive representation. B) substantive representation. C) elite representation. D) constituent representation. E) franking privileges.

Most of the news coverage of the White House A) is class analysis that seeks to explain which socio-economic groups are benefiting from or being injured by the latest policies. B) focuses on the most visible layer of presidentsʹ personal and official activities. C) focuses on the fundamental processes operating in the executive branch. D) is concerned with the substance of policies. E) is concerned with foreign policy issues.

Most of todayʹs federal debt was run up by government borrowing during A) World War II. B) the 1980s. C) the Vietnam War. D) the Great Depression. E) the Cold War (1947-1989).

Most studies show that A) presidential coattails are increasing in certain regions. B) presidential coattails rarely affect elections. C) presidential coattails are stronger in midterm elections. D) presidential coattails are stronger than ever. E) presidential coattails affect Republicans more than Democrats.

News coverage of presidents and their activities A) usually focuses on the personality of the president. B) is not systematically biased in any direction. C) tends to focus on the substance of presidential policies. D) has a heavy liberal bias. E) is typically unfavorable toward the White House.

Once the Office of Management and Budget has prepared the federal budget, A) it is sent to the Treasury Department for implementation. B) the president makes revisions and submits it to Congress. C) it is either signed into law or vetoed by the president. D) Congress must vote it up or down as a package within ten days. E) it immediately becomes law.

One of the important purposes of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 is to A) require the federal government to balance its budget. B) force Congress to consider the budget as a whole rather than in terms of individual appropriations. C) restore budgetary control to the appropriations committees and subcommittees. D) delegate effective budgetary authority to the president. E) give Congress almost exclusive control over the federal budget.

One of the key differences between the House and Senate is that the Senate A) is more centralized. B) is less dependent on seniority for determining power. C) has a lower turnover rate. D) has stronger leadership. E) has more anarchy.

One of the major functions of policy advisors in a campaign is to A) manage the campaign finances. B) keep the candidate informed on the issues. C) plan ad campaigns. D) handle the details of candidate scheduling. E) all of the above

Only the national government is allowed to A) levy taxes. B) regulate commerce with foreign nations. C) take private property for public purposes. D) make and enforce laws. E) all of the above

Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to the national government to solve problems or provide assistance because A) the Tenth Amendment gave increased power to the national government. B) a problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national government. C) of corruption at the state level. D) we have a unitary government. E) of persistent corruption in state and local government.

Over the last five decades, voting based primarily on party identification has A) completely disappeared. B) declined sharply. C) stayed almost exactly the same. D) increased. E) increased sharply.

People with higher than average education A) are no more and no less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. B) are more likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. C) are somewhat less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels. D) are much less likely to vote than people of lower educational levels because they know it wonʹt do any good. E) are more likely to vote than high school dropouts, but less likely to vote than those with high school diplomas.

Policy voting has increased in recent years primarily because A) the media is paying closer attention to the issues rather than the horse race. B) candidates are regularly forced to take some clear stands in order to appeal to their own partyʹs primary voters. C) voters in general have become more sophisticated and educated about the issues. D) policy issues are of greater consequence than they were in the past. E) voters frustrated by the inaction of Congress have turned to the initiative process to enact specific policies placed right on the ballot.

Political scientists tend to focus on each of the following major elements of votersʹ decisions EXCEPT A) votersʹ party identification. B) votersʹ ideology and world view. C) votersʹ evaluation of the candidates. D) the match between votersʹ policy positions and those of the candidates and parties. E) none of the above

Prior to his election as president, ________ had been a well-known actor and served for two terms as governor of California. A) George Bush B) Ronald Reagan C) Jimmy Carter D) Richard Nixon E) Earl Warren

Recent election studies show A) the presidentʹs party usually gains seats in Congress in mid-term elections. B) a diminishing connection between votersʹ presidential and congressional voting. C) that the party of the winning presidential candidate has been gaining an increasing number of seats in congress. D) that presidential coattails no longer exist. E) that many congressional races are determined by presidential coattails.

Research has found that those most likely to view the candidates in terms of their personal attributes are A) minority voters. B) college-educated voters. C) low-income voters. D) women voters. E) non-voters.

Running for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980, George Bush, announced in the early going that he had the ʺbig MO" - a reference to the fact that A) he had won more delegates in Missouri. B) he had the momentum having won in Iowa. C) financial contributors were heavily on his side. D) he had been endorsed by Moe Shepp, traditionally one of the Republican partyʹs biggest campaign contributors. E) he had won more votes in New Hampshire.

Soft money consists of money A) provided through public financing. B) for voter registration drives and campaign material at the grass-roots level. C) that is illegally given to a campaign. D) that individuals contribute to their own campaign. E) given directly to a candidate.

The least healthy, poorest, and least educated racial/ethnic group in the United States is

B) Native Americans.

The McGovern-Fraser Commission was set up to reform A) the financing of federal election campaigns. B) the rules for selecting delegates to the Democratic National Convention. C) the rules for selecting delegates to both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions. D) party fund-raising. E) the rules for selecting delegates to the Republican National Convention.

The Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) A) established Baltimore as the capital of Maryland. B) stated that the Constitution gave Congress implied powers. C) established the principle of judicial review. D) established the supremacy of state governments. E) recognized that Congress was limited to its enumerated powers.

The ________ is the list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions which members of Congress seek to locate in their district to promote the interests of their constituency. A) casework B) pork barrel C) frank D) junket E) Treasurerʹs register

The constitutional requirement that the states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment is known as A) forfeiture. B) extradition. C) privileges and immunities. D) full faith and credit. E) the elastic clause.

The election of 1896 was largely fought over the issue of A) war. B) economics. C) race relations. D) government corruption. E) the ownership of land in the west.

The final major event of each partyʹs national convention, during the last hour or so on the fourth and final night, is the A) adoption of the party platform. B) acceptance speech by the presidential candidate. C) roll-call vote for the presidential nomination. D) keynote speech. E) inaugural ball and champagne party to honor the new nominee.

The greater oneʹs sense of political efficacy, the A) less likely one is to vote. B) more likely one is to vote. C) greater oneʹs chance of being defeated in an election. D) less likely one is to view the election process in the United States as legitimate. E) more likely one is to see differences between the parties.

The greater the policy differences between the candidates, A) the closer the election. B) the more likely voters will be able to steer government policies by their choices. C) the lower the turnout in the general election. D) the more likely voters will make choices based on personality traits. E) the higher the voter turnout in the election.

The group of people with the lowest voter turnout rate is A) college graduates. B) young people. C) women. D) senior citizens over 70. E) union members.

The impact of the Motor Voter Act of 1993 was evidenced in A) higher registration and higher turnout in 1996 and 2000. B) higher registration and lower turnout in 1996 and 2000. C) no changes in either registration or turnout in 1996 and 2000. D) lower registration and higher turnout in 1996 and 2000. E) none of the above

The income tax is generally progressive, meaning that A) it increases incrementally on an annual basis. B) those with more income pay higher rates of tax on their income. C) those with more income pay more in taxes than those with less income. D) it is a newer form of taxation than excise and sales taxes. E) it is better than a flat tax.

The initiative petition A) is used to select party nominees for congressional and state offices. B) enables voters to put proposed legislation on the ballot. C) is an election in which voters approve or disapprove a legislative act. D) is needed for a candidate to get his or her name on the ballot. E) is a petition that initiates a recall election to determine whether an elected official shall be removed from office.

The largest expenditure in a campaign budget for the presidency or a statewide office today would almost certainly be A) travel, hotels, and food for the candidate and campaign staff. B) television advertising. C) the salaries of the campaign manager, pollster, counsel, and other staff. D) direct mail. E) buttons, signs, car bumper stickers, billboards, and brochures.

The largest percentage of federal grants to states and localities is in the area of A) defense. B) health. C) transportation. D) education. E) homeland security.

The mandate theory of elections is most often cited as the proper way to view elections by A) the defeated candidate. B) the winning candidate. C) political scientists. D) everybody. E) the media.

The military industrial complex refers to A) the global network of bases that the Department of Defense maintains. B) the close relationship between defense officials and the corporations that supply their hardware needs. C) the competition between the military and civilian industries for government dollars. D) the government-owned industries that manufacture military weapons and large equipment. E) the Pentagon and the buildings that surround it.

The most common prior occupation for members of Congress is A) business. B) law. C) education. D) public service. E) state legislator.

The most prevalent model of budgetary decision making in practice is A) program-planning budgeting. B) incrementalism. C) zero-based budgeting. D) line-item budgeting. E) rational party bargaining.

The most prominent characteristic of a Congresspersonʹs job is A) prestige. B) hard work. C) high pay. D) travel. E) the 30-hour work week.

The parties in Congress are most cohesive A) on foreign policy issues. B) when electing their official leaders. C) on economic policy. D) military matters. E) during floor votes.

The partyʹs platform is drafted A) after the convention, by a committee made up exclusively of supporters of the winning nominee. B) before the convention, by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidateʹs strength. C) after the convention, by a committee of party members chosen in rough proportion to each candidateʹs strength. D) during the convention, usually in the morning hours when cameras are not rolling. E) by the partyʹs presidential nominee in the days after the convention is over.

The primary goal of the presidentʹs legislative strategy is usually A) to win on all final votes. B) to set the agenda. C) to win the support of all fellow partisans. D) block legislation he opposes. E) none of the above

The primary thrust of the original intent and wording of the Tenth Amendment is that A) state legislatures have the ultimate authority to determine what a state governmentʹs powers are. B) states have certain powers that the national government cannot encroach upon. C) the national government can take control of a state government during a national emergency. D) national laws override state laws when there is a conflict between the two. E) both the states and national government are bound by the limitations in the Bill of Rights.

The role of party identification in votersʹ choices in congressional campaigns is A) extremely important, and increasingly so. B) moderately important, even though party identification is not as strong as it used to be. C) slightly important in a few districts, not important in most others. D) not important at all, and never really has been. E) much less significant than in presidential campaigns.

The surge in President George Bushʹs approval ratings during and immediately following the Gulf War in 1991 was an example of A) the bandwagon effect. B) a rally event. C) the bully pulpit. D) presidential coattails. E) a pocket veto.

The two-term limit was placed on the presidency by A) an act of Congress passed after Franklin D. Rooseveltʹs death. B) the Twenty-second Amendment. C) the Presidential Powers Act of 1951. D) the Twenty-fifth Amendment. E) Article II of the original Constitution.

The use of PAC money in presidential campaigns is A) particularly influential. B) less important than in Congressional campaigns. C) able to ʺthrowʺ the victory in the New Hampshire primary to the candidate favored by the most PACs. D) unregulated. E) illegal.

The winner of the presidential election of 1896 was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) William McKinley. C) Grover Cleveland. D) William Jennings Bryan. E) Ulysses Grant.

To end a filibuster requires ________ members present and voting to cut off debate. A) 50 B) 60 C) 75 D) 99 E) 218

To set a limit on total government spending, both houses of Congress are required to pass a(n) ________ every April, binding Congress to a total expenditure level, or bottom line, of all federal spending for all programs. A) budget B) budget resolution C) omnibus appropriations package D) circumscription bill E) authorization bill

Today, most delegates to each major partyʹs national convention are chosen by A) state party chairpersons prior to any caucus or presidential primary. B) state presidential primaries. C) the previous national convention. D) state presidential caucuses. E) a lottery system.

Today, the national government spends roughly ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 15 percent B) 20 percent C) 2.5 percent D) 9 percent E) 44 percent

Until Congress passed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, A) agencies of the executive branch sent their budget requests directly to the president, who alone had the authority to approve and fund the bureaucracy. B) agencies of the executive branch sent their budget requests to the secretary of the treasury, who forwarded them on to Congress, with the president playing little or no role in the entire process. C) there was no federal income tax in the United States. D) the United States had no formalized budget process. E) the federal budget had to be balanced, by law.

Voters in presidential primaries and caucuses tend to be A) very similar to the rest of the United States population in terms of education and income. B) older and more affluent than the United States population as a whole. C) minorities and notably younger than the general population. D) somewhat less educated and somewhat poorer on average than the United States population as a whole. E) far less educated and much poorer on average than the United States population as a whole.

Which of the following countries has the lowest voter turnout rate? A) Australia B) United States C) Italy D) France E) Bulgaria

Which of the following functions do elections LEAST serve? A) selecting public officials B) making and coordinating public policy C) providing regular access to political power D) providing legitimacy to the political system E) connecting citizens to government officials

Which of the following have been found to be most successfully affected by campaigns? A) conversion B) reinforcement and activation C) reinforcement, activation, and conversion D) reinforcement and conversion E) activation and conversion

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the current system of presidential primaries and caucuses? A) Prominent officeholders find it difficult to take time out from their current duties to run. B) The media do not have enough of a role in this process. C) Too much attention is paid to the early ones. D) Money plays too big a role. E) Many candidates drop out early before most states have held their primary or caucus.

Which of the following is NOT one of the perquisites which go with the job of being a member of Congress? A) a salary of over $150,000 B) subsidized housing in the Virginia or Maryland suburbs of D.C. C) free use of the mails to communicate with constituents D) free office space in Washington, D.C., and in the constituency from which elected E) a budget to support office staff

Which of the following is TRUE about American elections over the past 100 years? A) The suffrage has broadened, and the turnout has increased. B) The suffrage has broadened, and the turnout has decreased. C) The suffrage has narrowed, and the turnout has increased. D) The suffrage has narrowed, and the turnout has decreased. E) Suffrage has broadened, but there has been no change in turnout

Which of the following is TRUE about the minimum age requirements for members of Congress set forth in the Constitution? A) One must be at least 21 years of age to serve in the House of Representatives. B) One must be at least 30 years of age to serve in the Senate. C) One must be at least 35 years of age to serve in either the House or the Senate. D) There are no age requirements for members of Congress. E) The age requirements are the same for the House and the Senate.

Which of the following groups has the largest potential membership? A) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People B) National Organization for Women C) American Medical Association D) Air Transport Association of America E) American Political Science Association

B) National Organization for Women

Which of the following is TRUE about the presidential nomination process? A) In most states, it is the party leadership that chooses the delegates, and ordinary party voters have no say. B) In most states, presidential primaries are held with the national convention delegates allocated to each candidate in rough proximity to their percentage of popular vote. C) In most states, caucuses of interested party voters are held to begin the delegate selection process; only a small percentage of party voters attend, but it is open. D) Presidential candidates are chosen by their partyʹs senators and representatives in Congress. E) Although caucuses or presidential primaries are held in all states, these are mere beauty contests; convention delegates are chosen earlier by party officials who are uninterested in the opinions of party voters.

Which of the following is an example of a confederation? A) state governments in the United States B) the United Nations C) OPEC D) Britain E) France

Which of the following statements about President Reaganʹs 1981 tax cut is TRUE? A) It reduced the federal governmentʹs tax expenditures. B) It provided new tax incentives for personal saving and investment. C) It spread the tax burden more fairly among taxpayers. D) It led to a major reduction in the federal deficits. E) It helped curb inflation.

Which of the following statements about constituency influence is FALSE? A) It is difficult even for well-intentioned legislators to know what people want. B) Legislators whose votes on routine issues are out of step with their constituents are rarely reelected. C) On some controversial issues, legislators ignore constituent opinion at great peril. D) On obscure issues legislators can safely ignore constituency opinion. E) Letters received by legislators are more likely to convey extremist rather than moderate opinions.

Which of the following statements about federal block grants is FALSE? A) Block grants were created to lessen the paperwork and strings attached to many grants-in-aid. B) Congress has established an unlimited number of block grants to support narrowly defined programs. C) The Republican Congress is increasing block grants. D) States have discretion in deciding how to spend block grant money. E) They provide the states more flexibility in spending.

Which of the following statements about federalism is false? A) In cooperative federalism, sometimes even blame is shared when programs do not work well. B) The American system has always been neatly separated into purely state and purely national responsibilities. C) In cooperative federalism, policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. D) Cooperative federalism today rests on several standard operating procedures. E) None; all are true.

Which of the following statements about the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is FALSE? A) The OMB advises the president on budgetary matters. B) The OMB is one of the few government agencies created by the Constitution. C) The OMB supervises preparation of the federal budget. D) Government agencies send their budget estimates to the OMB. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the electoral college is FALSE? A) Each state has as many electoral votes as it has United States senators and representatives. B) Every state has a winner-take-all system where electors vote as a bloc for the winner. C) Electors meet in their states in December and mail their votes to the vice president. D) If no candidate receives an electoral majority, then the election is thrown into the House of Representatives. E) Some states have a winner take all system where electors vote as a bloc for the winner.

Which of the following statements about the role of the president as chief diplomat is FALSE? A) Presidential diplomacy can involve negotiating conflicts between other nations and not the United States. B) Senate approval of treaties negotiated by the president is almost automatic. C) The president has the sole power to negotiate treaties with other nations. D) In domestic policymaking, as chief diplomat, the president must rely principally on persuasion to lead. E) All of these are false.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Federalism reduces decision making and conflict at the national level. B) Federalism reduces the opportunities for political participation. C) Federalism allows the diversity of opinion within the country to be reflected in different public policies among the states. D) There are over a half million elected officials in the United States as a result of the federal system. E) The federal system ensures that each state can establish a power base to promote its interests.

Approximately what percent of Asian Americans hold a college degree?

B) 49

In the presidential election of 2004, ________ of Americans voted.

B) 55 percent

The most recent wave of immigration since World War II has consisted primarily of

B) Hispanics and Asians.

The most liberal religious group in America are

B) Jews.

Which of the following statements about the American people is FALSE?

B) Most Americans view cultural diversity as one of the least appealing aspects of their society.

Which of the following is NOT true about Political Action Committees? A) There are far more PACs now than there were in 1974. B) Most PAC money goes to challengers rather than incumbents. C) Some PACs contribute to both challenger and incumbent, playing it safe. D) Only a handful of candidates have completely resisted the lure of PAC money. E) PACs contribute before and after elections.

B) Most PAC money goes to challengers rather than incumbents.

Which of the following is NOT true about exit polls?

B) Most people are contacted by the random digit dialing method.

The Fair Share program is an effort by the A) National Organization of Women to renew the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to negotiate agreements with businesses to increase minority hiring and the use of minority contractors. C) National Organization of Women to get equal pay for comparable work. D) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to desegregate private clubs. E) American Taxpayersʹ Union to raise the wages and cut the taxes of lower- and middle-income people.

B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to negotiate agreements with businesses to increase minority hiring and the use of minority contractors.

Which of the following is NOT typical of American interest groups? A) They frequently look to the bureaucracy or the judicial process to achieve their policy goals. B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country. C) Most have a handful of key policies to push, and are policy experts in those areas. D) Unlike political parties, they are not faced with the constraint of trying to appeal to everyone. E) They mostly represent diffuse, non-economic interests.

B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country.

Public opinion polls are only estimates because

B) all surveys have a sampling error.

American political parties differ from interest groups in that parties A) are policy specialists. B) are policy generalists. C) are policy-driven. D) do not take positions on policy issues. E) have a narrower scope than interest groups.

B) are policy generalists.

Right-to-work laws are most strongly supported by A) unemployed citizens. B) business groups. C) union officials. D) the feminist and civil rights movements. E) illegal immigrants.

B) business groups.

Elite theorists emphasize the power of A) subgovernments. B) business leaders. C) congressional staff members. D) public interest lobbies. E) presidents.

B) business leaders.

According to Marc Hetherington, what is the largest impact of declining political trust?

B) decreased support for programs that address poverty and racial inequality

Since the 1960s, Americansʹ trust in government has

B) decreased.

The science of population changes is called

B) demography.

Public opinion analysts agree that the level of public knowledge about politics is

B) dismally low.

Many interest groups involve themselves in ________ to help get those they consider to be the right people into office or to keep them there. A) lobbying B) electioneering C) litigation D) policymaking E) recruitment

B) electioneering

Political Action Committees are primarily a means used by interest groups for A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) litigation. D) policymaking. E) political action.

B) electioneering.

Random sampling in public opinion polling operates on the principle that

B) everyone should have an equal probability of being selected.

In many countries with multiparty systems and proportional representation, interest groups A) frequently win a majority of seats in the national legislature. B) frequently win some seats in the national legislature. C) frequently run candidates for seats in the national legislature, but these candidates almost never win. D) are barred from running candidates for office. E) are guaranteed by law seats in the national parliament in proportion to their percentage of the general population.

B) frequently win some seats in the national legislature.

Interest group liberalism refers to A) government freedom to favor some interest groups over others. B) governmentʹs excessive deference to interest groups. C) the liberal political ideology of most interest groups. D) the proliferation of the number of interest groups. E) the strong tendency of interest groups to back the Democratic party and not the Republican party and that keeps the Democratic party in power.

B) governmentʹs excessive deference to interest groups.

Environmental groups A) are an example of an economic interest group. B) grew dramatically after the first Earth Day in 1970. C) support nuclear power as a clean alternative to coal mining. D) have had very little influence on Congress and state legislatures. E) tend to avoid energy issues, while concentrating on the preservation of wilderness.

B) grew dramatically after the first Earth Day in 1970.

A hyperpluralist interpretation of group politics would maintain that A) groups weak in one resource can substitute other resources to influence policy decisions. B) groups have become so powerful that government ends up aiding every possible interest. C) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because groups are unequal in power. D) groups provide a key linkage between people and government. E) All of these are true.

B) groups have become so powerful that government ends up aiding every possible interest.

The free-rider problem refers to the difficulty of A) small groups in raising enough money to influence policy. B) groups in organizing all their potential members. C) actual groups in collecting dues from members. D) potential groups in receiving their share in collective goods. E) all taxpayers having to pay for public services and payments that go only to the poor.

B) groups in organizing all their potential members.

Interest group liberalism is criticized especially by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) social-conservative

B) hyperpluralist

The criticism that government refuses to make tough choices between X or Y, instead pretending there is no need to choose and trying to favor both is most often made by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) rational choice

B) hyperpluralist

According to James Madison in Federalist Paper No. 1, the way to prevent any one group from having too much power is to A) eliminate most groups. B) increase the scope and number of groups. C) strictly regulate them. D) make them unconstitutional. E) none of the above

B) increase the scope and number of groups.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which a lobbyist can help a member of Congress? A) obtaining group support for the politicianʹs reelection B) introducing legislation in Congress C) providing valuable information on specialized policy areas D) helping with political strategy E) assisting with the cost of traveling between their home district and Washington, D.C.

B) introducing legislation in Congress

Pluralists argue that lobbying A) is dominated by wealthy corporations and the wealthiest individuals and is a danger to the democratic system. B) is open to all and is therefore not to be regarded as a problem. C) by so many interest groups who get what they want indicates that the relation between groups and government has grown too cozy. D) must be suspended until tighter regulations can be put into place to protect the public interest. E) has no effect on policymaking.

B) is open to all and is therefore not to be regarded as a problem.

The biggest obstacle to the effectiveness of large groups is the A) difficulty of finding effective leadership. B) problem of raising funds and attracting government support. C) formation of counter-groups to oppose them. D) discrepancy between potential and actual membership. E) government regulations on lobbying activities.

B) problem of raising funds and attracting government support.

Since the 1960s, the number of interest groups has A) remained constant. B) risen rapidly. C) declined slightly. D) declined sharply. E) fluctuated up and down as new issues developed and others faded away.

B) risen rapidly.

Because it would be prohibitively expensive to ask every citizen his or her opinion on a whole range of issues, polls rely on what is called a(n) ________ of the population.

B) sample

Recent presidential elections have shown

B) that voters are less interested in ideology or issue positions than in candidate traits such as competence and integrity.

Between 1990 and 2000,

B) the Sunbelt continued to experience rapid population growth.

Elitist theorists argue that A) groups weak in one resource can use another, and all legitimate groups are able to affect public policy by one means or another. B) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in power. C) the government has treated all interest group demands as legitimate, and unwisely chosen to advance them all. D) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. E) governments should be controlled by a select group of well-educated, cultured, wealthy persons who understand the laws of economics and can run the most efficient government.

B) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in power.

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the more effective it will be. B) the smaller the group, the more effective it will be. C) the size of a group does not determine its effectiveness, the leadership structure is the key. D) all groups have a life cycle of birth, growth, maintenance, and decline, although many never decline completely. E) large groups are more democratic.

B) the smaller the group, the more effective it will be.

In ʺgoing publicʺ interest groups A) extend membership to a broader range of people. B) use advertising and public relations to enhance their image. C) bring class action suits against their opponents. D) issue stock. E) open their decision-making meetings to the general public.

B) use advertising and public relations to enhance their image.

Historically disadvantaged groups tend to

B) vote Democratic.

A budget is A) a blueprint for what the government should do. B) a policy determination of how much to spend. C) a policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures). D) passed by the presidentʹs cabinet. E) none of the above

A form of governmental structure in which the national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) is known as A) federalism. B) statist. C) a confederation. D) parliamentary. E) a unitary government.

A primary resource available to presidents for controlling the bureaucracy is A) control of the federal budget. B) their unlimited power to offer patronage positions in the bureaucracy. C) the power to appoint top-level administrators. D) their ability to dismiss or fire most members of the bureaucracy. E) all of the above

A project grant is A) money awarded for public housing in urban areas of the nation. B) awarded more or less automatically to states or communities. C) awarded on the basis of competitive application. D) restricted to construction projects. E) distributed on the basis of population, per capita income, percentage of rural population, or some other factor.

A unitary system is a way of organizing government so that A) power is concentrated in state and local governments. B) national and state governments have separate powers over different areas and people. C) power is concentrated in a central government. D) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. E) every single government is independent of the others and possesses its own specialized power and authority.

A very important ground rule concerning the behavior of political action committees is A) they are not allowed to contribute to presidential campaigns. B) there are strict limits on the number of candidates each PAC can contribute to. C) all expenditures must be meticulously accounted for to the FEC. D) they can only contribute to political parties or general funds, not to specific candidates. E) both A and D

According to exit polls, ________ was a major reason voters selected Bush in 2004. A) welfare reform B) health care reform C) the war on terrorism D) freedom of speech E) strategic voting

According to public opinion polls, presidents seem to be most popular A) just before they leave office. B) after they have introduced their first legislative package to Congress. C) when they first enter office. D) after they leave office. E) during mid-term elections.

According to the Constitution, once impeached, federal officials are then tried in the A) Supreme Court. B) House. C) Senate. D) Department of Justice. E) United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

According to the Constitution, revenue bills must originate in the A) Internal Revenue Service. B) Federal Reserve System. C) House. D) Senate. E) Treasury Department.

By 2002, the budget deficit had increased again due to A) decreased tax revenues. B) income tax cut of 2001. C) the first Iraq war. D) both A and B E) none of the above

Californiaʹs famous Proposition 13, in which voters frustrated by a lack of action by their legislature forced an issue on the ballot and voted to limit the rise in property taxes, was an example of A) a direct primary. B) an indirect primary. C) an initiative. D) a referendum. E) a voter override.

Corporations today pay A) income taxes which account for most federal revenue. B) income taxes which account for more federal revenue than individual income taxes. C) income taxes which account for much less federal revenue than individual income taxes. D) no income taxes. E) capital gains taxes and property taxes instead of income taxes.

Critics of primaries and caucuses contend that the presidential ʺkingmakersʺ are now A) party bosses. B) the few who vote in the caucuses and primaries. C) the media. D) interest groups. E) state party organizations.

Federal regulation of state governments is usually accomplished through A) United States Supreme Court decisions. B) presidential decrees. C) attaching conditions to grants it gives them. D) federalization of a stateʹs national guard. E) direct, executive orders.

Federal support for public education is an example of a A) pragmatic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) layer cake federalism. E) separation of powers

If no candidate receives an electoral college majority, A) a runoff election is held nationwide between the top two vote-getters. B) the candidate with the plurality of electoral votes is automatically elected. C) the House of Representatives chooses among the top three electoral vote winners. D) the electoral college takes a second ballot between the top two vote-getters, and the candidate who wins the majority is elected. E) Congress is free to elect the president.

In 1990, Congress split discretionary spending into three categories. Which of the following was NOT one of the three categories? A) domestic B) defense C) debt service D) international E) None of the above; debt service is a part of domestic expenditures.

In 1993, Congress agreed to President Clintonʹs proposal to A) cut Social Security expenditures. B) decrease the top corporate income tax rate. C) raise the income tax rate for families in the highest income brackets. D) eliminate all energy taxes. E) establish national health insurance

In Buckley v. Valeo (1976), the Supreme Court A) ruled that the wildly unequal campaign expenditures of candidates for government office were a violation of the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and ordered Congress and the states to develop mechanisms to assure equal funding of all major candidates. B) limited the activities of Political Action Committees. C) struck down the part of the Federal Election Campaign Act that restricted the amount individuals could contribute to their own campaign. D) stated that the Federal Election Commission had no power to enforce compliance with their requirements. E) declared the Federal Election Campaign Act unconstitutional.

In order to actually fund programs established by authorization bills, Congress must pass A) a budget resolution. B) a budget reconciliation. C) an appropriations bill. D) authorization vouchers. E) a continuing resolution.

In order to preserve the balance of power in government without jeopardizing the independence of the presidency, the framers A) refused to give the president powers in the area of national security. B) created a weak executive. C) checked those powers that they believed to be most dangerous. D) limited the president to administrative powers. E) limited presidents to two terms of office so they could not become ʺelected monarchs.ʺ

In what major way do presidential campaigns serve to stimulate big government? A) Public financing of presidential campaigns is a tremendous drain on the federal budget. B) Secret service protection for the candidates involves a great deal of expense and personnel. C) Candidates make promises to particular groups and states so much on different campaign stops, and many of the promises involve more government spending and new or bigger programs. D) The administration of elections and campaign finance laws contribute in a large way to increased government size. E) all of the above

Legitimacy in terms of American elections means A) the public is satisfied with the qualifications and the policy positions of the candidates. B) the public is nearly unanimously happy with the results. C) the election is nearly unanimously accepted as a fair and free method to select political leaders. D) the public is generally not satisfied with the candidates, the results, or the methods by which elections are held. E) the best candidate is selected

Many political scientists believe that A) the size of a campaign war chest is the sole determinant of who wins elections. B) most voters are immune to reinforcement or activation in a campaign, but are susceptible to conversion. C) politicians overestimate the power of how important a good campaign is to victory. D) incumbents have no greater advantage in name recognition than most challengers. E) politicians underestimate the power of how important a good campaign is to victory.

Members of Congress seek committees that will help them achieve each of the following goals EXCEPT A) reelection. B) influence in Congress. C) a salary increase. D) opportunity to make policy in areas they think are important. E) opportunity to make policy in areas important to their constituents.

Members of Congress who informally band together in groups to promote and protect mutual interests (e.g., mushroom growers) form what are called A) subcommittees. B) committees. C) caucuses. D) junkets. E) interest groups.

Most PACs give money to A) candidates who disagree with them, but who are likely to be ʺbought.ʺ B) candidates of only one political party. C) candidates who already agree with them in the first place. D) the parties and let them distribute money among their candidates as they see fit. E) challengers trying to unseat incumbents.

Most of the business of Congress takes place A) in congressional districts. B) on the floor of the House and Senate. C) in committees and subcommittees. D) during evening social functions. E) in the Rules committees.

Of all the funds spent by state and local governments, federal aid accounts for about A) two-thirds. B) one-half. C) one-fourth. D) three percent. E) one-third.

On a typical issue, the primary determinant of a congressional memberʹs vote is A) constituent preferences as indicated by extensive polling. B) the position of the president. C) personal ideology. D) the toss of a coin. E) the position of their party leaders.

On average, those who identify with the presidentʹs party give approval more than ________ percentage points higher than do those who identify with the opposition party. A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 30 E) 50

One of the key differences between the House and Senate is that the House A) has weaker leadership. B) is more influential on foreign affairs. C) has more policy specialization. D) is less centralized. E) is less institutionalized.

Presidential leadership of Congress in promoting the chief executiveʹs programs is A) dominant, with a heavy hand usually convincing wavering members. B) a smooth, generally successful enterprise. C) at the margins, as a facilitator. D) nonexistent. E) proactive, substantive, and adversarial.

Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicants automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of A) dual federalism. B) project grants. C) formula grants. D) block grants. E) welfare.

By constitutional requirement, the government conducts the United States Census every

E) ten years.

Reasons that incumbent senators have greater competition than incumbent members of the House include all of the following EXCEPT A) an entire state is more diverse than a congressional district, providing more of a base for opposition. B) senators have less personal contact with their constituencies. C) voters are less likely to know the issue positions of their senators than their representatives. D) senators tend to draw more visible challengers. E) senate challengers are better funded than House challengers.

Relative to the total population, the most underrepresented group in Congress is A) African Americans. B) Hispanics. C) women. D) Jews. E) homosexuals.

Research by Rosenberg and McCafferty discovered that A) a candidateʹs image and appearance is the most important factor in how a person votes. B) less educated voters are more likely to view candidates in terms of their personal attributes. C) it is possible to manipulate a candidateʹs appearance in a way that affects votersʹ choices. D) a candidateʹs image and appearance has no real impact on voting behavior. E) none of the above

Spending on public education illustrates A) cooperation between states and federal government for unified policy. B) the advantages of fiscal federalism. C) the diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalism. D) the national curriculum that exists in the United States. E) advantages of relying on states to supply public services.

Standard operating procedures in cooperative federalism include each of the following EXCEPT A) shared administration. B) shared costs. C) federal funding with no strings attached. D) federal guidelines. E) categorical and block grants.

Studies have shown that during the 1960s and 1970s, A) voting according to political party identification increased. B) Democrats voted along party lines more than Republicans. C) the hold of the parties on voters eroded substantially. D) political party identification no longer affected voting behavior. E) large numbers of people who had been eligible to vote but never voted surged into the electorate.

The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 set up all of the following EXCEPT A) a Budget Committee in each house of Congress. B) the Congressional Budget Office. C) the Office of Management and Budget. D) a fixed budget calendar mandated by law. E) both A and B

The Constitution gives the president the power to influence the legislative process through his responsibility to A) make laws by decree without the consent of Congress in some situations. B) direct the business of Congress and initiate impeachment. C) report on the state of the union and veto acts of Congress. D) recommend legislation and make appointments. E) manage the economy, lead the party, and deal with national crises.

The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state. A) privileges and immunities B) due process C) full faith and credit D) some consideration E) extradition

The Constitutionʹs supremacy clause A) does not apply to state and local matters. B) gives the states superiority over the national governmentʹs Constitution and laws. C) made the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and the national governmentʹs treaties the supreme law of the land. D) is vague about which level of government should prevail in a dispute involving federalism. E) makes the president supreme in any constitutional conflicts with the other two branches.

The Federal Election Commission A) administers all elections in the United States from school board to president with a staff of 160,000. B) tabulates and certifies the votes in all federal elections. C) is a bipartisan body responsible for administering campaign finance laws and enforcing compliance with those laws. D) is a non-partisan political organization which has sought for over fifty years to reform campaign financing. E) is the Republican partyʹs watchdog organization which monitors fund-raising and spending by Democratic candidates.

The House ________ Committee reviews most bills coming from other committees before they go on to the full House, thus performing a traffic cop function. A) Appropriations B) Ways and Means C) Rules D) Authorization E) Review

The McGovern-Fraser Commission made the delegate selection process of the Democratic party more democratic by A) giving the power of selecting delegates to party officials. B) increasing the number of delegates chosen. C) weakening the power of party leaders to choose convention delegates. D) encouraging the use of presidential caucuses rather than primaries. E) none of the above

The Motor Voter Act of 1993 A) requires states to provide transportation for citizens who are unable to get to the polls on their own efforts. B) requires states to mail voter registration forms to all individuals holding driverʹs licenses. C) requires states to register individuals to vote when they apply for, or renew, their driverʹs license. D) established drive-in polling places to make voting more convenient and increase voter turnout. E) requires the federal government to register individuals to vote when they apply for or renew their driverʹs license.

The Twenty-second Amendment, passed in 1951, A) provided for the presidential and vice presidential candidates to run as a team. B) gave impeachment powers to Congress. C) limited presidents to two terms of office. D) provided for the direct election of the president by the people. E) granted 18-year-olds the right to vote.

The United States House of Representatives has ________ members. A) 638 B) 100 C) 435 D) 80 E) 535

The agency that reviews legislative proposals for the president is the A) Council of Economic Advisors. B) National Security Council. C) Office of Management and Budget. D) Legislative Executive Agency. E) Executive Legislative Agency.

The basic underpinning of approval or disapproval of a president is A) the presidentʹs ability to get her/his program passed by Congress. B) personality characteristics. C) political party identification. D) the state of the economy. E) the behavior of the media.

The election of 1800 was A) decided by the direct vote of the people. B) decided by the electoral college. C) decided by the House of Representatives. D) overturned by the Supreme Court. E) decided by the full Congress.

The hydraulic theory says that money always finds a way to get around legal obstacles. Thus, when the soft money loophole was closed, how did money continue to find its way into political campaigns? A) through the McCain-Feingold loophole B) through dense money C) through 527 Groups D) through the garden hose loophole E) through buying bulk purchases of books to avoid limits on campaign contributions

The income and occupations of members of Congress A) typically reflect the pluralistic nature of American society. B) are very close to the average found among their constituency. C) would, for the most part, make them members of the elite in American society. D) have no real impact on public policymaking. E) places over 90 percent of them in the millionaire businessperson class.

The issue of free silver (to increase the amount of currency in circulation) was championed in the election of 1896 by ________, whose most famous oration was his ʺCross of Goldʺ speech at the Democratic national convention. A) Grover Cleveland B) William McKinley C) William Jennings Bryan D) Theodore Roosevelt E) Woodrow Wilson

The mandate theory of elections A) is based on the economic theory of rational decision making. B) explains votersʹ decisions according to an evaluation of the candidatesʹ personality. C) says that people vote for candidates because they want them to carry out certain policies. D) explains votersʹ decisions according to party identification. E) is based on the sociological theory of irrational behaviorism.

The mandate theory of elections is the idea that A) a candidate must get at least sixty percent of the vote to win. B) a candidate must get a majority of the votes cast (fifty percent plus one) in order to take office. C) the election winner has authorization from the voters to carry out his or her promised policies. D) in order to improve turnout rates in the United States, voting must be made a legal requirement of all citizens, with the failure to vote resulting in a small fine. E) a candidate must get at least seventy-five percent of the vote to win.

The most common type of categorical grant is A) block grants. B) a rescission fund. C) project grants. D) disaster relief. E) revenue sharing.

The nearly two centuries of American electoral history has been characterized by A) consistently close elections. B) increasing voter turnouts. C) expansion of the right to vote. D) a proliferation of presidential candidates. E) all of the above

The order of succession to the presidency, should the president be unable to fulfill his or her duties is A) Vice President, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Speaker of the House, cabinet members in order that their department was created. B) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Cabinet members in order that their department was created. C) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Cabinet members in the order that their department was created. D) Vice President, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, President Pro tem of the Senate, Speaker of the House. E) Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem, Cabinet members in the order that their department was created.

The organization and importance of the White House staff depend on A) the presidentʹs Chief of Staff. B) agenda schedules and formal rules of debate. C) the personal style of the president in office. D) the legal authority granted it by Congress. E) a hierarchy of access to the president.

The part of the executive branch of government that the president sees daily and relies heavily on for information, policy options, and analysis is the A) vice president. B) presidentʹs cabinet. C) White House staff. D) Executive Office of the President. E) Council of Economic Advisors.

The president has the constitutional authority to make treaties with other nations, subject to the agreement of A) a majority of both the House and the Senate. B) a majority of the Senate. C) two-thirds of the Senate. D) two-thirds of the House. E) a majority of the House.

The president who was known as the ʺconsummate delegatorʺ because he dispersed authority to his advisors was A) John F. Kennedy. B) George Bush. C) Ronald Reagan. D) Jimmy Carter. E) Lyndon Johnson.

The presidential primary was begun in the early twentieth century, most strongly pushed by A) Democratic party leaders in Congress. B) Republican party leaders in Congress. C) political reformers who wanted to take nominations out of the hands of party bosses. D) party bosses who wanted to take nominations out of the hands of political reformers. E) the members of the electoral college.

The presidentʹs legislative skills compete with other factors influencing congressional voting, including all of the following EXCEPT A) ideology. B) constituency news. C) PAC spending. D) partisanship. E) none of the above

The presidentʹs most common method of attempting to influence Congress is to A) call up wavering members. B) offer to campaign for members. C) hold regular meetings with the partyʹs leaders in Congress. D) invite members of Congress to the White House. E) use the veto power.

The presidentʹs power can best be understood as A) very limited and largely ceremonial. B) always the dominant figure in the American political system. C) shared with other branches of government as part of the Madisonian system of checks and balances. D) unlimited and absolute. E) originally intended to be unlimited and absolute, but gradually weakened over time.

The principal reason that presidents have trouble getting things done is that A) most are weak and indecisive and do not try to do much. B) they are often upstaged or undermined by their own vice presidents. C) other policymakers with whom they deal have their own agendas, interests, and sources of power. D) they are frequently overruled by the Supreme Court. E) the presidency is mostly a ceremonial job and the president is not expected to do much.

The type of public policy that seems to have the greatest effect on elections today is A) foreign policy. B) social policy. C) economic policy. D) military policy. E) racial policies.

Which of the following is typical of most adult Americans when it comes to political participation?

C) Most will vote in an election, but only a minority of people do more than that politically.

The ʺelectorsʺ in the electoral college are A) the members of Congress from each state, who vote strictly according to who won the majority of their stateʹs votes. B) the members of the House from each state, who vote strictly according to who won the majority of their districtʹs votes. C) selected by state parties, usually as a reward for faithful service to the party over the years. D) a bipartisan group of political scientists, public officials, jurists, and other respected individuals chosen by the governor of each state. E) selected by state legislatures well in advance of the presidential election, and each elector votes his or her own conscience as to who would be the best president.

When the House and the Senate pass different versions of the same bill A) the House bill is changed to conform with the Senate bill. B) the Senate bill is changed to conform with the House bill. C) a conference committee is appointed to resolve differences. D) a joint committee is appointed to resolve differences. E) the president may select which bill to enact into law.

Which of the following countries has a lower voter turnout rate than the United States? A) Australia B) Great Britain C) Switzerland D) Italy E) France

Which of the following did the framers of the Constitution conceive of as the center of policymaking in America? A) the president B) the people C) Congress D) the courts E) the Supreme Court

Which of the following does the Speaker NOT play a role in? A) making committee assignments B) presiding over the House when it is in session C) recommending which members should be expelled from the House for failure to support the partyʹs positions on bills D) assigning most bills to committees E) appointing the partyʹs legislative leaders

Which of the following is NOT one of the presidentʹs powers as the nationʹs chief diplomat? A) negotiating executive agreements which do not require congressional approval B) mediating disputes between nations other than the United States C) declaring war against an adversary D) extending diplomatic recognition to a nation E) negotiating treaties with other nations

Which of the following statements about Political Action Committees (PACs) is FALSE? A) All PAC expenditures must be meticulously accounted for to the FEC. B) PACs have proliferated in recent years. C) The influence of PACs is particularly important in presidential campaigns. D) Candidates need PACs because high-tech campaigning is expensive. E) PACs contribute money before and after elections.

Which of the following statements about presidential bargaining is FALSE? A) The presidential bargaining takes a variety of forms. B) The president needs to bargain only with enough people to provide a majority. C) Bargaining in the form of providing specific benefits for members of Congress is critical to creating presidential coalitions. D) The president does not have to bargain with every member of Congress to receive support. E) Presidentsʹ bargaining ability is enhanced by strong public approval.

Which of the following statements about the election of 1896 is FALSE? A) The main issue in the election of 1896 was the gold standard and tariffs. B) William Jennings Bryan broke with tradition and campaigned extensively in person. C) The election resulted in the Democrats becoming firmly entrenched as the majority party in the Northeast and Midwest. D) Nearly 80 percent of the eligible electorate voted in 1896. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the role of money in congressional elections is FALSE? A) Outspending your opponent by a large margin is no guarantee of success. B) The more challengers spend, the more votes they receive. C) Challengers usually outspend incumbents. D) In open seats, the candidate who spends the most usually wins. E) Incumbents benefit less from campaign spending than challengers.

Which of the following would be a specific example of an appropriations bill? A) Congress voting to discontinue the federal income tax B) a budget resolution passed by both Houses of Congress C) a bill funding the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year D) a bill to continue the space shuttle program for another five years E) a bill establishing a national health insurance system

While the threat of electoral punishment constrains policymakers, it also helps to increase generalized support for A) the private sector. B) individualistic, rather than, collective policy solutions. C) government and its powers. D) incumbents who have done a good job. E) unelected government officials in the bureaucracy.

________ have usually found the individual state governments to be more sympathetic than the national government to their demands. A) Feminists B) Civil rights advocates C) Business interests D) Those favoring the closing of military bases E) Supporters of organized labor

________ resulted from an amendment in 1979 to the original Campaign Reform Act, which allows parties to raise and spend money on voter registration and other campaign materials without limits on spending or the size of contributions that they can accept. A) Party discretionary funding B) The party expenditure exemption C) Soft money D) The expenditure waiver E) Institutional assistance

________ took over as president upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945, and eventually ordered the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japanese cities. A) Theodore Roosevelt B) Dwight Eisenhower C) Harry Truman D) Lyndon Johnson E) John F. Kennedy

A random sample of 1500-2000 respondents will produce results far off the mark about ________ of the time.

C) 5 percent

The term ʺminority majorityʺ refers to the fact that

C) America will soon cease to have a white majority and together the minority groups will become a majority.

________ are written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. A) Class action lawsuits B) Litigations C) Amicus curiae briefs D) Public interest lobbies E) Opening arguments

C) Amicus curiae briefs

________ theorists are impressed by how insignificant most organized interest groups are. A) Pluralist B) Hyperpluralist C) Elitist D) Pluralist and hyperpluralist E) Deconstruction

C) Elitist

The largest component of the minority majority is the

C) Hispanic population.

The ________ is the oldest and largest of the African-American groups which have fought for equality at the polls, in housing, on the job, in education, and in all other facets of American life. A) Urban League B) Congress of Racial Equality C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D) Rainbow Coalition E) National African-American Organization

C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Consumer organizations suffer from A) amicus curiae briefs. B) class action suits. C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups. D) right-to-work laws. E) hyperpluralism.

C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups.

Interest groups seeking to exert influence on the electoral process can honestly and openly funnel money into the campaign coffers of their supporters through A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) Political Action Committees. D) subgovernments. E) electronic banking.

C) Political Action Committees.

Which of the following statements about political participation is FALSE?

C) Political activity is an important part of the everyday life of most Americans.

An organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims is called A) a political party. B) a political action committee. C) an interest group. D) a collective. E) a political corporation.

C) an interest group.

Political culture refers to

C) an overall set of values widely shared within a society.

The growth of both interest groups and the scope of government over the past several decades represents A) the former increasing the latter. B) the latter increasing the former. C) both A and B D) the latter decreasing the former. E) Neither A nor B; there is no relationship between the two.

C) both A and B

The most valuable method for understanding demographic changes in America is the

C) census.

The ________ movement was spurred by a single person: Ralph Nader. A) American labor B) modern civil rights movement C) consumer D) anti-Vietnam War E) gay rights

C) consumer

The group theory of politics offered by pluralist theorists argues all of the following EXCEPT A) groups provide a key link between people and government. B) no one group is likely to become too dominant. C) groups are all of equal strength. D) groups usually play by the rules of the game. E) different groups win at different times.

C) groups are all of equal strength.

According to the group theory of politics, A) all groups are equal. B) groups do not compete. C) groups do not play by the rules of the game. D) groups weak in one resource can use another. E) most political influence comes from individuals speaking in the name of groups but actually acting on their own personal agenda.

C) groups do not play by the rules of the game.

The presence and power of multinational corporations illustrates A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) global unity theory.

C) hyperpluralist theory.

A single-issue group is one that is all of the following EXCEPT A) focused on narrow interest. B) unable to compromise. C) organizes on the national level only. D) single-mindedly in pursuing its goal. E) intensely committed to a policy goal.

C) organizes on the national level only.

One of the main differences between American political parties and interest groups is that A) interest groups are concerned with more issues. B) interest groups concentrate on only one policy arena. C) political parties run candidates for office. D) interest groups limit their membership. E) political parties are policy specialists.

C) political parties run candidates for office.

Organizations seeking a collective good that may not benefit them directly are called A) commodity associations. B) protest groups. C) public interest lobbies. D) single-issue groups. E) altruistic lobbies.

C) public interest lobbies.

The most obvious intrusion of the government into Americaʹs socialization is through

C) schooling.

An advantage for small groups is that A) free-riders can be forced out of the organization, creating more unity. B) it is easier to reconcile divergent interests in small groups. C) there is more at stake for each member, making it easier to organize and activate all members. D) collective goods do not have to share with the big interests. E) they are able to ʺhideʺ in the political process so that opposing groups are not able to organize against them.

C) there is more at stake for each member, making it easier to organize and activate all members.

When people vote according to the nature of the times,

C) they are more interested in results than ideology and judge presidents by results.

In 1936, the Literary Digest wrongly predicted the defeat of President Franklin Roosevelt, having polled over two million people. The problem was

C) they polled too many people who were not an accurate representation of the American electorate.

Environmental groups have been most successful at A) stopping strip mining. B) halting the trans-Alaskan pipeline. C) thwarting the expansion of the nuclear power industry. D) stopping the development of commercial supersonic aircraft. E) protecting the reefer toad and other endangered species.

C) thwarting the expansion of the nuclear power industry.

An interest group is more likely to form its own political party where A) voters choose their legislators in single-member districts. B) voters choose their legislators in dual-member districts. C) voters choose their legislators using proportional representation. D) the government has a bicameral legislature. E) there is a strong two-party system, and the major parties ignore their demands.

C) voters choose their legislators using proportional representation.

Most people pay little attention to campaigns, A) and are as unfamiliar with the names of incumbents, as with the names of challengers. B) and do not care about party identification of candidates. C) and have a selective perception about events and candidates. D) but are quite subject to having their minds changed by a strong campaign. E) All of these are true.

By 2000, the number of groups listed in the Encyclopedia of Associations was over A) 5,000. B) 1,000. C) 10,000. D) 20,000. E) 50,000.

D) 20,000.

A tuition difference between in-state and out-of-state students is an example of A) dual federalism. B) federal exceptions to the full faith and credit provision. C) full faith and credit being extended to all students. D) how states make exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause. E) project grants to the states.

According to the text, two strategies used successfully by President Reagan in achieving his objectives were A) moving slowly and letting Congress set the priorities. B) moving slowly and setting priorities. C) lying and forgetting. D) moving fast and setting priorities. E) moving fast and letting Congress set the priorities.

Americans tend to A) have low expectations for the president. B) prefer a concentration of power in the presidency. C) have a high degree of trust in strong leadership and political authority. D) look back longingly on the great, powerful presidents.

Approximately what percentage of the annual federal budget pays interest on the national debt? A) 13 B) 15 C) 21 D) 9 E) 6

Articles of impeachment must be passed by A) either the House or the Senate. B) both the House and the Senate. C) the Senate. D) the House. E) the Supreme Court.

As a result of our federal form of government, the death penalty in the United States A) is mandatory. B) is in violation of the Eighth Amendment. C) is permissible at the federal level, but banned at the state level. D) varies substantially by state. E) is permissible because it is not considered cruel and unusual punishment.

As the framers wrote the Constitution they had no practical choice but to adopt a federal system for all but which of the following reasons? A) The confederation had clearly failed in managing the countryʹs problems. B) The population was too dispersed for a unitary system to work. C) Americansʹ loyalty to state governments was stronger than it was to the United States. D) America had always had a federal system and it would have been too radical and disruptive a change to adopt another system. E) The countryʹs transportation and communication systems were too primitive for a unitary government to work.

Because Bushʹs lead over Gore in the initial count was less than one-tenth of one percent, Florida law mandated A) that the Florida state legislature vote to declare Bush the winner. B) the outcome of the election be determined by the Florida Supreme Court. C) the Secretary of State to certify the results. D) an automatic recount. E) a thirty-day extension for absentee ballots

Caucuses are usually organized like A) bi-legislatures. B) the original Constitutional Convention. C) winner-take-all election systems. D) pyramids. E) the electoral college.

Compared to most other countries with developed economies, the national, state, and local governments in the United States tax A) about twice as heavily. B) about one and a half times as much per capita. C) about four times as heavily. D) less. E) at about the same rate.

Compared to other industrialized democracies, the United States has a ________ voter turnout. A) much higher B) slightly higher C) slightly lower D) much lower E) rising

Defenders of PACs point out that they A) are limited to contributing only $1,000 per candidate. B) can potentially buy votes. C) have been very effective at enforcing campaign reform laws and reducing unethical campaign practices. D) tend to support those who agree with them in the first place. E) give most of their money to challengers.

Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, and protect consumers are all justified as A) presidential prerogatives. B) enumerated powers of Congress. C) delegated powers of Congress. D) implied powers of Congress. E) both C and D

If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a layer cake with two distinct layers. B) a single-layer cake. C) a cake walk: who gets what is random. D) fifty marbled cupcakes. E) a layer cake with many layers.

In 2004 almost three-fourths of the Republican and Democrat delegates were chosen within ________ of the New Hampshire primary. A) six months B) two weeks C) two months D) six weeks E) four weeks

In Pollock v. Farmerʹs Loan and Trust Co. (1895), the United States Supreme Court ruled that A) the income tax was constitutional. B) the national sales tax was unconstitutional. C) banks and corporations must pay higher taxes. D) the income tax was unconstitutional. E) business income taxes were unconstitutional but individual income taxes were constitutional.

In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of different levels of government are like a marble cake, with mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between layers of government. A) fiscal B) mixed C) dual D) cooperative E) tripartite

In ________, incumbents who provide desired results are rewarded; those who fail to do so are punished. A) indirect primaries B) initiatives C) referendums D) retrospective voting E) incentive voting

In our federal system, the powers of the state governments are ultimately granted by A) their stateʹs Supreme Court. B) the people of their state. C) their state legislature. D) the United States Constitution. E) the United States government.

In the House races of 2004, the typical incumbent outspent the typical challenger by A) 2 to 1. B) 4 to 1. C) 6 to 1. D) 15 to 1. E) 20 to 1.

Iowa and New Hampshire have been especially important in the nomination process over the past several decades because they help candidates to A) build momentum. B) generate media attention. C) generate money. D) all of the above E) none of the above

Largely to prevent corruption associated with stuffing ballot boxes, states adopted ________ around the turn of the twentieth century. A) the electoral college B) primary elections C) voting machines D) voter registration E) the secret ballot

Legislative ________ is the process of monitoring the bureaucracy and its administration of policy. A) franking B) stonewalling C) overview D) oversight E) supremacy

Media coverage of a candidateʹs campaign is a function of A) how candidates spend their advertising budget. B) the ʺfreeʺ attention they get as newsmakers. C) the nature of their policy agenda D) both A and B E) none of the above

Medicaid is an example of A) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states. B) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political parties. C) a federal block grant. D) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the states. E) all of the above

Most bills formally submitted for consideration in Congress A) are passed and signed into law. B) are passed, but vetoed by the president. C) are defeated in close final votes on the floors of one chamber. D) are quietly killed off early in the process. E) pass one house, but are killed in the other house.

Once the House votes for impeachment, the president A) must leave office. B) is fined or sentenced to prison. C) is tried by the Supreme Court. D) is tried by the Senate. E) must be indicted by a Grand Jury before being removed from office.

One of the most effective methods of raising money for an election campaign has been the use of A) 1-800 numbers. B) mass meetings. C) door-to-door solicitation. D) direct mail. E) television advertising.

One of the provisions of the McCain-Feingold Act of 2002 was to A) increase the limit on individual contributions to $5,000. B) increase the amount of federal money presidential candidates can spend. C) increase the limit on ʺsoft moneyʺ contributions. D) increase the limit on individual contributions from $1,000 to $2,000. E) increase the limit on individual contributions to $10,000.

One way in which conventions are more important than they once were is that they A) place limits on political representation. B) choose the partyʹs organizational leadership for the next four years. C) now decide during the week of the convention, and through much political bickering, who their presidential nominee will be. D) develop the partyʹs policy positions. E) involve more money and greater numbers of people.

Over the years, television coverage of national party conventions has A) received increasingly high Nielsen ratings. B) become more dramatic. C) shifted to local affiliate reporters focusing on their state delegations and away from the national network anchors. D) been scaled back. E) steadily increased.

Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a(n) ________ federalism. A) unitary B) single C) tripartite D) cooperative E) fiscal

People are more likely to vote for all of the following reasons EXCEPT if they A) have a high sense of civic duty. B) have a high sense of political efficacy. C) are able to see policy differences that affect their interests. D) believe that some policies of one party are balanced by other policies of the other party. E) none of the above

Political efficacy refers to the belief that A) the costs of voting outweigh the benefits. B) significant policy differences exist between the parties. C) one should always support democratic government. D) ordinary people can influence the government. E) government is very inefficient and needs to be streamlined.

Presidential coattails refers to A) presidential favors to those who support the presidentʹs policies. B) the formal constitutional powers of the president. C) the ability of members of Congress to hide behind the president on tough issues. D) voters casting their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidentʹs party who will support the president. E) withholding of presidential favors from those who oppose the presidentʹs policies.

Presidential nominating conventions have not required more than one ballot to choose the partyʹs official nominee since 1952, largely due to the A) rule change that a candidate need only win a plurality of votes at the convention rather than a majority to gain the nomination. B) changes in party rules requiring a nomination on the first ballot. C) end of the boss-dominated caucus system. D) role of television, and the desire of both parties to unite behind one candidate in advance in order to present a show of harmony, rather than bickering, to those who tune in. E) changes in federal law requiring parties to have their nominations virtually assured before the conventions begin.

Research has found that the public sector expands principally A) as a result of liberal political parties controlling the government. B) as a result of Federal Reserve Board monetary policies influencing interest rates and currency reserves. C) as a function of increased international economic competition. D) in response to changes in economic and social conditions that affect the publicʹs preferences for government activity. E) in response to the perceived need for increased defense expenditures.

Since World War II, United States presidents have A) except for Bill Clinton, first served as vice president. B) had very similar career backgrounds. C) all previously served as governors. D) come from a diversity of career experiences. E) all served as United States senators.

The Director of the Office of Management and Budget A) is a career official. B) is elected by the Council of Economic Advisors. C) is a congressional appointee. D) is a presidential appointee requiring approval of the Senate. E) is appointed by the Senate Finance Committee.

The House Rules Committee A) has its members appointed by the House majority leader. B) is similar to the Senate Rules Committee. C) usually retains independence from the House leadership. D) reviews most bills coming from committee before they go to the full House. E) all of the above

The McGovern-Fraser Commission A) chose presidential candidates for the Democratic party. B) investigated violations of campaign finance law in 1968. C) established the dates of presidential primaries. D) had a mandate to make the Democratic party conventions more democratic. E) strengthened the role of the partyʹs national committee.

The ________ has the job of presiding over the Senate, breaking ties when necessary. A) majority leader B) majority whip C) minority leader D) vice president E) Speaker

The ________ is next in line after the vice president to succeed a president who resigns, dies in office, or is impeached. A) Senate majority leader B) Senate minority leader C) House majority leader D) Speaker of the House E) Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

The addition of superdelegates to the Democratic national conventions was spearheaded by A) those who felt the Warren Commission had led to unrepresentative delegate selection. B) President Jimmy Carter. C) the McGovern-Fraser Commission. D) those who felt the McGovern-Fraser Commission had opened up the delegate selection process too much. E) the Warren Commission.

The administration of the campaign finance laws and the enforcement of compliance with their requirements is handled by the A) Fair Political Practices Commission. B) Campaign Finance Bureau of the Department of the Treasury. C) Department of Justice. D) Federal Election Commission. E) Government Accounting Office.

The best way constituents can influence congressional voting on legislation is to A) sign petitions. B) write letters or send telegrams. C) fax or call in their opinions. D) elect a representative or senator who agrees with their views. E) demonstrate on the steps of the capitol.

The biggest expenditure in the federal budget today is A) foreign aid programs. B) welfare programs for the poor. C) interest on the debt. D) income security programs. E) defense.

The fact that a driverʹs license from one state is valid in other states is an example of A) privileges and immunities. B) extradition. C) implied powers. D) full faith and credit. E) unmandated reciprocity.

The fact that the former Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categorical grants indicates that A) they want to increase federal aid to state governments. B) they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state level. C) they want to decrease federal aid to state governments. D) they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states. E) they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget deficit.

The federal income tax deduction for mortgage interest on an owner-occupied home is an example of a A) tax rebate. B) negative income tax. C) federally guaranteed loan. D) tax expenditure. E) tax refund.

The funds allocated to public financing of presidential campaigns based on income tax check-offs have A) stayed at about the same level. B) been ruled unconstitutional. C) increased substantially. D) decreased substantially. E) been eliminated by Congress.

The governmentʹs responses in the wake of Hurricane Katrina underscores A) the neccesity of complying with the letter and the spirit of the Third Amendment. B) the tensions between Congress and the president. C) the ability of the U.S. military to mobilize and deploy quickly. D) the complexity of American federalism. E) all of the above

The higher the president stands in the polls, A) the less support he needs in Congress. B) the shorter the presidentʹs coattails. C) the less need there is for presidential public appearances. D) the easier it is to persuade others to support presidential initiatives. E) the less likely he will initiate new policy ventures.

In 1980, about what percentage of the American public thought they could trust government most of the time or always?

D) 25 percent

The work of the McGovern-Fraser Commission appointed during the turbulent Chicago Convention of 1968 was a reflection of concern over A) the catastrophic defeat of Goldwater in 1964. B) the Republicansʹ image as a party of efficiency. C) the declining strength of Democratic power in Congress and state governorships. D) elite control of the party. E) Richard Nixonʹs growing popularity and the fear that he could defeat the Democratic nominee in the fall.

Throughout American history, presidential campaigns have become A) dirtier and dirtier. B) shorter and shorter. C) more and more secretive. D) more and more democratic. E) all of the above

Today, state presidential caucuses are A) open only to party activists who have spent a designated amount of time on behalf of the party or its candidates. B) small meetings of the partyʹs county leaders held to select national convention delegates with no other input. C) special meetings of state party leaders who elect their stateʹs delegates to the national convention. D) open to all registered party voters, or those who claim party allegiance in states with no party registration. E) held in most states in order to select national convention delegates.

Under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, while the vice president is serving as acting president, A) a new election must be held within six months. B) the electoral college determines when the incapacitated president can reclaim the presidency. C) the recuperated president can not reclaim his former job. D) the recuperated president can reclaim the Oval Office through a set procedure. E) the Senate and the House must vote in a secret ballot on whether or not to reinstate the recuperated president.

Which of the following is NOT currently one of the major sources of federal revenue? A) personal income taxes B) social insurance taxes C) borrowing D) excise taxes E) corporate income taxes

Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary activities that members of Congress engage in to increase the probability of their reelection? A) advertising B) credit-claiming C) position-taking D) oversight E) None of the above; oversight is a form of position-taking.

Which of the following is NOT true about elections in American society? A) They socialize and institutionalize political activity. B) They provide regular access to political power. C) They are accepted as legitimate, fair, and free methods to select political leaders. D) The vast majority of eligible citizens cast ballots, even for local races. E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about incumbents? A) They usually win elections. B) They usually have more money than their challengers. C) They usually have higher name recognition and visibility than their opponents. D) They usually face very tough challengers, especially in races for the House. E) They usually have their partyʹs endorsement.

Which of the following is NOT true? A) Few countries have federal systems. B) Most federal systems are democracies. C) Authoritarian regimes generally do not use federalist systems. D) No unitary governments are democratic. E) Only some democracies use federal systems.

Which of the following is TRUE about the Senate as compared to the House? A) more centralized with stronger leadership B) seniority more important in determining power C) more influential on the budget D) more influential in foreign affairs E) smaller in number, less powerful and less prestigious

Which of the following is TRUE of the presidential election of 1800? A) The candidates traveled throughout the smaller number of United States at the time to campaign for votes. B) It was a gentlemanly contest in which partisans on both sides showed respect for the opposition. C) It was carefully and objectively covered in the newspapers of the day, with logical reasoning and respect for both candidates in articles and editorials. D) It was the first peaceful transfer of power between parties via the electoral process in the history of the world. E) all of the above

Which of the following statements about presidents going public is FALSE? A) Presidents are not passive followers of public opinion. B) Presidentsʹ appearances are often staged purely to obtain the publicʹs attention. C) In recent years, presidents have averaged more than one public appearance every weekday of the year. D) Dwight Eisenhower was the first president to use presidential speeches to gain policy support. E) John F. Kennedy was the first ʺtelevision president.ʺ

Which of the following statements about the presidency and democracy is FALSE? A) There is little prospect of the presidency being a threat to democracy. B) From the time the Constitution was written there has been a fear that the presidency would degenerate into a monarchy. C) Concerns over presidential power are generally closely related to policy views. D) Concerns about a tyrannical presidency were prevalent in the Reagan administration due to his ability to impose his will on Congress. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) For over 10 percent of American history, the presidency has been occupied by an individual not elected to the office. B) In the twentieth century, almost one-third of our presidents were ʺaccidental Presidents.ʺ C) About one in five presidents got the job because they were vice president when the incumbent president died or resigned. D) Most presidents have served two or more full terms. E) Most presidential elections are decided by Congress.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries. B) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs from the very founding of the republic. C) As the country became more industrialized many interests asked the national government to restrain monopolies and encourage open competition. D) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for help. E) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplace.

________ occurs when people base their choices in an election on their own issue preferences. A) Civic duty B) Suffrage C) Retrospective voting D) Policy voting E) Agenda setting

________ refers to the concept that in the spending appropriations process, the best predictor of this yearʹs budget is last yearʹs budget plus a little bit more. A) Inflation-plus budgeting B) Indexing C) Program Planning-Budgeting Systems D) Incrementalism E) Minimalist Budgeting

Which of the following ideas is NOT associated with hyperpluralism? A) Groups have become too powerful in the political process. B) Interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous subgovernments. C) Trying to please every group results in contradictory and confusing policy. D) Political power is highly concentrated. E) The dominance of an economic elite.

D) Political power is highly concentrated.

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of modern polling?

D) Polls are subject to very wide margins of error, yet are treated as accurate measurements of public opinion.

________ is the distribution of the populationʹs beliefs about politics and policy issues.

D) Public opinion

Which of the following statements about public opinion polling is FALSE?

D) Public opinion polling is a uniquely American phenomenon.

________ occurs after every census to reallocate the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, reflecting shifts in the population of the states and, thus, how many seats each state is allotted.

D) Reapportionment

Which of the following statements about interest groups is FALSE? A) The majority of groups now have their headquarters in Washington, D.C. B) There are an enormous number of highly specialized and seemingly trivial groups. C) Almost every group has a staff and publications. D) The growth rate of interest groups has slowed in recent years. E) Groups are more diverse today than in past decades.

D) The growth rate of interest groups has slowed in recent years.

Which of the following statements about interest groups going public is FALSE? A) Interest groups carefully cultivate their public images. B) Interest groups market not only their stand on issues but their reputations as well. C) More and more organizations have launched expensive public relations efforts. D) The public relations of most groups tend to be characterized by hard sell and bias. E) A and C only

D) The public relations of most groups tend to be characterized by hard sell and bias.

An amicus curiae brief is A) one which enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit to pursue a remedy for past wrongs. B) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group which is party to the particular case. C) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group not party to a particular case. D) a written argument submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. E) the written statement of a courtʹs decision in a case explaining the reasons for the decision.

D) a written argument submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.

The term interest group can be generally defined as A) an organization that seeks a collective good, the achievement of which will not specifically or materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization. B) a group that has a narrow interest, dislikes compromise, and single-mindedly pursues its goal. C) all people who share some common interest regardless of whether they join an organization promoting that interest. D) an organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims. E) an organization of people who share a common interest who run candidates in elections sympathetic to that interest.

D) an organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims.

Most PAC money goes overwhelmingly to incumbents because incumbents A) need more money due to the restraints of being in office. B) have already been ʺbought offʺ by interest groups. C) have already become friends and supporters of lobbyists. D) are the most likely to be able to return the investment. E) have the need for large amounts of money to maintain themselves in power.

D) are the most likely to be able to return the investment.

The National Organization for Women A) was first formed in the nineteenth century to help women gain the right to vote. B) was primarily responsible for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. C) is no longer a formidable force for womenʹs rights. D) now works for the enactment of individual statutes (laws) to protect womenʹs rights rather than a constitutional amendment. E) is a counter-interest group formed by Phyllis Schlafly to oppose the Womenʹs Liberation Movement and the Equal Rights Amendment.

D) now works for the enactment of individual statutes (laws) to protect womenʹs rights rather than a constitutional amendment.

The familyʹs role in political socialization is central because

D) of its monopoly on time and emotional commitment.

The right of interest groups to organize is A) protected by the Constitution. B) protected by the Federal Election Campaign Act. C) protected by state laws. D) protected by the Bill of Rights. E) none of the above

D) protected by the Bill of Rights.

Samples of public opinion today are usually selected through

D) random digit dialing.

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen as representative of the whole is called a(n)

D) sample.

Public interest lobbies are those organizations that A) emphasize equal rights and equality of opportunity in America. B) eschew the subgovernment system and operate within view of the public, often through town meetings. C) have large memberships, usually a million or more. D) seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit members or activists. E) focus exclusively on public expenditures directed toward Social Security.

D) seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit members or activists.

Budget ________ revises program authorizations to achieve required savings. A) impoundment B) realignment C) closure D) appropriation E) reconciliation

A budget resolution A) revises program authorizations to achieve required savings. B) resolves the differences between House and Senate versions of the budget. C) is an act of Congress that establishes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. D) must be passed to actually fund programs established by authorization bills. E) sets limits on expenditures based on revenue projections.

A presidential veto of legislation passed by Congress A) can be overturned only by majority vote of the Supreme Court. B) cannot be overturned. C) can be overturned by a majority vote of both the House and the Senate to override the veto. D) can be overturned by a two-thirds vote of either the House or the Senate to override the veto. E) can be overturned by a two-thirds vote of both the House and the Senate to override the veto.

According to the Twenty-fifth Amendment, in the event of a vacancy in the vice presidency, A) the electoral college elects a new vice president. B) the Speaker of the House is automatically the new vice president. C) the office remains vacant until a subsequent national election takes place. D) the Congress picks a new vice president from a list of five names submitted by the president. E) the president nominates a replacement, who must be confirmed by both houses of Congress.

Agenciesʹ behavior and budgets are audited, monitored, and evaluated for Congress by the A) Congressional Budget Office. B) president. C) Internal Revenue Service. D) Office of Management and Budget. E) General Accounting Office.

Approximately ________ of eligible voters cast ballots in presidential primaries. A) 75 percent B) 65 percent C) 35 percent D) 50 percent E) 20 percent

At the base of presidential evaluations is the A) publicʹs longstanding suspicion of excessive presidential power. B) lack of well-defined opinions among most people. C) predisposition of many people to be critical of government and politics in general. D) publicʹs indifference to the president. E) predisposition of many people to support the president.

Following the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968, the party chose to A) limit attendance at future conventions to the elected officers of the partyʹs organizations nationwide. B) limit attendance at future conventions to the partyʹs nationwide elected government officeholders. C) tighten up its convention delegate selection to keep it from being overrun by women, minorities, youth, and single-issue groups. D) allow party officers and Democratic officeholders, many of whom had not been seated at recent conventions, to serve as ʺsuper delegates.ʺ E) open up its process of choosing delegates to the national convention in order to respond to demands for greater inclusion from women, minorities, youth, and other groups.

George W. Bushʹs management style is A) wheel and spokes. B) chaotic. C) hierarchical. D) transitional. E) to delegate.

How did the White House Communications Office choreograph George W. Bushʹs address from the Abraham Lincoln announcing the end of major combat operations in Iraq? A) They placed a ʺMission Accomplishedʺ banner over the presidentʹs head. B) They positioned the Abraham Lincoln so that the shoreline was not visible. C) They timed the even so that the sun would cast a favorable light on the president. D) The coordinated the shirts of the crewmembers. E) all of the above

In determining the power of Congress to regulate commerce in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court A) prohibited Congress from regulating business activity on the grounds it violated private property rights. B) listed the implied powers of Congress and the national government. C) defined commerce very narrowly in considering the right of Congress to regulate it. D) listed the enumerated powers of Congress and the national government. E) defined commerce very broadly, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.

In dual federalism, A) the state governments assume greater fiscal responsibility. B) there are only two branches of government. C) the federal government assumes greater fiscal responsibility. D) powers are shared between states and the federal government. E) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.

Soft money is A) money donated by a person to his or her own campaign. B) cash contributions that are not traceable and in some situations illegal. C) small donations that, while important to a campaign, are not as important as larger contributions. D) money loaned to a campaign, but expected to be paid back. E) money donated to parties rather than candidates, thus not subject to contribution or spending limits.

Superdelegates A) are special delegates chosen by popular election. B) are each able to cast three votes at their national convention rather than the standard one vote. C) are delegates uncommitted to a specific candidate. D) have helped make the delegation more representative of the population. E) have helped restore an element of peer review to the process of choosing a presidential candidate.

The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974 requires that A) the president impound those moneys appropriated by Congress which exceed federal revenues. B) Congress develop a budget on the basis of the presidentʹs budget, through coordinated efforts of the CBO and the OMB. C) Congress develop a budget by adding up the requests of all the government agencies. D) Congress impound that portion of the presidentʹs budget in excess of government revenues. E) Congress agree on a budget according to a fixed schedule, with target figures for the total budget size.

The McCain-Feingold Act of 2002 did all of the following EXCEPT A) barred groups from running ʺissue adʺ within 60 days of a general election if they refer to a federal candidate and are not funded through a PAC. B) banned soft money contributions. C) increased the amount that individuals could give to candidates form $1,000 to $2,000. D) indexed the limit on individual contributions to inflation in future years. E) none of the above

The Tenth Amendment A) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. B) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. C) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. D) establishes the number of electoral votes each state can cast in the electoral college. E) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved for the states.

The budgetary implications of the presidentʹs budget are provided to the president by A) Executive Budget Office. B) Department of the Treasury. C) Council of Economic Advisors. D) Internal Revenue Service. E) Office of Management and Budget.

The cabinet department responsible for making foreign policy and handling treaty negotiations is A) interior. B) justice. C) foreign affairs. D) defense. E) state.

The congressional equivalent of the Office of Management and Budget is the A) Congressional Office of Finance. B) Joint Committee on Ways and Means. C) Joint Committee on the Budget. D) General Accounting Office. E) Congressional Budget Office.

The dates of the different presidential primaries and delegate allocations are established by A) the national parties. B) the Constitution. C) federal law. D) a joint agreement made by the major candidates in both parties, usually following a great deal of rancor. E) state laws.

The efforts of Candy Lightner and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) to raise the legal drinking age to 21 are an example of A) the supremacy of state government to regulate its own affairs. B) the constitutional authority of the national government to impose policies on state governments. C) states acting as policy innovators. D) the unconstitutionality of age discrimination. E) the ability of the national government to influence state policy.

The federal governmentʹs budget is mainly A) a technical document intended to ensure that tax revenues will be sufficient to meet expenditures. B) a line by line accounting of tax expenditures that is required annually by the Constitution. C) an accounting tool that permits the government to keep track of its assets and liabilities. D) a list of the ways in which the government has spent its money. E) a policy statement that allocates burdens and benefits by attaching price tags to policy goals.

The federal system A) decreases judicial power. B) centralizes our politics. C) decreases opportunities for political participation. D) decreases the number of government officeholders. E) decentralizes our politics.

The impact of public approval or disapproval of the president on the support that the president receives in Congress is A) irrelevant. B) not too important, though it occasionally has a minor effect. C) represented in the text by the equation s \ʹ3D px\ʹ2D1. D) extremely important, and sways nearly all members of Congress on every vote. E) important, but usually at the margins on most policies.

The individual who conducts daily press briefings and serves as a conduit of information from the White House is the A) National Security Advisor. B) Minister of Information. C) presidentʹs secretary. D) Chief of Staff. E) press secretary.

The only president to resign his office was A) Warren Harding. B) Jimmy Carter. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) Spiro Agnew. E) Richard Nixon.

The pocket veto can only be used A) when a new president is about to take office. B) during a presidential election year. C) when Congress is in session. D) on appropriations bills. E) when Congress is adjourned.

The primary obstacle to party unity in Congress is the A) multiplicity of parties represented. B) lack of presidential leadership. C) separation of powers. D) bicameral legislature. E) lack of consensus on policy issues among party members.

The rapid growth of the national government is largely due to the fact that A) the diversity of interests within and among the states require a national focus. B) states are constitutionally prohibited from maintaining independent defense forces and policies. C) the states have failed to adequately represent their interests. D) the Constitution requires that most programs be administered by the national government. E) most problems and policies require the authority and resources of the national government.

The rules determining the way in which the primaries are set up and the delegates are allocated are made by A) the electoral college. B) the Constitution. C) Congress. D) the Federal Election Commission. E) state legislatures and state parties.

The system of White House management employed by President John Kennedy was A) to disperse his authority to numerous aides, each of who had powerful decision-making power. B) unusually closed, with only the president and his two closest aides involved in most major decisions. C) to personally take charge of even the minor details of decision making. D) a chain of command with a chief of staff who controlled almost all access to the president. E) such that many aides equally participated in the decision-making process.

The vice-presidential nominee is usually A) selected by the presidential nominee in the weeks after the convention. B) a close friend from the same state as the presidential nominee. C) the runner-up for the presidential nomination, and often someone whom the presidential nominee does not like. D) selected by the delegates without a recommendation from the presidential nominee. E) selected by the delegates as something of a formality, as the vast majority always vote for whomever the presidential nominee picks.

Which of the following statements about Congress is FALSE? A) Congress is a collection of generalists trying to make policy on specialized topics. B) Members of Congress are surrounded by people who know (or claim to know) more than they do. C) Members of Congress are often unsure of what is being voted on when a roll-call vote is called. D) Members frequently ask their colleagues how to vote. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the New Hampshire presidential primary is FALSE? A) Considerable amount of money and time is spent on politicking in New Hampshire prior to the primary. B) There is tremendous media coverage of the New Hampshire primary. C) New Hampshire holds the first presidential primary of the year. D) All the presidential candidates spend considerable time in New Hampshire prior to primary day. E) none of the above

Who can purchase United States government bonds? A) financial institutions B) citizens C) corporations D) mutual funds E) all of the above

________ are revenue losses attributable to provisions of the federal tax laws which allow a special exemption, exclusion, or deduction. A) Tax dividends B) Fiscal seepages C) Treasury bills D) Tax reductions E) Tax expenditures

The most famous practitioner of civil disobedience in the United States during the twentieth century was this Nobel Peace Prize winner,

E) Martin Luther King, Jr.

Lobbyists provide members of Congress all of the following EXCEPT A) help with accomplishing their legislative goals. B) information. C) campaign strategy and organizational help. D) ideas and innovations. E) None of the above; lobbyists provide all of the above to members of Congress.

E) None of the above; lobbyists provide all of the above to members of Congress.

A political ideology is

E) a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy.

For ________, voting places are randomly selected around the country, and interviewers ask every tenth person how they voted.

E) an exit poll

Compared to men, women are more likely to

E) both A and B

A disadvantage of telephone public opinion surveys is

E) both B and C

Most polling today is done

E) by phone.

Which of the following is an example of civil disobedience?

E) consciously breaking a cityʹs law by purposely blocking entrance to a legally operating abortion clinic

According to the text, public opinion polls are

E) important because policymakers can keep in touch with changing opinions on the issues.

One of the reasons why the participation gap between minority groups and the national average is no longer enormous is because

E) minorities have a group consciousness that gives them an extra incentive to vote.

According to the categories used in the classic study, The American Voter, those who voted for a party out of routine, or judged candidates strictly by their personalities were classified as

E) no-issue-content voters.

Liberals tend to

E) none of the above

The key to the accuracy of public opinion polls is

E) random sampling.

(T/F)(11-12) Government often acts on issues that are not especially high on the policy agenda.

(T/F)(12) All issues on the governmentʹs policy agenda are carefully considered by public officials.

(T/F)(12-13) Most governmental policies are made by a single institution.

(T/F)(14) The writers of the Constitution were unanimously and devotedly committed to democracy.

(T/F)(14) ʺGovernment by the peopleʺ is a meaningful and useful definition of democracy.

(T/F)(17) Kevin Phillipsʹ description of the 1980s as the ʺtriumph of upper Americaʺ is evidence of hyperpluralism in the United States.

(T/F)(18) It is clear that ordinary citizens can make sound political judgments on technical issues in our society.

(T/F)(20) New Hampshireʹs official state motto is ʺGive me liberty or give me death.ʺ

(T/F)(22) Nearly all political scientists agree that the United States is in the midst of a culture war.

(T/F)(24) The national government employs nearly ten million people.

(T/F)(33) The Declaration of Independence was written primarily by James Madison.

(T/F)(40) The Annapolis meeting of 1787 produced the first real reform of the Articles of Confederation.

(T/F)(44) The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention led to an agreement that slaves would be counted as three-fifths persons in the census for purposes of determining representation in Congress.

(T/F)(55) The Constitution was unanimously approved and signed by every delegate attending the Constitutional Convention.

(T/F)(60) The Constitution requires a member of the electoral college to vote for the candidate preferred by his or her stateʹs electorate.

(T/F)(9) Governments have little incentive to provide public goods.

(T/F)(11-12) In a democracy, public officials are supposed to pay attention to the problems that concern voters.

(T/F)(12) A political issue arises when people disagree about a problem or about a public policy choice made to combat a problem.

(T/F)(12-13) A non-decision is one type of policy decision made by government.

(T/F)(12-13) Very few policies are made by a single policymaking institution in the United States.

(T/F)(13) AIDS is an example of policy being made by inaction.

(T/F)(16) According to Robert Putnam, many of the problems of American democracy today stem from a decline in group-based participation.

(T/F)(16) Pluralist theory holds that because so many groups compete for power in the United States, none has a majority say and public policy roughly approximates the public interest.

(T/F)(16-17) Elite theorists believe that whoever is elected to office in the federal government has little influence on policymaking.

(T/F)(16-17) Elite theorists maintain that who holds office in Washington is of marginal consequence; the corporate giants always have the power.

(T/F)(18) The more participation in a democracy, the healthier the democracy is thought to be.

(T/F)(20) A key aspect of egalitarianism is political equality.

(T/F)(20-21) Immigrants to the United States often brought a sense of individualism with them.

(T/F)(24) When taxes do not grow, tax revenue must grow to pay the additional costs, or a budget deficit results.

(T/F)(30-31) Burning the flag is a legally protected form of political expression.

(T/F)(4) A recent study of college freshmen recently found that only 34 percent said that ʺkeeping up with politicsʺ was an important priority for them.

(T/F)(4) In a 2004 survey of political knowledge, young people provided the correct answer to only one-third of these questions, whereas people over 65 were correct half the time.

(T/F)(42) According to James Madison, factions arise from the unequal distribution of wealth.

A ________ is staged by a campaign primarily for the purpose of being covered on television and in the press. A) media event B) TV commercial C) political incident D) ʺGet Out the Voteʺ effort E) political play

A party era refers to A) a period of history in which there is one dominant majority party that wins most elections. B) the period between two elections, during which the two parties are assessed as to how powerful they are relative to each other. C) a period of years during which a party is born and begins to run candidates for office. D) the life span of a party from its beginning to end (e.g., the Whigs). E) a period of time during which there is one dominant majority party that wins all elections.

One type of linkage institution is (11-12) A) an interest group B) a government. C) a bureaucracy. D) a legislature. E) all of the above

After the American Revolution, state legislatures were composed of (38-39) A) significantly more middle-class representatives and fewer wealthy members compared to before the war. B) revolutionary war militiamen. C) about the same ratio of wealthy members and not so wealthy members as before the war. D) significantly more landless laborers and poor farmers than any other group. E) a higher percentage of wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants than ever before.

All of the following are parts of the policymaking system EXCEPT (13) a. public goods b. policymaking institutions c. linkage institutions d. people's political interests e. policy

Among the factors that contributed to economic turmoil under the Articles of Confederation was the (39) A) postwar depression that left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and threatened mortgage foreclosures. B) decreasing economic viability of slavery. C) power shift from middle-class farmers to wealthy landowners. D) state legislatures that favored creditors and created more debt. E) All of these factors contributed to the economic turmoil.

An example of public policymaking would be (12-13) a. Congress and the president deciding not to act on the AIDS crisis b. The president meeting with the heads of oil companies c. The press creating public concern about racial discrimination d. A majority of the public supporting the idea of government dealing with unemployment e. All of the above

Beginning in 1781, the United States was governed under the (37) A) Articles of Confederation. B) Mayflower Compact. C) Basic Law of 1781. D) British Constitution. E) current United States Constitution.

Elite and class theory holds that (17) A) all societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule. B) power is dispersed among many institutions. C) in a democracy the majority class must overthrow the government and rule by itself if government is to be freed from the control of the rich. D) there is little consensus in policymaking among elites. E) politics is the basis of elite power.

Escalating campaign costs are a challenge to democracy because (19) A) it is believed that PAC contributions affect the way members of Congress vote on single issues. B) they are associated with more technical policies. C) they lead to policy gridlock. D) they reflect diverse interests. E) they make it easier for candidates to raise money.

Four out of five newspaper readers in America read papers owned by A) large corporate chains located out of town. B) fearless local editors. C) the Associated Press. D) television stations. E) their employees.

From 1968 to 1992, A) the Republicans dominated the presidency while the Democrats dominated Congress. B) a realignment occurred that destroyed the New Deal coalition. C) the Republicans became the majority party. D) the Republicans dominated the federal government while the Democrats dominated state governments. E) the Democrats experienced a slow, ʺcreeping ascendanceʺ that culminated in their gaining control of the entire government with the election of Bill Clinton.

From the late-nineteenth century through the New Deal years, many of Americaʹs largest cities were dominated by A) corrupt but popular party machines. B) the Socialist party. C) the Communist party. D) mayors who refused to allow elections. E) super delegates who controlled everything.

Government is defined as the (8) a. Institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society b. Executive branch and its agencies c. Body that is concerned with economic problems while leaving social to other institutions of society d. Organization that brings problems to the attention of public officials e. Agency that implements policies that have been enacted by other institutions of the political system

High-tech politics refers to A) a politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers is shaped by technology. B) a proposal for direct democracy through the use of telephone voting. C) a futuristic society in which politics is controlled by computers, freeing people for more honorable pursuits. D) the use of cable television to broadcast the workings of the government. E) the ability of government to observe the behavior of citizens through electronic means.

Hyperpluralists believe that the dominant player in American politics is (17-18) A) groups. B) the president. C) the government. D) the media. E) rich individuals.

Hyperpluralists would argue that (18) A) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. B) society is divided along class lines. C) group competition will result in a rough approximation of the public interest. D) wealth is the basis of power. E) too few groups lead to a proliferation of governments.

In Annapolis, Maryland, in 1786, delegates from five states met to discuss (40) A) the problems of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. B) the need to declare independence from England. C) the need for a Bill of Rights. D) the issue of slavery. E) all of the above

In determining congressional representation and taxation, the Constitution (44) A) counted slaves as three-fifths of a person. B) did not count slaves. C) counted slaves the same as free persons. D) was silent on the issue of how slaves would be counted, instead leaving the issue to each state to decide. E) counted slaves as one-half of a person.

In open primaries, A) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. B) voters may vote for candidates from either party. C) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

In setting the broad rules of the game of politics, constitutions (32) A) are never neutral; they give some participants advantages over others. B) are fair and impartial. C) allow all participants the same political opportunities. D) have no effect on the distribution of power in society. E) are constantly changing.

In the second party system in United States history, the election contests were between which two major parties? A) Democrats and Whigs B) Democrats and Republicans C) Federalists and Whigs D) Republicans and Whigs E) Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Most news coverage is perhaps best described as A) superficial. B) thorough. C) complex. D) superlative. E) metacognitive.

Opposition to ratification of the Constitution was based on the belief that it would (52) A) provide for elite control, endanger liberty, and weaken the states. B) produce more democratic elements than desirable for a strong central government. C) give too much power to the states. D) promote pluralism, which would threaten liberty. E) all of the above

Public officials often leak ________ to reporters to see what the political reaction will be. A) trial balloons B) sound bites C) beats D) ʺoiled newsʺ E) talking heads

Ratification of the Constitution (51-52) A) needed the approval of nine states. B) needed the approval of a majority of the people. C) occurred when it was approved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. D) needed the approval of all the states. E) was by two-thirds vote of the Continental Congress.

Right after the Revolutionary War, a dramatic change swept through the new country resulting in (38) A) a dramatic increase in democracy and freedom. B) a population shift from the cities to the country. C) a population shift from country to city. D) an explosion in prosperity. E) full-scale industrialization.

Robert Putnamʹs claim that Americans are now ʺbowling aloneʺ is a criticism of (16) A) pluralism. B) elite theory. C) hyperpluralism. D) social network theory. E) none of the above

Serious magazines of political news and opinion are A) basically reserved for the educated elite in America. B) almost nonexistent in the United States. C) a principle source of news and information for most Americans. D) rapidly dying out in the United States, but remain very healthy in Europe and Latin America. E) a more common source for national and international news than newspapers.

Since 1968, American politics has been characterized by A) divided government. B) the New Deal coalition. C) Republican control of both the Congress and presidency. D) Democratic control of the presidency and Republican control of Congress. E) Democratic control of both the Congress and presidency.

Since Kennedy, A) news coverage of presidential candidates has become increasingly less favorable. B) the news media have reduced their coverage of presidential candidates. C) the amount of news coverage of presidential candidates has increased dramatically. D) coverage of issues in presidential campaigns has increased dramatically. E) emphasis of campaign reporting has changed dramatically from ʺwhyʺ to a simpler, descriptive ʺwhatʺ format.

Sound bites are A) short clips of a political speech lasting fifteen seconds or less. B) leaks by official sources used to test the political waters. C) negative news coverage received by a public figure. They hurt! D) a form of censorship widely used in Great Britain. E) negative political advertisements that offer quick attacks on oneʹs opponent.

Television became especially important in bringing the reality of ________ home to America as its first heavily televised war. A) the Vietnam War B) the Korean War C) World War I D) the war in Iraq E) World War II

The American Revolution (37) A) did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life. B) produced great societal change. C) was won quickly and decisively by the superior American troops. D) created class conflicts that split society. E) was fought between a large army of colonials and a small British army.

The Articles of Confederation were adopted by (37) A) the Continental Congress. B) President George Washington. C) a small, self-appointed committee of the nationʹs political leaders. D) the British Parliament. E) the Continental Army under command of General George Washington.

The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention (44) A) resolved the impasse between those who favored the New Jersey Plan and those who preferred the Virginia Plan. B) added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution in order to lessen concerns about too much power for the new government. C) settled the dispute over whether slavery should be allowed in the final constitution. D) threw out the idea of having a monarchy in the United States, opting instead for an indirectly elected president. E) involved all of these elements.

The Declaration of Independence was primarily (34) A) a treaty with France for war against Britain. B) an original philosophical treatise on politics. C) an outline for a new government. D) a polemic, announcing and justifying a revolution. E) the United Statesʹ first constitution.

The Democratic-Republicans were also known as the A) Jeffersonians. B) Madisonians. C) Whigs. D) Federalists. E) Hamiltonians.

The Federalist Papers were (52) A) essays in support of ratification of the constitution. B) essays written that were critical of the constitution. C) newspapers which backed the Federalist party in early United States elections. D) the original name of the constitution written by the Constitutional Convention. E) the notes that George Washington took at the Constitutional Convention.

The amendments that have been added to the Constitution have made it (56) A) more egalitarian and democratic. B) more elitist and undemocratic. C) more protective of property rights. D) weaker and less significant to American society. E) much more like the European constitutions it originally condemned.

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press ended when A) the Vietnam War and Watergate soured the press on government. B) the press discovered John F. Kennedy in a compromising situation with a woman other than his wife. C) Franklin Roosevelt chastised the news reports he deemed inaccurate. D) Ronald Reagan began to manipulate the press to his advantage. E) Abraham Lincoln nationalized major Union newspapers during the Civil War.

The development of the two-party system is an example of informal constitutional change through (59-60) A) political practice. B) technology. C) judicial interpretation. D) increasing demands on policymakers. E) all of the above

The dominant political party in Americaʹs first party system was the A) Democratic-Republicans. B) Whigs. C) Republicans. D) Democrats. E) Federalists.

The foundation of John Lockeʹs philosophy was that human beings (34-35) A) derive their rights from nature. B) have rights that are granted them by government. C) determine their own rights. D) derive their rights from God. E) are granted their rights by their King.

Which of the following is TRUE of political parties in the United States? A) To be a member of a party, all you have to do is claim to be one. B) Parties require dues. C) They are more powerful than their European counterparts. D) Parties issue membership cards to all members. E) Party members agree on all major issues or they will be expelled from the party.

Which of the following statements about taxes is TRUE? (10) a. One out of every three dollars earned by an American citizen is used to pay taxes. b. Despite the image presented by the media, survey data reveal that Americans feel they are getting their moneyʹs worth for the taxes they pay. c. About one-tenth of the average American citizenʹs salary goes to taxes. d. The tax burden in the United States is higher than in most democratic nations e. All of these are true

Which of the following statements about the Anti-Federalists is FALSE? (52-53) A) The Anti-Federalists were basically unpatriotic and un-American. B) The Anti-Federalists fought to prevent ratification of the new constitution. C) The Anti-Federalists believed that the new government was an enemy of freedom. D) The Anti-Federalists believed the new government would erode fundamental liberties. E) The Anti-Federalists believed the new Constitution was a class-based document.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the 55 delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention? (41) A) Most were residents of the western frontiers. B) They were all men. C) A significant number were urbanites. D) Many were college graduates. E) They were mostly wealthy planters.

Which of the following was NOT a source of revenue for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? (38) A) taxes levied by the Continental Congress B) printing its own money C) selling off western lands D) state governments E) All of the above were revenue sources.

Which of these was NOT among John Lockeʹs key philosophical concepts? (34-35) A) checks and balances B) limited government C) natural rights D) consent of the governed E) property rights

A catchy line is what is most important for a A) beat. B) sound bite. C) leak. D) trial balloon. E) presidential press conference.

A new approach to reporting introduced during the 2003 Iraq war was to A) use more satellite coverage. B) embed reporters with troops. C) distribute detailed military plans to journalists in advance. D) allow reporters to move around on their own. E) all of the above

A political party is a key _________ in America's democratic system (11-13) a. Stimulus-response b. linkage institution c. input d. majoritarian inhibitor e. output

A shot of a personʹs face speaking directly into the television camera is known as a A) superficial. B) talking head. C) head shot. D) sound bite. E) mug shot.

A talking head is a A) nickname for a political journalist. B) shot of a person speaking directly into the television camera. C) secret source for news leaks. D) public relations expert. E) member of the seminal punk band of the 1980s that had a major political influence on youth.

A talking head is a reference to A) a television talk show host. B) a shot of a personʹs face talking directly to the camera. C) a news leak that is discretely passed to a reporter in a public washroom. D) a television news anchor. E) a television talk show.

According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the existence of the frontier in American history most directly resulted in (21) A) the abolition of slavery. B) a strong preference for limited government. C) the environmental movement. D) the space program. E) the civil rights movement.

According to G.K. Chesterston, the United States is the only country in the world that is founded on (19) A) heredity. B) a creed. C) isolationism. D) civic virtue. E) religious principles.

After the Revolution, James Madison observed that ʺthe most common and durable source of faction has been (39) A) urban and rural divisions.ʺ B) the various and unequal divisions of property.ʺ C) aristocracy.ʺ D) the British army.ʺ E) racial inequalities.ʺ

Agenda setting effects are especially strong for the A) younger generation who distrust the media. B) politically knowledgeable who trust the media. C) politically ignorant who trust the media. D) television audience who trusts the media. E) older, more politically experienced individuals.

American national parties are best described as A) controlled from the bottom (local level) up. B) loose aggregations of state parties. C) bicameral in nature. D) centralized organizations based in Congress. E) powerful, centralized organizations based in Washington, D.C.

Closed primaries A) depress voter turnout. B) encourage party loyalty. C) discourage party loyalty. D) cost less than open primaries. E) have fewer undercounts.

In terms of organizational structure, American political parties are A) organized more by regions of the country than at the state or national level. B) decentralized and fragmented. C) tightly controlled organisms that exert tremendous control over candidates. D) operated on the principle of democratic centralism: Local and state organizations control the national organizations. E) centralized and hierarchical.

Increased technical expertise is a challenge to democracy because (18) A) it is difficult to have an informed ʺnon-technicalʺ public debate on technical issues. B) it goes against the tenets of pluralist political theory. C) it violates the notion of one man, one vote. D) elected officials find it hard to understand technical experts. E) interest groups have a difficult time securing technical expertise.

John Lockeʹs ideas on natural rights were related to human law in that (34-35) A) natural rights were less important than human law. B) natural rights were considered higher than human law. C) human law was the source of natural rights. D) human law protected property rights, making human law equal to natural rights. E) human law and natural rights were unimportant after revolution.

More than any other development in the twentieth century, the rise of television broadcasting has reinforced ________ in the American political process. A) interest B) individualism C) behavioralism D) participation E) democratization

Most delegates to the Constitutional Convention believed that the secret of good government is a (42) A) centralized government. B) balanced government. C) government that is open and not secretive. D) popularly controlled government. E) strong executive.

People who worry about PACs are most especially concerned about (19) A) the decline in American voter turnout. B) the close connection between money and politics. C) too much democracy being dangerous to social stability. D) the role Party Affairs Councils play in elections. E) single-issue voters.

Prior to the 1930s, A) press conferences were held twice a week. B) the president was rarely directly questioned by the media. C) the media was dominated by a few influential newspapers. D) image-building was essentially built around radio broadcasting. E) the president catered to the local, rather than the national, press.

The Anti-Federalists believed that the new constitution (52) A) was a thinly disguised attempt to abolish a federal form of government in the United States. B) was an enemy of freedom and designed to give control of the government to a rich elite. C) created a new government too weak to be effective, and they preferred a monarchy to ensure stability. D) was too democratic and would lead to tyranny of the masses against the wealthy. E) with whatever faults it might have, was the young nationʹs best hope for a workable government.

The Declaration of Independence (33) A) contained completely new ideas on political philosophy. B) became one of the most important statements of American political philosophy. C) took several months to write. D) blamed the British parliament for abuses on the colonies. E) all of the above

The Declaration of Independence argued that (35-36) A) nations are indivisible and a people must never secede from their mother nation. B) people should revolt when they suffer deep injustices. C) the British parliament was to blame for the evils imposed upon the colonists. D) people should always work peacefully within the system to redress any grievances they have. E) revolution is justifiable whenever people become angry with their government.

The Declaration of Independence was a (33) A) valid legal document under British law. B) bitter attack against the British king for abuses said to have been done to the colonists over a long period of time. C) proclamation from King George III granting the American colonists the right to form their own nation. D) thoughtful, cautious explanation of why independence might be a good idea if certain demands were not met. E) last effort by the American colonists to get back on good terms with England, while only threatening independence.

The Madisonian requirement that each branch of government acquire the consent of the others for many of its actions created a system of (49) A) confederated government. B) checks and balances. C) constitutional republic. D) cross-cutting requirements. E) separation of powers.

The New Deal coalition was responsible for electing and reelecting A) Socialist party candidates. B) Democrats. C) Republicans. D) Whigs. E) Democratic-Republicans.

The Republican party began as the A) party of big business interests. B) principal anti-slavery party. C) principal pro-slavery party. D) party of statesʹ rights and silver money. E) party of the New Deal.

The United States Constitution (60) A) lists the executive departments that are required to advise the president. B) does not prescribe the function and structure of government in detail. C) is one of the oldest and longest constitutions in the world. D) gives particular detail to the function of the judiciary. E) was modeled on the British Constitution.

The election of 1896 is considered a watershed because it A) entrenched western farmers and silverites in the Republican party. B) shifted the party coalitions and entrenched the Republicans in power for another generation. C) gave Republicans control of the South. D) marked the rise of the Populist party, which dominated American politics until the Depression. E) brought the industrial working classes and Wall Street interests together into the Democratic fold.

The first president to manipulate media politics with many press conferences and fireside chats successfully was A) Ronald Reagan. B) Franklin Roosevelt. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) John F. Kennedy.

The last Federalist president was A) Alexander Hamilton. B) John Adams. C) Andrew Jackson. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) Thomas Jefferson.

The view of human nature most prevalent among the Founding Fathers was that (42) A) men abhor power and the burdens that come with it. B) people are self-interested in acquiring wealth and power. C) human nature can be perfected, given the right social and political institutions. D) people are basically cooperative and community-oriented. E) people are disorganized and without vision.

Those who met at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 were (41) A) a mix of wealthy and middle-class Americans. B) wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants. C) overwhelmingly middle-class farmers. D) primarily British officials overseeing the implementation of the new government agreed to in the peace treaty. E) split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.

Under the Madisonian model, people desiring change (49) A) find a government that is highly responsive and acts quickly and decisively. B) must usually have a sizable majority. C) have no chance of victory. D) need only win at one point in the policymaking process. E) need just a simple majority over 50 percent.

Voters and coalitions of voters are attracted to different parties largely by A) selective perception. B) their performance and policies. C) the charisma of their candidates. D) tradition. E) their socio-economic status.

What view of human nature did the delegates at the Constitutional Convention have? (42) A) Humans are basically good. B) Cynical view: human beings are selfish and greedy. C) There is no human nature and humans are the product of their environment. D) Human nature is basically evil. E) Altruistic view: humans are deeply concerned about each othersʹ welfare, apart from their own self-interests.

When the First Amendment was written guaranteeing freedom of the press, A) the penny press was prevalent. B) there was virtually no daily press in this country. C) only the largest cities had a daily press. D) the press was owned by the government. E) the telegraph was revolutionizing the newspaper industry and stimulating the rapid spread of daily newspapers throughout the country.

Which of the following is FALSE about the Constitution? (64-65) A) It creates many government access points where groups can attempt to initiate or block policy changes. B) It discourages hyperpluralism. C) It places many limits on the governmentʹs powers. D) It protects individual liberty. E) It creates government gridlock and inaction.

Which of the following is true about cable newscasts? A) ʺHardʺ news stories comprise about 22 hours of a typical dayʹs cable newscast. B) Only about 11% of the time was used for written and edited news stories. C) Cable news is heavily subsidized by the the federal government. D) There are more regulations for cable news than their are for broadcast news. E) Cable newscasts are more concerned with increasing the reputation of the news organization than with making profit.

Which of the following statements about party realignment is FALSE? A) Party realignments are typically associated with a major crisis or trauma. B) Party realignments were associated with the Civil War and with the Great Depression. C) Party realignments transform the party system. D) Party realignment involves a reconfiguration of the demographic groups supporting the parties. E) Party realignments occur often in American political life.

Which of the following statements about public goods is FALSE? (9) a. The government usually provides public goods b. Individuals have powerful incentives to provide public goods c. Public goods are not profitable d. Public goods are indivisible and nonexclusive e. Public goods are things that everyone can share

Which of the following statements about third parties in the United States is FALSE? A) Third parties often bring new issues to the political agenda. B) Third parties are a rare phenomena in American history. C) Third parties have brought new groups into the electorate. D) Third-party candidates almost never win office in the United States. E) Third parties have had important effects on American politics.

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? (37-39) A) the threat of some of the Continental Army to establish George Washington as king B) the lack of power given to state legislatures C) the lack of an executive to lead the nation D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government

Which of these is a linkage institution? (11) a. The president's cabinet b. USA Today c. The House of Representatives d. The ambassador to France e. All of the above

Who issued the Declaration of Independence? (33) A) the Constitutional Convention of 1776 B) the Continental Congress C) President George Washington D) the 13 colonial legislatures E) General George Washington

Why did President Roosevelt become silent during the last minute of a radio address during a reelection campaign? A) Political pranksters from the Republican party disabled the power supply to the radio station. B) He wanted to reduce the size of his opponentʹs audience. C) The radio station director disliked the positions Roosevelt was taking and cut him off. D) He talked for so long that he lost his voice. E) The radio station cut him off because he had exceeded his time limit.

With over 2,700 reporters, photographers and editors, ________ has more news gathering ability than any other news organization. A) Gannett B) the Associated Press C) The New York Times D) Columbia Broadcasting System E) King Features Syndicate

________ has some of the strongest parties in America. A) Hawaii B) Pennsylvania C) New York D) Texas E) California

_________ is the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. (12-13) a. Democracy b. A policymaking system c. A constellation d. The bureaucracy e. Government

At the end of the Revolutionary War, (39) A) captured British troops were herded into large prison camps where they served life sentences for their treachery. B) a strong, new national government began immediately to keep the economy running smoothly with careful regulation. C) a postwar depression severely hurt small farmers and many others. D) the condition of the economy was largely the same as it had been before the war. E) a period of tremendous economic prosperity began.

If the United States had a multiparty system, A) third parties would come to dominate politics. B) the necessity for coalitions would be eliminated. C) each party would have more distinct policy positions. D) people would have to pay dues to belong to a party. E) each party would move to the ideological center.

In 2004, Americans were most likely to consider themselves ________, and least likely to consider themselves ________. A) Independents; Democrats B) Republicans; Democrats C) Independents; Republicans D) Democrats; Independents E) Democrats; Republicans

In blanket primaries, A) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. B) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. C) voters may vote for candidates from either party. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

In closed primaries, A) voters may vote for candidates from either party. B) voters may choose on election day which party primary they want to participate in. C) only voters who have registered in advance with the party can vote. D) voters may vote for multiple candidates. E) none of the above

Political parties are an important example of the (59-60) A) Third Amendment. B) formal amendment process. C) unwritten constitution. D) wishes of the founders. E) rigidity of the Constitution.

Politics is defined by Harold Lasswell as (10) a. Conflict in society b. The excercise of power c. who gets what, when, and how d. a course of action to solve a problem e. The resolution of conflict in a way that serves the public

Rather than cover entire speeches by political figures, television news typically provides ________ of fifteen seconds or less. A) trial balloons B) beats C) sound bites D) leaks E) news snacks

The United States government owns ________ of the land in the United States (24) A) all B) 5 percent C) one-third D) 2 percent E) none

The people who keep the party running between elections and make its rules are members of which ʺheadʺ of the party? A) party-in-the-electorate B) permanent party C) party as an organization D) party-in-government E) party-in-the-states

The policy agenda is A) a set of issues or problems that the public considers important. B) a schedule of bills before Congress. C) a list of priorities to which government officials address their time and energies. D) a linkage institution between people and government. E) all of the above

There is a trememdous gap between youth and the elderly in all of the following EXCEPT (3) a. Political participation b. Political interest c. Volunteering d. Media use e. Political Knowledge

To a large extent, television networks define news as what is ________ to viewers. A) informative B) vital information C) entertaining D) thought-provoking E) yet unknown

Which of the following statements about judicial interpretation is FALSE? (58-59) A) Judicial interpretation can profoundly affect how the Constitution is understood. B) The power of judicial review gives courts the right to decide whether legislative actions are in accord with the Constitution. C) The power of judicial interpretation is explicitly stated in the Constitution. D) In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court decided it would be the one to decide constitutional disputes. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE? (56-57) A) The ERA was opposed by many southern states. B) The ERA was proposed by Congress in 1978. C) Public opinion polls showed little support for the ERA after 1960. D) The ERA was first proposed in 1923. E) The ERA never became part of the Constitution.

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? (37-38) A) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government B) the lack of an executive to lead the nation C) the lack of power given to state legislatures D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) None of these were problems at the time.

Which of the following was NOT occurring in the states during the time of the Articles of Confederation? (38-39) A) abolishment of religious qualifications for holding office B) adoption of bills of rights C) upper-class dominance D) expanded political participation E) all of the above

Which of the following was NOT one of the economic difficulties the writers of the Constitution attempted to address? (45-47) A) some states kept printing virtually worthless money B) the tariffs states had erected against one another to protect their state-made products C) lack of unemployment compensation and welfare payments D) the difficulty of the Continental Congress in raising money from the states E) All of these were dealt with in the Constitution.

Which state boycotted the Constitutional Convention? (40) A) Texas, because it took too long to get to Philadelphia B) Virginia C) Rhode Island D) No state boycotted. E) Both Virginia and Rhode Island boycotted.

A political party is best defined as A) a group of men and women organized for the sole purpose of influencing public policy. B) an organized team of men and women with a political agenda. C) any group of men and women with a formal membership and a political or social purpose stated in their by-laws. D) a team of men and women seeking control of the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election. E) a coalition of interests trying to influence government policies for their benefit.

After the Revolution, power in the state legislatures shifted (38-39) A) from merchants to lawyers. B) from the poor to the wealthy. C) from radicals to conservatives. D) from the wealthy to those with more moderate incomes. E) from the upper to the lower chambers.

American political parties tend to take middle-of-the-road stands on major issues A) only because the partyʹs candidates are so afraid of alienating those on different sides of issues. B) while the public tends to have stronger opinions C) in spite of evidence that more extreme positions generate more excitement and likelihood for electoral victory. D) because most of the American electorate are centrist. E) because most of the American electorate do not have political opinions.

Americaʹs first and shortest-lived major political party was the A) Anti-Federalist party. B) Whig party. C) Democratic-Republican party. D) Federalist party. E) Independence party.

As originally established by the Constitution, the House of Representatives had how many members from each state? (44) A) seven B) one C) two D) It depended on the stateʹs population. E) none

At the beginning of party development in the United States, A) parties tried to defeat each other in elections. B) there were many small parties, each representing a narrow interest. C) we had a one-party system where one powerful party dominated the government and blocked the creation of new parties. D) parties sought to destroy each other. E) parties were merely the personal following of certain charismatic individuals.

How has the electoral college changed from the original intent of the framers? (60) A) Affirmative action programs have made the student body much more diverse, although standards have also been lowered. B) The president must now be elected by two-thirds vote of the electoral college rather than a simple majority. C) The number of electors has decreased dramatically. D) Almost all electors now vote for the presidential candidate who wins the most popular votes in their state. E) Today, the electors vote for whom they personally feel would make the best president.

In proportional representation systems, A) whoever gets the most votes wins the election. B) each demographic group is allocated a certain number of positions in the government, in proportion to that groupʹs percentage of the population. C) coalition governments usually last for many years. D) legislative seats are allocated according to each partyʹs percentage of the nationwide vote. E) every party gets represented in the legislature.

Informal changes to the Constitution have reflected changes in all of the following EXCEPT (58-60) A) technology. B) political practice. C) judicial interpretation. D) constitutional amendments. E) none of the above

John Locke believed in each of the following EXCEPT (34-35) A) limited government. B) consent of the governed. C) natural rights. D) divine right of kings. E) both C and D

Madisonian principles in the Constitution were based on (48-49) A) statesʹ rights. B) a concentration of power, so that the minority faction could dominate the government. C) the belief that government should always be dominated by the majority. D) concern that government would be dominated by a majority or minority faction. E) the ideas of a group of professors at Madison University.

Most television news analysis reports A) run over ten minutes. B) run about five minutes. C) run about seven minutes. D) last less than a minute. E) run about two minutes.

Party dealignment is symbolized by A) the 1992 election of a president and Congress of the same party. B) the recent pattern of one-party control. C) a renewed commitment to Americaʹs two major political parties. D) the recent pattern of divided government. E) the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994.

The Republicans emerged as a powerful political party in the A) 1890s. B) 1790s. C) 1930s. D) 1850s. E) 1820s.

The Republicans had a long period as the countryʹs dominant majority party, which ended A) in 1992. B) in 1980. C) with the Civil War. D) in 1932. E) in 1896.

The bottom line that shapes how journalists define the news, where they get the news, and how they present it is A) their personal ideology. B) the First Amendment right to freedom of the press. C) government regulations. D) profits. E) their professional values.

The debate at the Philadelphia Convention over eligibility to vote was resolved by (44) A) allowing all males, but no females to vote. B) requiring voter registration before one would be eligible to vote. C) requiring universal manhood suffrage. D) leaving it up to the individual states. E) permitting all citizens over 21 to vote.

The earliest survey studies of the effect of the media on public opinion, which evaluated its impact on voting behavior, offered A) much evidence that media action influenced political campaign outcomes. B) a policy agenda interpretation. C) the observation that Democratic control of Congress was partly due to media bias in news coverage. D) the minimal effects hypothesis. E) the hypodermic needle model.

The first party system in the United States consisted of the A) Democrats and Whigs. B) Federalists and Whigs. C) Democrats and Republicans. D) Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. E) Democratic-Republicans and Whigs.

The framers of the Constitution gave the chief economic policymaking role to (47) A) the courts. B) the Federal Reserve Board. C) the president. D) Congress. E) the states.

The one element of government that Madisonʹs plan placed within direct control of the voters was the (49) A) Senate. B) presidency. C) Congress. D) House of Representatives. E) Supreme Court.

The policy positions stated in party platforms are A) of some importance because they are unambiguous statements of where a party stands. B) intended to get a candidate elected, not to be implemented. C) of little importance because only 10 to 25 percent of the positions are acted upon by government. D) very important because nearly three-fourths of them result in policy action when the party is in power. E) never important because less than one-third of them result in policy action when the party is in power.

The political ʺparty-in-the-electorateʺ is defined as people who A) vote for the candidates from one party. B) register as members of a party. C) work for a partyʹs candidates. D) identify with a party. E) walk door-to-door to meet the voters and personally campaign for their partyʹs candidates.

The primary goal of the American Revolution was (37) A) to gain control over the coloniesʹ trade with foreign nations. B) to cut taxes. C) to win the right to print paper money that could be used to pay off debts. D) to restore the colonistsʹ rights as British subjects. E) to gain control of the western frontier.

The supreme power within each of the parties is A) the state party organizations. B) the president. C) the Supreme Party Court. D) the national convention. E) the national committee.

The system of checks and balances in the Constitution means that (49) A) a majority can easily manipulate the system, but a minority cannot. B) changes in government policy can be made with relative ease, with few obstacles to stop a popular new force. C) we have a direct democracy, with all branches equally accessible to strong public pressure. D) change usually comes slowly, if at all, and moderation and compromise are typical in our political system. E) each branch of government has its own powers independent of the other.

The theory that argues that group competition results in a rough approximation of the public interest in public policy is (16) A) hyperpluralist theory. B) balance of power theory. C) elite and class theory. D) pluralist theory. E) bureaucratic theory.

The theory that sees wealth as the basis of power is the (16-17) A) democratic theory. B) hyperpluralist theory. C) Jeffersonian theory. D) elite and class theory. E) pluralist theory.

The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals is known as A) yellow journalism. B) trial balloons. C) scientific journalism. D) investigative journalism. E) print journalism.

The ʺpower of the fewʺ in the United States today is likely to refer to (18) A) high-level bureaucrats. B) elected officials. C) property holders. D) technical experts. E) a silent majority.

Things that are indivisible, nonexclusive, and that everyone can share are called (9) a. intangible property b. socialized c. communist d. public goods e. community property

Ticket-splitting refers to A) switching membership in political parties. B) the procedure used to conduct computerized, automated vote counting. C) voting with one party in one presidential election, and another party in the next presidential election. D) voting for one party for one office, and another party for other offices. E) voting for a party other than the one you identify with.

Trial balloons refer to A) marketing surveys conducted to determine audience preferences in media coverage and programming. B) media experiments with different types of news coverage to see what the public reaction will be. C) impromptu presidential news conferences. D) information leaked to the media to see what the political reaction will be. E) the mediaʹs tendency to define news as information that is entertaining to the average viewer.

Under the Articles of Confederation, most power rested with the (37) A) the British Parliament. B) president. C) United States Senate. D) state legislatures. E) Continental Congress.

When compared with the rest of the world, America has a relatively low (10) a. Number of offices up for election b. Number of candidates who seek office c. Frequency of elections d. Voter turnout in elections e. All of the Above

Which of the following groups was NOT part of the New Deal coalition? A) African Americans B) Southerners C) members of labor unions D) wealthy New Englanders E) Catholics and Jews

Which of the following individuals have suggested that pluralist theory is less descriptive of American politics than in the past? (16) A) Anthony King B) Robert Dahl C) Alexis de Tocqueville D) Robert Putnam E) Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following is LEAST likely to fascinate television news viewers? A) violence B) scandal C) disaster D) a talking head E) a breaking crime story

Which of the following is NOT a linkage institution? (11) a. Political parties b. The media c. Interest groups d. Congress e. All of these are linkage institutions

Which of the following is NOT true about the media in America? A) The media argue that if their news is superficial, it is because that is what people want. B) The media do a better job covering the ʺhorse raceʺ aspect of politics than of covering substantive issues. C) Reporters often see themselves in a reformism role, crusading against foul play and unfairness. D) Their skepticism about governmental honesty and efficiency leads them to oppose giving government greater responsibilities. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about a government's policy agenda is FALSE? (12) a. When you vote, you are partly looking at whether a candidate shares your agenda or not. b. Bad news gets an issue on the policy agenda more quickly than good news. c. When people confront government officials with problems to be solved, they are trying to influence the governmentʹs policy agenda. d. A governmentʹs policy agenda tends to remain constant over time. e. None of the above; all are true

Which of the following statements about policy agendas is FALSE? A) Interest groups, political parties, and the president are all examples of those who push for their priorities to take precedence. B) Scores of issues compete for attention from the government. C) The policy agenda receives some serious attention at any given time. D) Only government officials develop policy priorities. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about television news is FALSE? A) The only highly regarded in-depth news shows on television are watched by very few viewers. B) Studies have shown that television gives only skimpy attention to the issues during a presidential campaign. C) The complex issues of today are difficult to treat in a short news clip. D) Television analysis of news events has been rapidly increasing. E) Television news is less detailed than that presented in newspapers.

Party realignments in the United States A) occur when a party makes dramatic changes in its positions on issues. B) involve the death of one party and the birth of a brand new one. C) are slight adjustments of political allegiance among voters in at least one region of the country. D) happen after most presidential elections, and occasionally in-between. E) are rare events in the United States, usually associated with a major national crisis or trauma, in which one partyʹs majority domination is replaced with anotherʹs.

Patronage A) is commonly used by political parties today. B) is an incentive given by national party offices. C) is the deference that elected officials give to their campaign contributors in making policy decisions. D) is based on merit and competence. E) was an inducement of jobs and financial rewards given for political reasons by party machines.

Public policy is defined as a (13) A) policy directed at more than one person. B) course of action to solve a problem. C) set of rules and regulations issued by a government agency. D) course of action by a political party. E) choice that government makes in response to an issue.

Reporters and their official sources usually have a(n) ________ relationship. A) hostile B) disinterested C) adversarial D) conspiratorial E) symbiotic

Representation refers to (15) A) majority rule. B) all policy views being included in political debate. C) the protection of minority rights in a pluralist system. D) electing office-holders in fair and free elections. E) the correspondence between the few leaders and the many followers in a democracy.

Richard Nixon believed he lost the 1960 presidential election because A) news coverage of his campaign was consistently biased against him. B) the Cuban Missile Crisis stole media attention from his campaign. C) of voter fraud in New York City. D) of Kennedyʹs dramatic pledge not to raise taxes. E) he was sweating and had an ugly beard stubble during a debate with Kennedy.

Shaysʹ Rebellion was A) the most decisive battle of the Revolution, after which British troops were never again able to mount a major offensive against American troops. (39) B) a slave uprising in Virginia. C) an uprising by small merchants demanding credit. D) an uprising by Revolutionary War veterans demanding pensions. E) an uprising by farmers to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms.

Since 1960, state party organizations A) have begun selecting candidates for state offices. B) have been established for the first time as the national organizations have weakened. C) have virtually disappeared as the national units have taken on their functions. D) have begun selecting candidates for Congress. E) have become much more powerful and organized.

The American Revolution (37) A) was heavily influenced by the earlier successes of the French Revolution. B) strongly reflected the widespread class conflict that would eventually lead to deadly riots for two generations. C) was very similar to the French, Russian, and Iranian Revolutions. D) was a radical social movement that drastically altered the colonistsʹ way of life. E) was an essentially conservative movement that did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life.

The British government stepped up its controls over the American colonies with new taxes and stronger commerce regulations right after (32) A) King Phillipʹs War. B) the assassination of the Duke of Windsor. C) King Georgeʹs War. D) the Civil War. E) the French and Indian War.

The Republicans lost the election of 1932 primarily due to A) the nomination of a popular war hero by the Democrats. B) Hitlerʹs election as chancellor of Germany and the Republicansʹ failure to prevent it. C) rising political and economic instability in Europe. D) the failure of the Republicans to hold onto the support of urban industrialists. E) President Herbert Hooverʹs handling of the Depression.

The United States national government spends about ________ a year. (24) A) $4 billion B) $250 billion C) $1,000,000,000,000 D) $500 billion E) $2.8 trillion

The Whig party A) was named after the wigs that the early aristocrats such as George Washington wore. B) dominated the second American party era between 1828 and 1856. C) forged a coalition of westerners, southerners, and new immigrants. D) believed in broadening political opportunity, eliminating vestiges of elitism, and mobilizing the masses. E) was only able to win the presidency when it nominated aging, but popular, military heroes.

The first party system (1796-1824) was characterized by A) professional politicians running for office. B) the dominance of the presidency by the Federalist party. C) the dominance of the Republican party. D) the dominance of the northern capitalist states. E) the dominance of the Democratic-Republican party.

The first president to successfully utilize media politics was A) Ronald Reagan. B) Richard Nixon. C) George Washington. D) Abraham Lincoln. E) Franklin Roosevelt.

The government designed at the Constitutional Convention allowed the voters to directly elect (49) A) both the House and Senate. B) the president and all members of Congress. C) only the Senate. D) only the president. E) only the House of Representatives.

The justification for separation from England in the Declaration of Independence was based heavily on the ideas of the English philosopher (35-36) A) Lord North. B) Henry VIII. C) Oliver Cromwell. D) David Hume. E) John Locke.

The key spokespersons for political parties come from which of its major components? A) the party-in-the-electorate B) the party as an organization C) the party-out-of-power D) the leaders-of-the-party-organization E) the party-in-government

The media inevitably encourage the growth of government when they A) focus on policy issues. B) reapply for their broadcast licenses. C) uncover government waste. D) act as a watchdog. E) focus on injustice in society.

The party national committees A) select the partyʹs presidential candidate. B) are composed of each partyʹs members of Congress. C) meet once every four years. D) write and approve the partyʹs platform. E) keep the party operating between conventions.

The principal source of news and information for most Americans today is A) newspapers. B) radio talk shows. C) magazines. D) print media. E) the broadcast media.

What was the significance of the Annapolis meeting? (40) A) It was the first national convention of women demanding the right to vote. B) It issued the Declaration of Independence. C) It dissolved the Continental Congress. D) It selected George Washington as the first post-Revolutionary president. E) It issued the original call for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

Which is a linkage institution? A) Supreme Court B) Executive Office of the President C) Congress D) all of the above E) none of the above

Which of the following is established by the written Constitution? (59-60) A) the right to an abortion B) media coverage of the House and Senate C) political parties D) All of these are mentioned in the written Constitution. E) None of these are mentioned in the written Constitution.

Which of the following is most fundamentally critical of American democracy? (16-17) A) traditional democratic theory B) democratic negativism C) pluralist theory D) critical democratic theory E) elite and class theory

Which of the following situations was NOT considered an economic problem by the writers of the Constitution? (46-47) A) States put up tariffs against products from other states. B) Paper money was virtually worthless in some states. C) The economy was in a recession. D) States were passing laws favoring debtors over creditors. E) National taxes were too high.

Which of the following statements best describes voter turnout in the United States? (10) a. Among democratic nations, the United States leads the world in voter turnout b. Voter turnout in the United States is constitutionally mandated c. Voters are usually a microcosm of the entire body of American citizens d. Most American voters consider politics as critical to their interests e. The United States has one of the lowest voter turnout rates in the world.

Which of these is NOT a criterion of traditional democratic theory, as formulated by Robert Dahl? (15) A) freedom of speech and press B) One person gets one vote. C) Citizenship must be open to all within a nation. D) Those who participate in political organizations must be representative of the general population. E) Citizens must make rational choices.

Which of these is NOT considered a challenge to democracy by the textbook? A) the diversity of the American people B) the level of political participation by Americans C) PACs D) the specialization of knowledge held by experts E) the tendency of the American political system to change rapidly

Which of these is TRUE about the United States Constitution? (35-36) A) It centralizes political power. B) It is superseded only by decrees of the president. C) It sets neutral rules for the game of politics. D) All of these are true. E) None of these are true.

ʺCritical electionsʺ always result in the A) widespread public questioning of the American election process accompanied by calls for its reform. B) displacement of the minority party by the majority party. C) formation of new political parties. D) successful bid by a third political party. E) formation of new coalitions for each political party.

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