AP Gov. Chapter 4 and 5

Which Supreme Court case developed the exclusionary rule?

"Mapp v. Ohio"

Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrates how reluctant the courts are to exercise prior restraint even when national security issues are involved?

"New York Times v. United States"

Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy?

"Roe v. Wade"

Which of the following parts of the United States Constitution is incorporated to the states based on the ruling in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ?

"[T]he right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

Opponents of the death penalty have argued that it violates which amendment to the Constitution?

Eigth

Which amendment forbids coercion in the form of entrapment?

Fifth

What did the Supreme Court decide in "Korematsu v. United States" regarding the internment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry living in the United States?

It was permissible

Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?

Jim Crow laws

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully use to fight against school segregation?

Litigation

Which of the following does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

Racial discrimination in public accommodations

In "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke", the Supreme Court determined that ________ were unconstitutional.

Racial quotas in university admissions

What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

Racial segregation

A person accused of a crime cannot afford an attorney, so the state provides the accused with a public defender. Which of the following amendments in the Bill of Rights best applies in this scenario?

The Sixth Amendment

In Roe v. Wade (1973), the United States Supreme Court used what provision of the United States Constitution to extend the right to privacy to women seeking abortions?

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?

The right to vote

Which of the following statements best expresses the outcome in America of conflicts between civil liberties and majority rule?

When individuals or groups attempt to express themselves and the government tries to constrain them, the individuals or groups will usually win

The 2008 amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allow government officials to use broad warrants for surveillance of which of the following?

international calls and emails

A false written statement is ________; the statement spoken aloud is __________.

libel; slander

Since the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty in "Gregg v. Georgia", how many people have been executed in the United States?

1,100

In "Dred Scott v. Sanford", the Supreme Court declared that African Americans were _______.

Chattel

The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

Citizenship rights

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Which of the following legislative acts best relates to the passage?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Students at a public university hold a peaceful protest to demonstrate against an increase in the cost of college tuition. Which of the following constitutional protections best applies to this scenario?

The First Amendment

Women were guaranteed the right to vote by ________.

The Nineteenth Amendment

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

A college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

The Constitution protects against search of an individual's person, home, or vehicle without _____.

A warrant

Housing covenants are agreements in the deed of a property that restricts the owner from doing certain things with the property. Some covenants prevented owners from selling to individuals of a specific race or ethnic group. In the case Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), the Supreme Court struck down racially restrictive housing covenants under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Which of the following cases is most similar to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) ?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Which of the following cases addresses the issue of mandatory public school prayer?

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Which of the following cases arose from a state law that mandates public schools to begin the school day with the reading of a nondenominational prayer by a school official?

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Writing for the court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), a case weighing whether or not race can be considered in college admissions, Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell wrote that " . . . Race or ethnic background may be deemed a 'plus' in a particular applicant's file, yet it does not insulate the individual from comparison with all other candidates for the available seats." Which of the following legal concepts is Justice Powell considering in his statement?

Equal protection clause

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court reached the following conclusion: "[I]n the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the [protections of the Fourteenth Amendment]." What generally does the Fourteenth Amendment provide for?

Equal protection of the laws and due process

Which of the following is an example of affirmative action?

Harvard Medical School actively recruits highly qualified minorities and female applicants for its residency program.

Majority rule is most likely to conflict with which of the following?

Individual liberty

Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely need to implement in order to be in compliance with the Americans With Disabilities Act?

Installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair

In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) how did the Supreme Court's decision address state interests and individual rights?

It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free exercise rights.

Which of the following happened during Reconstruction?

Many African American men held state and federal offices

The case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the standard of "separate but equal" in American law. Which of the following explains how this case relates to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Plessy established a precedent that was eventually overturned in the Brown case.

Which of the following cases involves a state law that prevents women who are pregnant from seeking abortions?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in "Brown v. Board of Education"?

School segregation

The United States Supreme Court reviewed state-mandated racial segregation in public schools. The Court stated that the separate schools "involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other 'tangible' factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors [among the] schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education." Which of the following rules or clauses did the Supreme Court use to address the issue of racial segregation in public schools?

The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

The police searched a suspect's smartphone without getting a warrant and found photo evidence of criminal activity. After a thorough investigation, the suspect was charged and the evidence obtained from the smartphone was used in the trial. Which of the following amendments contains the Bill of Rights protections that were most likely violated in this scenario?

The Fourth Amendment

which of the following is a major difference between the issue of shield laws and the issue of prior restraint?

The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, protections for journalists and their sources are not as strong, as evidenced by the many states with weak or no shield laws.

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to bear arms was applicable to the states. Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to support its ruling?

The doctrine of selective incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that state action limiting gun rights deprived persons of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools, finding that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." What constitutional clause did the Court rely most heavily on to reach this decision?

The equal protection clause

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of struggles to win equity for certain groups?

The equal protection clause

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. The text in the passage likely inspired Congress to act based on which of the following clauses of the United States Constitution?

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Under Roe v. Wade (1973), as originally decided, when may the state largely prohibit women from having abortions?

The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Which of the following explains the most significant long-term consequence of the ideas expressed in the passage?

The value of "all men are created equal" was reaffirmed both in law and in American political culture.

What was the primary goal of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention?

Women's rights

"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" held that there must be proof of which of the following in order to find libel against a public figure?

actual malice

The double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from which of the following?

being tried again

The Supreme Court briefly outlawed which of the following in the 1970s by asserting that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner?

capital punishment

The USA Patriot Act enhances the government's ability to do which of the following?

examine private records

In matters of religion, the free exercise clause protects individuals from which of the following?

governmental intrusion

In 2008, in "Boumedience v. Bush", the Supreme Court ruled that detainees have a right to which of the following?

habeas corpus

In "Dennis v. United States", when the Supreme Court upheld prison sentences based on the Smith Act of 1940, the Court was addressing which type of speech?

political speech

According to "Roe v. Wade", what could the state do if a woman wanted to obtain an abortion in her first trimester?

the state could not exercise any control over it

If a group of people were systemically discriminated against in the past, which of the following would constitute an affirmative action policy designed as a remedy to help the members of this group overcome this legacy of discrimination?

A college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a constitutional application of affirmative action?

A federal contractor actively recruits qualified minorities and women for positions in the company.

In the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power under the commerce clause to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Both cases upheld the power of the federal government to ensure equal protection under the law.

What did "Abington School District v. Schempp" find unconstitutional?

state-mandated Bible reading

For which of the following would the Supreme Court most likely apply an "intermediate scrutiny" standard of review to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?

Having different minimum ages for men and women to marry

As noted in Table 4.2, "The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights", freedom of assembly is guaranteed by which constitutional amendment?

First

The incorporation doctrine makes the protections from the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through which of the following amendments?

Fourteenth

The USA Patriot Act expands an exception found in which amendment to allow spying?

Fourth

The Supreme Court's decision in "Lawrence v. Texas" primarily enhanced the civil liberties of ___________.

Gays and lesbians

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow but unprecedented terms: for the first time in the country's history, the Supreme Court explicitly affirmed an individual's right to keep a weapon at home for self-defense. . . . "'People look at the same record and come to wildly different conclusions about what the view was in the eighteenth century, in the nineteenth century,' said Nicholas Johnson, a Fordham University law professor who argues against Winkler's view of twentieth-century case law. . . . Carl Bogus, a law professor at Roger Williams University, has argued that James Madison wrote the Second Amendment in part to reassure his home state of Virginia. . . . The federalist Madison's compromise . . . was to promise a bill of rights. After weeks of tense debate, his federalists narrowly won the vote to ratify the Constitution. 'He writes an amendment that gives the states the right to have an armed militia, by the people arming themselves.' "A year later, the federal government passed a law requiring every man eligible for his local militia to acquire a gun and register with authorities." Which of the following is used as evidence to support the author's argument?

Historical records show varying interpretations as to whether the Second Amendment was supposed to protect the right of individuals to own a gun, or just for the purpose of supporting militias.

Which of the following is a doctrine based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution that was used in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) to limit the power of states and protect the right to keep and bear arms?

Selective incorporation

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow but unprecedented terms: for the first time in the country's history, the Supreme Court explicitly affirmed an individual's right to keep a weapon at home for self-defense. . . . "'People look at the same record and come to wildly different conclusions about what the view was in the eighteenth century, in the nineteenth century,' said Nicholas Johnson, a Fordham University law professor who argues against Winkler's view of twentieth-century case law. . . . Carl Bogus, a law professor at Roger Williams University, has argued that James Madison wrote the Second Amendment in part to reassure his home state of Virginia. . . . The federalist Madison's compromise . . . was to promise a bill of rights. After weeks of tense debate, his federalists narrowly won the vote to ratify the Constitution. 'He writes an amendment that gives the states the right to have an armed militia, by the people arming themselves.' "A year later, the federal government passed a law requiring every man eligible for his local militia to acquire a gun and register with authorities." Which of the following best characterizes the debate regarding the Second Amendment according to the author of the passage?

The Second Amendment is viewed by some as an individual rights issue but by others as a states' rights issue.

The free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following?

religion

"The Second Amendment . . . like other cherished texts, is not as clear as many make it out to be. The amendment reads: 'A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.' . . . "'Americans have been thinking about the Second Amendment as an individual right for generations,' said Adam Winkler, a law professor at UCLA. . . . 'You can find state supreme courts in the mid-1800s where judges say the Second Amendment protects an individual right.' But for the 70 years or so before a Supreme Court decision in 2008, he said, 'the Supreme Court and federal courts held that it only applied in the context of militias, the right of states to protect themselves from federal interference.' "In 2008, the Supreme Court decided the District of Columbia v. Heller. . . . The conservative justice Antonin Scalia wrote the opinion in narrow but unprecedented terms: for the first time in the country's history, the Supreme Court explicitly affirmed an individual's right to keep a weapon at home for self-defense. . . . "'People look at the same record and come to wildly different conclusions about what the view was in the eighteenth century, in the nineteenth century,' said Nicholas Johnson, a Fordham University law professor who argues against Winkler's view of twentieth-century case law. . . . Carl Bogus, a law professor at Roger Williams University, has argued that James Madison wrote the Second Amendment in part to reassure his home state of Virginia. . . . The federalist Madison's compromise . . . was to promise a bill of rights. After weeks of tense debate, his federalists narrowly won the vote to ratify the Constitution. 'He writes an amendment that gives the states the right to have an armed militia, by the people arming themselves.' "A year later, the federal government passed a law requiring every man eligible for his local militia to acquire a gun and register with authorities." The author cites the case District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) in order to

illustrate that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Second Amendment has recently changed

In "Engel v. Vitale", the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional to require school children to do which of the following?

pray

Which of the following could pass muster and not be considered obscenity under the "Roth" test?

profane language