AP Gov Chapter 8 & 9: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

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establishment clause

First Amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion

free exercise clause

First Amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs

Nineteenth Amendment

a 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote

warrant

a document issued by a judge authorizing a search

writ of habeas corpus

a document setting out reasons for an arrest of detention

freedom of expression

a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest

grand jury

a group of citizens who, based on the evidence presented to them, decide whether or not a person should be indicted on criminal charges and subsequently tried in court

procedural due process

a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally

bill of attainder

a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial

Bill of Rights

a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights

affirmative action

a policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender

exclusionary rule

a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court

de facto segregation

a separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns

Thirteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1865 prohibiting slavery within the United States

Fourteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1868 granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and placing restrictions on state laws that sought to abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States

Fifteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1870 granting voting rights to African American men

bail

an amount of money posted as a security to allow the charged individual to be freed while awaiting trial

slander

an untrue spoken expression that injures a person's reputation

libel

an untrue written statement that injures a person's reputation

equal protection clause

clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics

civil liberties

fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government

social movement

large groups of citizens organizing for political change

ex post facto laws

laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred

clear and present danger test

legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states

Civil Rights Act of 1964

legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sure individual school districts that failed to desegregate

Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972

legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs

symbolic speech

protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols

civil rights

protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group

double jeopardy

protects and individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction

probable cause

reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that there is evidence of criminal activity

due process clause

the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens their life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards

separate but equal

the doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities or blacks and whites were equal

civil disobedience

the intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice

selective incorporation

the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections within the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments

Miranda rights

the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity

legal segregation

the separation by law of individuals based on their race

de jure segregation

the separation of individuals based on their characteristics such as race, intentionally and by law

prior restraint

the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security

obscenity and pornography

words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit


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