AP Gov

71. What is the role of the House Rules committee?

- Debate rules, bill order, amendment rules

3. Define the following concepts: democratic theory, republicanism, pluralist theory, majoritarianism, and the elitist theory.

- democratic theory: ideas rooted in Ancient Greece that government should place ultimate political authority in the hands of the people (includes direct democracy and indirect democracy) -republicanism: an indirect democracy in which people elect representatives to govern them - pluralist theory: states that representative democracies are based on group interests, and in a diverse society (like ours) too many interests exist to allow elitism - majoritarianism: the idea that the government should do what the majority of the people want ("majority rule") -elite theory: states that "representative democracy" is not truly the will of the people because there is a small elite class at the top making the decisions. At best, voters choose from these elites

13. What is separation of powers as well as checks and balances? What are some examples from the Constitution?

- separation of powers: there are three branches that make-up the central government and share a variety of powers (Executive/President, Legislative/Congress, Judicial /Federal Courts) - checks and balances: each branch of the government exercises some control over the other two branches -Examples: Congressional approval of Presidential appointment, Presidential veto power over bills passed by Congress, Supreme Court determining the constitutionality of government policy (judicial review), etc.

Standing Committees

- these are the permanent committees that work on annual items such as agriculture, homeland security, ways and means

44. What are the federal election laws?

-15th Amendment: right to vote regardless of past servitude (1870) -19th Amendment: suffrage for women (1920) -24th Amendment: no poll tax (1964) -Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed literacy tests, allowed federal registrars to register minorities to vote in southern states, outlawed discrimination in voting based on race or language ability -26th Amendment: set the voting age to 18 (1971) -National Voter Registration Act/Motor Voter: register to vote when you apply for your driver's license (1993) -Help America Vote Act: gave grant money to states to improve their voting systems (2002)

92. How has the Court evolved philosophically since the 1960s? Who has led these changes?

-1960s = liberal, 1980s = conservative, Currently: well-balanced -it became more conservative after the Civil Rights Movement -1980s: conservative presidents (Reagan, Bush, etc.) selected judges, they serve a life-term etc. -2000s: Obama selected several liberal justices = current balance between liberal and conservative

95. How does the Supreme Court decide to accept a case? How has caseload evolved?

-According to the Rule of 4, a minimum of 4 justices must agree to hear a case. A Writ of Certiorari, which lets the litigants know their case has been accepted, is then issued asking the lower court to send up the case records. Before the creation of the 13 Courts of Appeals the Supreme Courts caseload was quite large. In the last century it's caseload has also evolved: today more than 10,000 cases are appealed to the court each year, up from 2, 313 in 1960, and 1,460 in 1945. Of these, the Court accepts less than 100.

104. Understand the history and legal dilemmas behind the major social issues of affirmative action, abortion, and gay marriage

-Affirmative Action: University of California Regents v. Bakke: race can be a factor in admissions decions, but quotas using race as the only factor are unconstitutional -Abortion: Roe V. Wade: legalized abortion, and gives women autonomy over abortion during the first trimester -Gay Marriage: laws have become less restrictive over time as public opinion on homosexuality has evolved Obergefell v. Hodges: legalized same-sex marriage (2015)

21. How do the states interact with one another?

-Article 4 details "relations between states: • full faith and credit clause: requires states to respect each other's public acts, records and court proceedings such as marriage licenses and birth certificates • extradition: criminals may not flee to another state to avoid arrest -privileges and immunities clause: (14th Amendment) citizens do not forfeit certain rights just because they cross state lines; all U.S. citizens should have the same basic privileges and immunities regardless of what state they reside in

86. What concerns does the president have in determining who to appoint? Explain how much influence the president has over his cabinet officials and agency heads.

-Balancing party interests and repaying people who supported him during the election, with appointing qualified people -Once appointed the president can attempt to set the agenda and sway the cabinet officials and agency heads, but they have a large amount of autonomy in how they run their department

39. Are politicians shaped by public opinion or do they shape public opinion?

-Both: they look at it to get elected, but often tell constituents what to believe under their role to "inform voters" -Senators are trustees (in other words they are supposed to be less responsive to public pressure and we are supposed to trust them to act for us) -Representatives are delegates (in other words they are supposed to be responsive to public opinion by listening to what we want and acting accordingly-we delegate the power to them)

53. What have been some significant third parties in American history? How do they form or why do they form?

-Bull Moose Party/Progressive Party: Theodore Roosevelt -Abolitionists, the Prohibitionists, and the Socialists -Populist Party: William Jennings Bryan, interests of farmers -Independent/Ross Perot -Green Party/Ralph Nader

52. What is the structure of political parties? Be sure to understand the role of national committees, congressional committees, and the national chairmen.

-Confederal -National Party = State Party = Local Party -National committee: chosen at the convention; directs and coordinates the party activities over the next 4 years - Party platform (a document outlining the party's agenda/positions for the next 4 years-not followed during election time, followed more so once in office) heavily influences how parties behave/vote within their congressional committees - National chairperson: generally chosen by the party's presidential candidate; establish party headquarters, fundraise, and distribute funds

99. What groups are involved in economic policy making and what is their role?

-Congress: the budget, the debt limit, etc. (political beliefs shape this: who/what gets funded) -The President: makes budget requests for the executive branch (bureaucracy: departments, agencies, etc.), uses veto power to influence Congress to make policies that line-up with their beliefs -The Federal Reserve: controls money supply and sets interest rates

75. What is the relationship of Congressional members with interest groups and PACs?

-Congressman often use interest groups as experts to gain information on issues/bill they are working on; PACs give them financial contributions -Congressman pass legislation that benefits these groups

54. Why have political parties weakened?

-Direct primaries: Gives parties less control over the nomination process of candidates; candidates appeal directly to voters and bypass parties; candidates may win who are not favored by the party elite. -Candidate-centered campaigns: Candidates appeal directly to voters; candidates can raise money by appealing to voters or PACs directly; candidates choose their own issues to campaign on.

5. Describe the issues facing the Founding Fathers leading up to the Philadelphia Convention. How do these events account for the Constitution?

-Discord amongst the states, the Revolutionary War, British Monarchy/authoritarianism, etc. -The Constitution addresses state-to-state relations (absent from the Articles of the Confederation), and established

43. Which citizens vote and why?

-Elderly -Educated -Women -Caucasians -Union Members

57. What is the Electoral College? What are the pros and cons of this system? How does it impact third parties? What happens in no candidate receives a majority of the Electoral vote?

-Electoral college: the scheme by which we elect the President of the United States; each state is awarded a certain number of elector (based on population) who in turn cast their vote for president; the candidate who receives 270+ electoral votes (a simple majority) wins -Pros: maintains the federal system; the two-party system offers stability, etc. -Cons: the winner of the election isn't necessarily the candidate who won the popular vote (received the most votes); "faithless electors" who vote for whoever they choose, etc. -Third parties have a difficult time winning as they must apply be added to the ballots in each state -If no candidate receives the majority of votes the House of Representatives elects the President from the 3 Presidential candidates who received the most Electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote.

67. What are the expressed and implied powers of Congress? What powers check the powers of the other branches? What powers do both houses have? Which powers are exclusively for the House and which are for the Senate? Which powers have become most controversial over the years?

-Expressed: the power to tax, to borrow money, to regulate commerce and currency, to declare war, and to raise armies and maintain the navy (plus a bunch of others) -Implied: The "Elastic Clause" of the Constitution grants Congress power to pass unspecified laws "necessary and proper" for the exercise of its expressed powers=the basis for implied powers -checks and balances: over-ride a presidential veto, impeach and/or remove federal officials from office, approve treaties, create lower courts -Exclusive House powers: power of the purse (all revenue bills must originate here), votes to impeach federal officials, choose the president if no candidate gets a majority or there is a tie, the House must also approve appointments to the Vice Presidency and any treaty that involves foreign trade ($) -exclusive Senate powers: hold the impeachment trial of the president, confirm executive appointments, ratify treaties -controversial powers: implied (necessary and proper/elastic clause), commerce clause

15. Describe the central conflicts between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Who led each side?

-Federalists: wanted a strong central government, and felt the Constitution was finished without the addition of a Bill of Rights (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay) -Anti-Federalists: wanted to balance central government by giving more powers to the states and rights to individuals. They would not sign the Constitution into law without the addition of a Bill of Rights (Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, etc.)

47. In what ways does the government and political parties rely on interest groups?

-For information and advice on political strategy -For campaign funds

16. Describe how the Constitution can be changed both formally and informally. How does the amendment process illustrate federalism?

-Formally: Most frequently used: proposed by a 2/3rd vote in each house, ratified by ¾ of state legislatures Used once: proposed by a 2/3rd vote in each house, ratified by ¾ states at specially called conventions (21st Amendment) Never Used: Proposed by a national constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures, and ratified by ¾ of state legislatures Never Used: Proposed by a national constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures, and ratified by specially called convention in at least ¾ of the states -Informally: by laws, treaties, and court cases -The amendment process illustrates federalism because both the central government and state governments play a role

68. How are House and Senate members elected? Describe gerrymandering. What are the restrictions against gerrymandering and what Supreme Court cases set these up?

-House members are elected by constituents in their districts, Senators are elected by constituents across the state they represent -gerrymandering occurs when the state legislature re-draws district lines to favor one party above another -districts within each state must be made up of roughly the same population, they must also be contiguous (touching)

66. What is the size and membership of the House and Senate? How has the membership changed over time?

-House: 435 -Senate: 100 -as more states have been added, they have grown in numbers

62. What is the incumbency factor? How does money play a part?

-Incumbency Factor = the incumbent is more likely to win: name recognition, voting record, experience in campaigning, and visibility to constituents are factors that lead to the incumbent's advantage in an election -due to name recognition and experience with campaigning the incumbent is usually able to bring in more funds

97. How do special interest groups involve themselves in the Court process-directly and indirectly?

-Interest groups involve themselves in the Court process by sending amicus curiae briefs that expresses the group's point of view or even their own litigation. They also can look for individuals/groups and pay for their case to be taken to court. Indirectly, they can alter public opinion since the courts are not entirely independent of public opinion

103. Identify the basic rights of criminals in the investigation process, court trial, and those facing the death penalty

-Investigation process: criminals must be read their "Miranda Rights" (right to counsel and protection from self-incrimination) -Court trial: due process (fair trial, etc.), right to an attorney,

85. Explain what iron triangles are and why they are less common today.

-Iron triangles are 3-way alliances between congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups (they work together to get laws passed that benefit all 3 parties) -Iron Triangles are far less common today because politics has become more complicated.

What are issue networks?

-Issue Networks have replaced Iron Triangles -Issue Networks are composed of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, members of interest groups, Professors (academia), universities, think tanks, and the media who regularly debate government policy on a certain subject.

60. What have been the arguments leading to these reforms as well as those against the reforms for campaign finance?

-Large contributions walk the line of bribery/graft, but regulations could be viewed as violations of individual freedoms

51. How have the political parties changed throughout American history? Where have the critical realignments occurred?

-Look at timeline in notebook

14. How does Madison's concept of checks and balances challenge popular understanding of Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers?

-Montesquieu's separation of powers sought to protect liberty and prevent government from becoming corrupt by separating the legislative, executive, and judicial powers completely -Madison's checks and balances did not separate them completely as it gives them powers over each other, thus unifying them to some extent

50. What are the differences between interest groups and political parties?

-Parties run candidates for office, while interest groups support candidates -Political parties support a broad spectrum of policies, while interest groups support specific types of policy

61. What is the difference between plurality and proportional representation?

-Plurality: the winner-take-all system that we use in the United States; leads to a two party system. Ex. Congress is dominated by the two major parties, even though we have third parties -Proportional Representation: characterizes electoral systems by which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. Ex. If 30% of the electorate support a particular political party then roughly 30% of seats will be won by that party. (Great Britain has multiple parties in their legislative branch)

59. What are the major laws and Supreme Court cases regarding campaign finance?

-Reform Act of 1976: established the Federal Election Commission (FEC), set limits on and regulated contributions ($1,000 per candidate, $20,000 to a national party committee, and $5,000 to a P.A.C.) -Buckley v Valeo: ruled that limiting the amount a candidate could spend on their own campaign was unconstitutional -Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)of 2002: banned soft money to national parties and placed limits on the use of campaign ads by outside interest groups; raised hard money contributions to a specific candidate to $2,000, and limited the total amount an individual can contribution to all federal candidates to $95,000. -Citizens United v. FEC: overturned parts of the BCRA; corporations and interest groups can now spend as much money as they want on political advertisements (as a form of protected speech)

8. What were the major questions or issues that the Founding Fathers had to overcome in writing the Constitution? Be sure to know the names of the compromises and plans.

-Representation in Congress -New Jersey Plan: called for a strong central government with a unicameral legislature in which each state would have the same vote -Virginia Plan: called for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature in which large and/or wealthy states received more representation: in the large house members would elected by popular vote, and in the smaller house members would come from state legislatures and be nominated into office by members of the larger house -Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise: called for a strong central government and a bicameral legislature: in the larger house representation would be based upon population, in the smaller house each would be equally represented

38. What are some general beliefs Americans have about government? What are some predominant American values that shape our political beliefs?

-Since the 1960s, mistrust in the government has been growing. While Americans believe they understand what is going on (internal political efficacy), they do not believe that the government will respond to his or her individual needs (external political efficacy). -The American values that shape our beliefs are: tolerance, government responsibility for the general welfare, civic duty, rule of law, democracy, individualism, equality, and liberty (i.e. the same values that define political culture)

28. What influence does the federal government have over state and local issues such as education, affirmative action, abortion, and the environment?

-Sometimes regulated by Federal Bureaucracy and Departments (i.e. the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Education, etc.) or by court cases that have set precedent (affirmative action, abortion) -**Education is primarily regulated and paid for by state governments**

69. Who are the leaders in Congress? What are their roles and how do they get their positions? How powerful and influential are they? What have been the trends of power for each of these groups?

-Speaker of the House: (required by the Constitution), is elected by a majority vote of the members of the majority party. Is expected to be impartial. Power of the Speaker resides in ability to keep order, recognizing speakers, referring bills to committees, answering procedural questions, and declaring the outcome of votes. Names members to all select (special) committees and conference committees (committee that meets with Senate members) -President of the Senate (VP) monitors debates, counts electoral votes, and votes to break a tie in the senate. -President Pro Tempore serves when the VP is not available. Generally is a ceremonial role given to the majority party Senator with the longest tenure (seniority). -Majority Leader (here is where the real power lies) elected by the majority party to lead procedures, set the agenda, etc.

25. How can the national government take power away from the states? How does the national government impose costs on the state and local governments? Be able to give examples.

-Supremacy clause -Commerce clause (gives Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce) (Gibbons v. Ogden) -court decisions (any of the cases we studied) -unfunded mandates (ADA)

107. Distinguish between the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause. Be able to identify significant cases explaining these clauses.

-The "establishment" clause: prohibits the government from establishing an official church (""Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" Cases: Everson v Board of Education, Lemon v Kurtzman, Engel v Vitale, Wallace v Jaffree -The "free exercise" clause: allows people to worship as they please ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") Cases: Reynolds v United States, Wisconsin v Yoder, Employment Division of Oregon v Smith, Church of Lukumi Babulu Aye v City of Hialeah

74. What is the legislative process? What are the rules of debate in each of the houses?

-The Bill to a Law Process, look at Unit 4 Notes -The rules in the House: see "What is the role of the House Rules committee? What are closed and open rules?" above -The rules in the Senate: Among other things, the standing rules of the Senate allow senators to debate at length and preclude a simple majority from ending debate; the Constitution requires that a quorum (51 senators) be present for the Senate to conduct business; filibuster; etc.

90. What are the Constitutional powers and structure of the Judicial Branch?

-The Constitution established the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to create the lower federal courts -Constitutional Courts: 94 Federal District Courts, 13 Federal Appeals Courts -Special Courts: Court of International Trade, Tax Court, Court of Military Appeals, Court of Veteran Claims

93. Describe the nomination and appointment process. How has increased partisanship impacted this process?

-The President appoints federal judges, the Senate must approve those appointments -Judges must appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee for rigorous questioning: it is believed that the questioning Senators have a "litmus-test" of issues that they want the judges to agree with them on in order for them to approve the appointment (I.e. democrat senators want democrat judges, republican senators want republican judges)

94. How does the Supreme Court decide a case? What is taken into account?

-The Supreme Court decides a case after reading briefs and listening to oral arguments. In a conference, a decision is made and a justice is assigned to write the opinions (majority, dissenting, and concurring), the statements of the legal reason behind the decision. The specifics of the case and court precedents are taken into account before the decision is made.

96. How does a case work its way through the court system?

-The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving foreign diplomats, states v states, states v the U.S., and states v foreign countries. Most of the Court's caseload comes from appellate jurisdiction from the U.S. Courts of Appeals, State Supreme Courts, and Circuit Courts. Most cases begin in one of the 94 District Courts.

1. What is the purpose of government? What is the theory behind why government exists? Be sure to know about state of nature and social contract theory (John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, etc.)

-The purpose of government is to protect the individual rights of citizens -state of nature: people are naturally free and equal, but that freedom leads to chaos because people are self-interested -social contract theory: an agreement among individuals and their government, in which the individuals give up certain individual liberties in exchange for the safety and betterment of the whole under the government system -John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were British philosophers who prescribed to these beliefs

83. What are purposes of the bodies that make up the bureaucracy? What are the differences?

-The purpose of the bureaucracy is to organize the federal government and carry out its primary functions The bureaucracy is organized into: -Cabinet Departments: managed by a secretary (except Department of Justice-Attorney General) and manages a specific area of policy (e.g. defense, agriculture) -Independent Executive Agencies: closely resemble cabinet departments, but are smaller and have narrower areas of responsibility than cabinet departments (e.g. NASA, CIA) -Independent Regulatory Agencies: (sometimes called "Commissions") regulate important part of the economy, making rules for large industries and businesses that affect the interest of the public (e.g. ICC, FTC, SEC) -Government Corporations: blend of private corporation and government agency created to have more freedom (budgets, earnings) than regular agencies (e.g. USPS, AMTRAK)

23. Describe the history of federalism in America. Consider the time periods marked by dual federalism, cooperative federalism, creative federalism, new federalism, and devolution. What are the powers of state and local governments in an era of "new federalism" and devolution?

-Until 1930 = dual federalism: a system in which each (federal and state governments) remains supreme within its own sphere (pre-"incorporation" of the Bill of Rights) -1930s/New Deal to 1960s = cooperative federalism: the national, state, and local governments share responsibility in the governance of the people - 1960s to 1980s =regulated federalism (creative federalism): the national government further intervened at the state level government decision-making by threatening to withhold federal grants for specific purposes -1980s to present = new federalism: reflects the return of administrative powers to the state governments -devolution: the handing down of powers from national government to state governments

37. What are the questions one must ask when analyzing a public opinion poll?

-Who is the source? -What it the sampling error? -Is the population a representative sample? -Were the questions clear (i.e, no loaded words)? -How were the questions asked (i.e. straw poll)?

29. What is "political culture," and is there a unique American political culture?

-a set of widely shared beliefs. Values, and norms concerning the ways political and economic life ought to be carried out -yes (see the second part of 38)

6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Articles of Confederation?

-advantages: "established a firm league of friendship" among the states/loosely formed a new country, each state was represented equally in Congress -disadvantages: only Congress (no executive or judicial branches), could not levy taxes, could not regulate commerce, lo law enforcing powers, no process for amending, states retained powers not specifically granted to Congress

64. How do the media impact elections? Describe the types of reporting that takes place.

-agenda setting: they decide what is "important" -They can help or hurt, depending on who they feel about the candidate and what they publish (or don't publish) -sound bites: these short segments often leave out important information (which can mislead the public) -have to allow each candidate equal access to purchase commercial slots -give interviews/airtime to preferential candidates -muckraking: searching out and publishing controversial information

82. What makes American bureaucracy distinctive? How and why has the role of bureaucratic agencies changed since the Civil War?

-autonomy -become more complex and autonomous

73. How do Congressional members relate to their constituents? Do they represent their constituents through their votes? What is "pork barrel" legislation?

-by maintaining a positive image and acting according to their interests -Yes, in the House (because they are delegates, the Senate represents the interests of the country at large as trustees) -"Pork barrel projects" are fund members of congress earmark for special projects in their districts to win favor with their constituents

55. What is the function of elections in the American government system?

-choose poltical leaders from a field of candidates -important form of political participation for citizens (choosing/replacing of leaders) -viewed as a fair method for selecting political leaders = legitimizes positions of power

100. Describe Keynesian and Classical economic theory

-classical/laissez-faire: ("to leave it alone") let the economy regulate itself, the government should not interfere -Keynesian: the government should manage the economy, adopted with F.D.R.'s New Deal

49. What are the purposes of political parties?

-connecting citizens to their government -running candidates for office -informing the public -organizing the government

18. What are the different types of powers that the Constitution provides for?

-delegated powers: powers specifically granted to the national government (the War Power, the Power to Regulate Interstate and Foreign Commerce, the Power to Tax and Spend, the Power to Coin Money, etc.) -concurrent powers: powers shared by the national and state governments (taxes, courts, education, etc.) -reserved powers: state powers, guaranteed to states ("people") by the 10th Amendment (establishing local governments, regulating trade within the state, police power, etc.) -expressed powers -implied powers

2. Define democracy, representative democracy, totalitarianism, monarchy, and oligarchy. What are the differences between these?

-democracy: the government derives its power from the people - representative democracy (a.k.a. republic, a.k.a. indirect democracy): the people elect representatives to make policies/legislation for them (this is what we have in the U.S., i.e. Congress) - totalitarianism: a system in which the government controls all aspects of public and private life - monarchy: a system where the ruler is a king, queen, etc. - oligarchy: a system in which power is divided amongst a small group/elite few at the top

48. How do interest groups impact or contribute to the policy-making process? What strategies do the different types engage in?

-electioneering: financially supporting candidates sympathetic to their interests (PACs and Super PACS) -litigation: if they cannot get what they want from Congress, they may sue businesses or the federal government, or they might look for individuals/groups and pay for their cases to be taken to court -appealing to the public: they maintain a certain image to the public in order to stay in favor/popularity. Ex. Labor unions may want a "hardworking" image

78. What are the president's powers? Which powers are expressed and which ones are implied?

-expressed: appointment power, reprieves/pardons, commander in chief (of the Army and the Navy of the United States, and of the Militia...), chief diplomat (recognize foreign governments, make treaties, and special agreements), chief legislator (recommend legislation to congress, State of the Union address, sign/veto/do nothing to bills) -implied: many "implied powers of the President fall under the category of "inherent powers" (the Constitution says "the executive power shall be vested in the President" and "take care that laws are faithfully executed"): executive orders, emergency powers (powers exercised by the president during a period of national crisis), etc.

17. What is the difference between the following systems: federalism, unitary, and confederacy?

-federalism: power is divided between a strong central government and smaller regional governments -unitary: power is concentrated under one central government -confederacy: most of the power is held by regional governments, with a weaker central government

98. What is fiscal policy? What is the budget process and the role of the executive and legislative branches?

-fiscal policy: where we get the money (taxation) for the federal budget and how government decides to spend it (the budget) - The President and executive agencies present requests (reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget), but Congress makes and approves ("authorizes" and "appropriates") the budget

102. What is the history of incorporation? Be able to identify significant cases explaining this history.

-incorporation: the process of the amendments being applied to the states (originally the amendments only applied to the federal government) - The first incorporation of an amendment at the state level was: Gitlow v New York: Benjamin Gitlow was arrested and found guilty under a New York state law for handing out socialist literature that encouraged the overthrow of the government. The court ruled that the 1st Amendment does apply to the states under the basis of "due process clause" of the 14th Amendment: free speech applies at the state level as long as it does not pose a public threat. -Everson v. Board of Education: incorporated the 1st Amendment establishment clause; established the Lemon Test (Religious establishment test) -Mapp v. Ohio: incorporated the 4th Amendment illegal search and seizure clause; established the "exclusionary rule" -Gideon v Wainwright: incorporated the 6th Amendment "right to counsel" to the state level...it has been a domino effect from here -Griswold v. Connecticut: incorporated parts of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 9th Amendments to establish the implied right (penumbra) to "right to privacy"

91. What are the differing interpretations of applying judicial review? How do they differ from one another?

-judicial restraint: judges of this judicial philosophy rely on the original intent (meaning) of Constitution and precedent (stare decisis: "to stand by that which is decided") -judicial activism: judges of this judicial philosophy make decisions and interpret the Constitution taking into account what is acceptable in the current time period

88. What is judicial review? What case and Chief Justice established this principle? What Federalist Paper describes this power?

-judicial review: the power to interpret constitutionality (Has the Constitution been broken or not?) -Chief Justice John Marshall -Marbury v Madison -Federalist Paper #78: Alexander Hamilton discussed the question of whether the Supreme Court should have the authority to declare acts of Congress null and void because, in the Court's opinion, they violated the Constitution. Hamilton answered in the affirmative; such a power would tend to curb the "turbulence and follies of democracy."

84. How is each of these types of bureaucratic organizations led and staffed? How are each of these organizations related to the president?

-large and complex organizations with a defined chain of command, and lots of policies -report to the President, President appoints their chief officials

What are some examples of discretionary and mandatory spending?

-mandatory spending: spending controlled by legislative (Congressional) committees, or programs like Medicare and Social Security, that do not need to be appropriated (approved) each year (they are on "auto-pilot") -discretionary spending: spending approved by Congress through an appropriations bill for a specific year

65. What issues define an election? Consider wartime, economics, and the culture divide

-national security -the economy - the "hot" social issues of the day

105. How does the Court judge first amendment cases? What are the significant tests and theories?

-on an individual basis -Freedom of Religion: the Lemon Test -Freedom of Speech: symbolic, pure, and political speech are often protected; restricted speech = Imminent Lawless Action Test

41. What effect does this ideological consistency have on the difference ideologically between politicians and voters?

-politicians are generally more consistent than the average voter

35. What are the sources of public opinion?

-polls

56. Describe the primaries and caucus phase.

-primaries: selects the party's candidate for office: 1) closed primaries: a voter must declare their party membership in order to participate 2) open primaries: any registered voter may participate regardless of party membership -caucus: variation on the primary: local party members meet and agree on the candidate they will support; local caucuses pass their decisions to regional caucuses pass their decisions on to regional caucuses, who in turn vote on candidates, and pass this on to the state caucus

108. What is the difference between procedural and substantive due process? What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights?

-procedural due process: you are receiving fair processes/procedures: Miranda Rights, a fair trial, no cruel and unusual punishment, etc. -substantive due process: being treated with general fairness under the law -civil liberties: personal freedoms that are protected for all individuals (protections from the government) -civil rights: the individual rights citizens are entitled to, often rooted in the 14th Amendment's "equal protection under the law" (protect groups from discrimination)

36. What is the role of public opinion in politics?

-public opinion influences how people vote and how politicians campaign and behave once in office

72. Why do Congressional members seek service on particular committees?

-some committees are more powerful than others (House Rules Committee) -or they may choose based on their area of expertise

31. What is the "political spectrum"?

-spans from liberal to conservative

22. What clauses of the Constitution have given rise to the power of the central government?

-supremacy clause: state laws, court decisions, and constitutions must not conflict with the U.S. Constitution or national laws -elastic clause (necessary and proper clause): permits Congress to stretch its power if the courts agree that it is "necessary and proper" (justification of implied powers)

34. What is public opinion and how is it measured? What are the factors that affect the accuracy of public opinion measurement?

-the distribution of individual attitudes about a particular issue -complex process: careful interviewing procedures, question wording, etc. -people aren't always well informed on topics they are being asked about

81. Define veto message, pocket veto, line-item veto, executive privilege, and impoundment funds.

-the power of the president to reject a proposed bill

87. To what extent is the bureaucracy free from governmental control?

-the president appoints the chief officials (confirmed by Senate), but cannot fire some of them (can only encourage them to resign) -While required to follow the laws of Congress, they often do some of their own policy making (especially the Regulatory Agencies/Commissions)

77. How does Congress oversee the bureaucracy?

-they create the agencies

76. What is the relationship of Congress to the Executive Branch (Presidency and the Bureaucracy)? In what ways has Congress limited the power of the President over time? How has it expanded the powers of the President?

-they draft legislation that affects each group; they also control the budget -War Powers Act of 1973 limited presidents' power to deploy troops without receiving an official act of war from Congress; No more Line-item veto, etc.

30. How do we come by our political beliefs? Which factors are more important than others?

-through political socialization, the lifelong process of by which an individual acquires opinions through contact with family, friends, co-workers, etc.

89. Why do judges have life tenure?

-to remain free from pressure of voters (to remain fair and impartial)

32. What issue stances fall under the respective political ideologies? What do liberals believe? What do conservatives believe?

-use chart from Unit 2 notes

101. What major laws and Court decisions have shaped the civil rights movements for the following groups: African-Americans

13 Amendment: abolished slavery 14th Amendment: established citizenship and guarantees the rights of citizenship 15th Amendment: granted African American men the right to vote The Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited discrimination in employment and in places of public accommodation ("inter-state commerce") The Voting Rights Act of 1965: allowed federal registrars to register voters and outlawed literacy tests and other discriminatory tests in voter registration Dred Scott v Sanford: Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri for 10 years, but moved to the free state Illinois. After returning to Missouri he sued the courts claiming his residence in a free state made him a free man. The court ruled that Dred Scott was a slave and that no person descended from a slave could be a citizen based on the "original intent" of Article III. The Court then held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Plessy v Ferguson: Homer Adolf Plessy, who was 7/8 Caucasian, was arrested for refusing to move from a whites-only train car (this was a planned act of willful disobedience). The court ruled that the 14th Amendment's was not broken as separate facilities for black and whites satisfied the equal protection clause. This case established the "separate-but-equal" doctrine that would remain in place for more than 50 years in the United States. Brown v The Board of Education: Linda Brown, an 8-year old girl, was denied enrollment at her neighborhood school due to Topeka's segregation policy. The court ruled that "separate but equal" was inherently unequal, and had no place in the public school system. This case overturned Plessy v Ferguson.

101. What major laws and Court decisions have shaped the civil rights movements for the following groups: women

19th Amendment: universal suffrage (the right to vote) Roe v Wade: Roe challenged a Texas state law prohibiting abortions (except to save the pregnant woman's life), stating that it violated her "right to privacy." The court held that the right to privacy implied by the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause did apply to abortion=legalized abortion at the state level Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited gender discrimination in the work place "Reasonableness standard": 1970s- different treatment amongst the genders "must be reasonable...having a fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation so that all persons...shall be treated alike" "Equal pay for equal work"/comparable worth: 1983-the Supreme Court ruled that the government had discriminated for years against women by not giving them pay equal with men for comparable work- now requires that a worker be paid by the worth of their work not what employers are will to pay

What is Congressional/legislative oversight?

: "watchful care" prevents waste and fraud; protects civil liberties and individual rights; ensures executive compliance with the law; gathers information for making laws and educating the public; and evaluates executive performance. It applies to cabinet departments, executive agencies, regulatory commissions and the presidency. Examples: • Committee inquiries and hearings. • Formal consultations with and reports from the president. • Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties. • House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials. • House and Senate proceedings under the Twenty-fifth Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled, or the office of the vice president falls vacant. • Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials. • Congressional membership on governmental commissions. • Studies by congressional committees and support agencies such as the Congressional Budget Office, the General Accounting Office and the Office of Technology Assessment — all arms of Congress.

-Baker v Carr:

: 1962 permitted voters to challenge the constitutionality of voting districts in the courts

Proportional Plan:

: Award electoral votes in each state in proportion to percentage of statewide popular vote Pros • Preserves state role in elections while coming close to a popular vote • Reduces likelihood of minority presidents • Increase chance for third parties to win • Account for the public preference Cons • Increased instance of deadlock

Wesberry v Sanders:

: the Court ordered that districts be drawn so that one person's vote would be as equal as possible to another ("one man one vote")

- Brandenburg v Ohio:

A Ku Klux Klan leader was convicted of making a speech attempting to incite mob action (which violated an Ohio state law); he claimed his 1st and 14th Amendment rights (free speech) were violated. The court ruled that the Ohio law did violate Brandenburg's right to free speech because it did not incite "imminent danger." This case made the "clear and present danger" test less restrictive.

40. What is political efficacy?

A citizen's ability to understand and influence political events -internal efficacy: the ability to understand and take part in politics -external efficacy: the belief that the government will respond accordingly

Senate Committees:

Appropriations: Federal discretionary spending Budget: Oversight of government agencies and spending. Finance: Similar to HR Ways and Means Foreign Relations: Policy debates and treaty votes Judiciary: Judges and justices are debated and possibly confirmed

House Committees:

Appropriations: Project money (pork) and other expenditures are controlled here. These are called "earmarks" Budget: Oversight of government spending Rules: Debate rules, bill order, amendment rules Ways and Means: Taxation rules, tariff issues, benefits, and Social Security

12. The concept of "checks and balances" was a novel idea in the 18th century. Why?

Because they were used to an authoritarian monarchy (a ruler with unchecked power over legislative, executive, and judicial matters)

-Gibbons v Ogden:

Both commercial ship operators in the waters between New York and New Jersey, Ogden held a permit from the state of New York, Gibbons obtained his permit from the federal government. Ogden sued Gibbons when he began to compete, the case went to the Supreme Court. The court struck down a NY state law under the supremacy clause, and established the meaning/limitations of the commerce clause by interpreting the meaning of commerce "among the several states"

Schenck v. the United States

Charles Schenck, a socialist who mailed literature to young men urging them to resist the military draft during WWI, was convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917. The court upheld his conviction stating that any language that presented a "clear and present danger" was not protected by the 1st Amendment. Established the "clear and present danger test."

26. What is fiscal federalism?

Congress passes a law and gives grants-in-aid to the states to implement said law

24. What are unfunded mandates?

Congress passes a law, but does not give federal funds to the states to implement said law (Americans with Disabilities Act)

33. What are the various demographic groups? How are these sorted into respective ideologies? What accounts for these groups believing what they do? Why is it difficult to simply place one group under one ideology?

Conservatives • Men • Protestants • Catholics (social) • Higher economic status • Rural regions • Elderly Liberals • Women • Minorities • Jews • Catholics (economically) • Urban areas • Youth • High education level -because people fit into multiple demographic groups (and have individual thoughts/circumstances)

7. How does the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution differ in terms of themes and values?

Declaration of Independence: formal proclamation of a new country; heavily influenced by John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government, focuses on laws of nature, rights, equality, "life, liberty, and property/pursuit of happiness" Constitution: the founding document of United States of American, which outlines the structure and procedures of the government; expands on the philosophical beliefs of the Declaration of Independence (Locke) to include other philosophies on democracy, republican government, separation of powers (Montesquieu), etc.

58. What are the reform options for changing the Electoral College? Pros and cons? ... District Plan

District Plan: Winner of each congressional district will receive an electoral vote; winner of statewide popular vote will receive remaining two electoral votes Pros • More accurately reflect popular vote for Presidential candidates • Incentive for greater voter turnout in states dominated one party because of the possibility for each party to win some votes for each state Cons • Exposed to Gerrymandering • Possibility of a tie • Spoiler effect • 1 person does not equal 1 vote • Elect minority president

-Dred Scott v Sanford:

Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri for 10 years, but moved to the free state Illinois. After returning to Missouri he sued the courts claiming his residence in a free state made him a free man. The court ruled that Dred Scott was a slave and that no person descended from a slave could be a citizen based on the original intent of Article III. The Court then held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

45. What are the different types of interest groups? Be able to provide examples

Economic: represent economic activities and professions (unions, American Farm Bureau Federation, American Bar Association, etc.) Consumer and Public Interest Groups: represent a broad range of civil interest (American Civil Liberties Union) Equality and Justice Interest Groups: focus on civil rights and liberties, often target court system (NAACP) Single-Issue Interest Groups: focus on a specific issue (NRA)

46. What are the arguments for interest groups? Arguments against?

For: they represent the interests of the public, specific to the interest groups mission Against: Lobbyists employed by interest groups often have a bad reputation for using financial means (bribery, graft) to achieve their goals in Congress

10. What were the motivations of the Founding Fathers at the Philadelphia Convention?

Great Britain/the Revolution, relations among states/commerce, taxation, law enforcement, etc.

Texas v Johnson

Gregory Lee Johnson burned a flag in front of the Dallas City Hall in protest of Reagan, violating a Texas law outlawing the desecration of the flag. The court held that Johnson's symbolic speech was political in nature and was protected under the 1st Amendment.

-McCulloch v Maryland:

Maryland state banks were charging any non-state banks a tax for doing business with them. The federal government argued that states don't have the power to tax the federal government. Maryland argued that Congress didn't have the right to establish a federal bank. The court sided with the federal government, stating that they had the implied power to create a federal bank under the commerce clause. They further ruled that states could not task the federal government as the "power to tax, was the power to destroy." In other words, if the states could tax the federal government they would be bankrupt in no time.

79. What have been the changes in presidential power in the last century? Why the changes?

Overall, presidential power has grown. There are two major exceptions. After Vietnam, Congress passed the Wars Powers Resolution limiting the President's role as commander-in-chief. The Budget Reform Act of 1974 requires the President to spend all funds appropriated by Congress. However, in the aftermath of 9/11, Congress gave the President broad powers to fight terrorists.

109. Establish the connection between the 9th Amendment and the concept of penumbras.

Penumbras are implied rights -The 9th Amendment states that other rights ("unenumerated rights" or "penumbras") exist that are not expressly stated in the Constitution and Bill of Rights

42. What is the relationship between individual rights and the needs of the larger community?

People usually vote based on individual needs, politicians have to balance that by paying attention to the needs of the larger community

Why do activists or the political elite tend to be more ideologically consistent than those who aren't active?

Political elites tend to have more well-structured ideologies due to exposure through their political careers, while the mass public have limited political involvement, are not ideologues, and have more limited information on the issues.

11. How is the Constitution organized?

PreambleArticles (SectionClause)Amendments

20. Does this new system strengthen or weaken the concept of separation of powers? Why or why not?

Strengthen: put it into effect, instead of just in theory Weakened: diluted by "checks and balances"

Printz v U.S.:

The Brady Bill in Montana required "local chief law enforcement officers" (CLEOs) to perform background-checks on prospective handgun purchasers. The Court explained that while Congress may require the federal government to regulate commerce directly, in this case by performing background-checks on applicants for handgun ownership, the Necessary and Proper Clause does not empower it to compel state CLEOs to fulfill its federal tasks for it.

101. What major laws and Court decisions have shaped the civil rights movements for the following groups: disabled?

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975: This law gave all children the right to a free public education. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): 1990, prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. It also applies to the United States Congress.

4. What was the founders' view of the purpose of government and the role of the citizen in the American Republic?

The government's purpose was to represent the political views and wishes of the people; the people were to convey their desires to the government through voting, and other forms of political participation

19. Why did the Anti-Federalists fear this new (federalist) system?

They feared with a strong central government individual rights would be overlooked (as they were under the British monarchy)

9. What was the central dilemma faced by the Founding Fathers concerning their beliefs about human nature and the type of government they were trying to create?

Too much freedom will lead to chaos, but too much power at the hands of a ruler leads to abuse=how to balance the two in a democracy?

80. What is the present line of succession if the president should die in office?

VP -Speaker of the House -President Pro Tempore of the Senate Cabinet Department Heads (in the order in which their position was created)

subcommittees:

a subdivision of a United States congressional committee that considers specified matters and reports back to the full committee

Direct Popular Election

abolish Electoral College; winner of popular vote is president Pros • Simple, national, democratic • 1 person, 1 vote • Candidates would split their attention equally • Encourages voter turnout Cons • Minority president • Prevents minority parties • Allows regional candidates • Logistical challenges • Polarize politics

What are closed and open rules?

closed rules: Under a Closed Rule no amendments may be offered other than amendments recommended by the committee reporting the bill. However, the Rules Committee is prohibited under the rules of the House from reporting a special rule providing for consideration of a bill or joint resolution that denies the minority the right to offer amendatory instructions in a motion to recommit. -open rules: Under an open rule, any Member may offer an amendment that complies with the standing rules of the House and the Budget Act. Also included in the category of open rules are those special rules that are often referred to as ''open plus.'' These rules allow the offering of any amendment normally in order under an open rule plus the consideration of any amendments for which waivers of points of order have been granted by the special rule.

Joint Committees

members of the House and Senate gather basic data for Congress on a variety of subjects. For example, there is a committee that runs the Library of Congress.

-Gitlow v New York

stated that fundamental personal rights, such as freedom of speech, were protected from infringement by the states by the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment; incorporated the Bill of Rights at the state level

63. What methods and strategies do politicians adopt in campaigning?

televised debates -obtain media attention/air- time/written coverage -hire election experts -sound "middle-of-the-road" after the primaries to appeal to more candidates

Conference Committee

temporary: when bills that come from House and Senate debates with significant differences this committee has the duty of compromising on the version differences and presenting the House and the Senate with a united bill.

Shaw v Reno:

the Justice Department required North Carolina to redistrict to allow for the election of one more African American representative; plaintiffs took their case to the Supreme Court charging reverse discrimination; the court ruled narrowly, but allowed the district line to be redrawn according to the Justice Departments requirements

U.S. v Morrison:

the court held that the 11994 Violence against Women Act overstepped the limits of the commerce power of the Constitution with the statement that violence against women had an adverse effect on interstate commerce

U.S. v Lopez:

the court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority when it banned possession of guns within one thousand feet of any school ("nothing to do with commerce")

Easley v Cromartie:

the court ruled that race may a factor in redistricting, but not the "dominant controlling one"

Select/special Committees

these are temporary and set up to investigate or research issues. These committees are disbanded when the issue is resolved. Examples include ethics, intelligence, or Indian affairs.

The role of committees:

they deal with issues/write bills specific to the expertise of the committee/subcommittee and report back to the committee or Congress a whole

? What power do they have over the agencies?

they make laws/policies that the bureaucracy must follow

Automatic Plan:

winner of the popular vote in a state automatically receives all of the electoral votes Pros • Maintain balance between state and national power, large and small states • Reduce possibility of rogue ("faithless") electors • Preserve two-party system majority Cons • Minority president • 1 person does not equal 1 vote