AP GOV FINAL 2022

Suppose a new bill has been introduced that would make changes to existing education policies and roll back the federal government's involvement in public education. Which type of committee should be established to work out the differences between the House version of the bill and the Senate version of the bill?

A conference committee

Why might states prefer receiving a grant-in-aid as opposed to an unfunded mandate?

A grant-in-aid would provide at least some funding for the policy initiative, whereas an unfunded mandate requires the states to implement national policy with their own state budgets.

Suppose the subjects of a totalitarian government have successfully overthrown their leader and are planning a new form of government that will grant them greater personal and economic freedom and prevent future tyranny. Which element should they include in their new government?

A list of basic rights

Which type of state would have been in favor of the proposed Virginia Plan?

A state with a relatively large population

What is federalism?

A system that divides power between the state and national governments

What happens after articles of impeachment have been successfully passed in the House of Representatives?

A trial is held in the Senate to convict or acquit the accused official.

In recent elections, the Electoral College has been attacked as undemocratic by many Americans. How might someone rebut this argument about the Electoral College?

America is not a pure democracy, but rather a constitutional republic, and the Electoral College is another system of representation

In recent elections, the Electoral College has been attacked as undemocratic by many Americans. How might someone rebut this argument about the Electoral College?

America is not a pure democracy, but rather a constitutional republic, and the Electoral College is another system of representation.

Why was the federal government under the Articles of Confederation made to be intentionally weak?

Americans had just experienced tyranny under the rule of Great Britain and did not want to duplicate it with another powerful government.

Which system of government was America under prior to declaring independence from Great Britain and adopting the Constitution?

Authoritarian

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of federal block grants and categorical grants?

Block grants: allow state and local governments flexibility in how grant money is spent; Categorical grants: requires states or localities to meet specific criteria for spending grant money

A group of students is debating about whether or not America would benefit from a different form of government. One group of students believes that the Constitution gives the federal government too much power. Which paper supports that group's argument?

Brutus No. 1.

How does the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States establish the notion of popular sovereignty?

By declaring that the people of the United States of America are the ones granting the government its power

How does the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States establish the notion of popular sovereignty?

By declaring that the people of the United States of America are the ones granting the government its power.

After the Vietnam War, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution to prevent the president from committing the U.S. to a military conflict without the consent of Congress. Which constitutional principle was this law based on?

Checks and balances

How does Bill Clinton's Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) compare to Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)?

Clinton's TANF placed greater restrictions and limitations on social welfare programs and gave more authority to the states than Roosevelt's AFDC.

After the Revolutionary War, but prior to the adoption of the Constitution, the United States was under which system of government?

Confederal

Which body of government has the authority to introduce bills?

Congress

Which of the following makes a correct comparison between the contents of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the original United States Constitution (1787)?

Declaration of Independence: All men created equal United States Constitution: Supremacy Clause

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution?

Declaration of Independence: reflects basic American political culture; The Constitution: creates the framework for national government

Which of the following pairs is a correct comparison of elitist and participatory democracy?

Elitism: large corporations have more political power than other groups; Participatory: people join civil society groups

Concerns that large companies like the e-commerce giant Amazon are not paying enough in taxes reflects which theory of democracy?

Elitist

A candidate running for the House of Representatives has promised constituents that she will push for legislation to reform campaign finance laws so that the wealthy elites and business owners do not have greater influence on policies than American citizens. Such legislation is based on which theory?

Elitist theory

Review: Which of the following pairs correctly states an enumerated and an implied power of Congress?

Enumerated Power: Regulate interstate commerce Implied Power: Charter a national bank

Which of the following pairs identifies an enumerated power and a power that is created by that enumerated power?

Enumerated power: raise and maintain an army; Associated implied power: draft soldiers

The provision that anyone born in the United States is an American citizen can be found in the

Fourteenth Amendment.

In addition to apportionment, which of the following processes impact congressional districts?

Gerrymandering

Suppose a free speech advocacy group is attempting to stop legislation that would infringe upon American citizens' First Amendment rights, but they lack money to donate to a pro-free speech candidate's campaign. What is another way this group might be able to influence this legislation?

Get supporters to participate in a campaign to contact representatives and voice their opinion

Suppose a free speech advocacy group is attempting to stop legislation that would infringe upon American citizens' First Amendment rights, but they lack money to donate to a pro-free speech candidate's campaign. What is another way this group might be able to influence this legislation?

Get supporters to participate in a campaign to contact representatives and voice their opinion.

How does John Locke's concept of a social contract compare to the form of government that existed in Great Britain at the time?

Great Britain's government at the time stated that kings were granted the right to rule by God, whereas Locke's concept of a social contract dictated that leaders were granted the right to rule by the people.

A Republican member of the House of Representatives who is responsible for the opposition strategy and coordinating party activity in a Democrat-controlled House would be known as the

House minority leader.

Which of the following pairs has a correct comparison between the House of Representatives and the Senate?

House of Representatives: serve a two-year term; Senate: Seventeenth Amendment allowed for direct election by citizens

For someone to be considered a candidate for the United States Senate, he or she must I) be at least 30 years old. II) have at least nine years of citizenship. III) residency in the state a senator represents at time of election. IV) pass a literacy test.

I, II, and III only

How does the process of a bill becoming a law differ if it is introduced in the House compared to if it is introduced in the Senate?

If a bill is introduced in the House, it must be presented to the Rules committee before it can move to the floor for consideration.

How does the Supreme Court's decision on Gonzales v. Raich differ from its decision on United States v. Lopez?

In Gonzales v. Raich, the Supreme Court upheld the argument that marijuana cultivation and use reasonably fell under the authority of the federal government as part of the commerce clause, whereas it struck down such a claim in United States v. Lopez.

What was the Antifederalists' most compelling argument against the Constitution?

It lacked a bill of rights to protect the rights of individuals.

How did the Declaration of Independence justify the American colonies' break from Great Britain?

It listed numerous grievances that clearly violated the human rights that were outlined in an earlier section of the Declaration.

A political scientist living in the American colonies during the late 1700s believes it is the duty of the people to hold their government accountable and replace a tyrannical government if necessary. Who would this political scientist likely agree with?

John Locke

Who proposed the concept that some rights cannot be provided or taken away by governments?

John Locke

Having social, political, and economic freedoms is characteristic of which self-evident right?

Liberty

Which ideas form the foundation of American political culture?

Liberty, equality, and rights

Review: Critics of electronic surveillance by the government might argue that it violates which of the following aspects of American political culture?

Limited government

Suppose Congress has passed legislation that would ban American citizens from purchasing or owning firearms of any kind. The law is brought to the Supreme Court, where it is deemed a violation of the Second Amendment. The ability of the Supreme Court to make such a decision was established in

Marbury v. Madison

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the correct holding the Court reached in both McCulloch v. Maryland and United States v. Lopez?

McCulloch v. Maryland: Held that Congress can exercise implied powers United States v. Lopez: Held that the commerce clause did not give Congress the right to regulate guns in schools

Which of the following pairs correctly illustrates the most often used path for the proposal AND ratification of an amendment to the Constitution?

Most often used proposal method: A two-thirds vote by both chambers of Congress propose an amendment Most often used ratification method: Three-fourths of state legislatures vote to ratify the proposed amendment

Which theory states that citizens taking part in political processes is essential to a democratic government?

Participatory democracy theory

A political activist who supports gun control legislation believes that interest groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA) have too much money and influence over lawmakers in Congress. Such a belief is characteristic of which theory?

Pluralist theory

In 2008, Congress authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program to bail out the nation's banks to keep them functioning through the 2008 financial crisis. Although this program was criticized by many as an overreach of the federal government into private institutions, Congress had precedent to do so via

President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.

Which of the following makes a correct comparison between the foreign policy powers of Congress and those of the president?

President: Appoint ambassadors Congress: Declare war

In 2017, the controversial Bill C-16 was passed in Canada, which compels its citizens to address transgender people by their preferred pronouns or potentially face harassment charges otherwise. Which argument would be a legitimate critique of the bill (within the context of the US Constitution)?

Punishing citizens for certain types of speech is a step towards authoritarianism

In 2017, the controversial Bill C-16 was passed in Canada, which compels its citizens to address transgender people by their preferred pronouns or potentially face harassment charges otherwise. Which argument would be a legitimate critique of the bill?

Punishing citizens for certain types of speech is a step towards authoritarianism.

Shays's Rebellion prompted the framers to include which of the following in the enumerated powers of Congress?

Raise and support an army

Which issue was sent to a Grand Committee to decide upon during the Constitutional Convention?

Representation

Which was a characteristic of the proposed Virginia Plan?

Representation based on each states' population

Citizens of a small American town have been dissatisfied with their elected representative in the House of Representatives and are planning to vote for a different candidate in the next election. Which form of government allows the citizens to take such an action?

Representative

You represent your state in the United States House of Representatives. Your bill, HR435, is introduced, referred to committee, and passed out of committee. The next step in the process is to set a debate time and place it on the House calendar. To help your bill's chances for passage, you might consider logrolling with the chair of which committee?

Rules Committee

Which of the following is a responsibility of Congress?

Setting the federal budget

An example of an entitlement program is:

Social Security

Which grievance listed in the Declaration of Independence is an example of the King of England infringing upon the inalienable right to life?

Standing armies threatened colonists.

The Agriculture Committee in the House is a permanent committee that develops legislation regarding agriculture, food, and rural development. The Agriculture Committee is an example of which type of committee?

Standing committee

Why did the economy fail to thrive under the Articles of Confederation?

States hindered commerce by imposing trade restrictions on one another.

Measures included in the Constitution that established the American system of federalism are the

Tenth Amendment and concurrent powers.

According to the map, which state is predicted to gain the most seats in the House of Representatives?

Texas

Many states only agreed to ratify the Constitution on what condition?

That a bill of rights would be added

What was the most significant contradiction within the Constitution?

That slavery was still permitted in a document based on human liberty.

Which argument does James Madison make in Federalist No. 10?

That the key to mitigating the dangers of factions is a republican government.

The House of Representatives: members have to be at least 25 years old; The Senate: represent specific districts based on population

The House of Representatives: two-year term; The Senate: six-year term

Which piece of legislation is an example of the federal government devolving authority to the state?

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Which group would be considered a civil society group?

The Sierra Club

How does the position of the Speaker of the House compare to the Senate majority leader?

The Speaker of the House has more power than the Senate majority leader.

Following the Civil War, how was the concept of federalism applied to the rights of African Americans?

The Supreme Court supported the rights of states to take their own action regarding the rights of African Americans but did not provide protection for African Americans at the national level.

Which amendment of the United States Constitution might a Supreme Court Justice reference when deciding on a case that they believe might grant Congress too much authority over the states?

The Tenth Amendment

Some historians assert that the Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery. However, there are others who argue that since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on wartime powers that it could be overturned. Which of the following amendments guaranteed that slavery was now illegal?

The Thirteenth Amendment

What is the main difference between a civil society group like a charitable church organization and an interest group like the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)?

The charitable church organization acts in the interest of the common good, whereas the AARP advocates for its own interests.

Why was Shays's Rebellion an effective way for James Madison to lure George Washington back into public life?

The events that happened during Shays's Rebellion demonstrated how broken the system under the Articles of Confederation was.

A group of women's rights advocates believes women are not being paid equally to men in the workplace and are concerned that federal anti-discrimination laws are not being effectively carried out. Which branch of government should be blamed for the lack of enforcement of such laws?

The executive branch.

How did President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal programs reflect the practice of cooperative federalism?

The federal government worked with state governments to provide financial aid to those in need and give jobs to those who were unemployed.

How does the case of the Boyd County High School Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) demonstrate the tension between the two visions of liberty?

The freedom of the students to form a club infringed upon the teachers' freedom from being subject to beliefs they may not agree with.

Which factor did the Supreme Court consider when making its decision on Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens?

The maturity of high school students

Which part of the Constitution did Chief Justice John Marshall cite in justification of the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The necessary and proper clause

Which portion of the Constitution creates the potential for the legislative branch to grow too powerful?

The necessary and proper clause

Why did smaller, less-populous states prefer the New Jersey Plan?

The plan proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation.

How do the powers granted to the federal government compare to the powers granted to the state governments?

The powers granted to the state governments are generally those that regulate morality and behavior, such as drinking laws and driver's licenses.

Suppose Congress has passed a law that makes it illegal to smoke in public spaces and wants to punish those who have smoked in public spaces in the year prior to passing the law. Which constitutional protection prevents Congress from doing so?

The prohibition of ex post facto laws.

How does the style of representation in the House of Representatives differ from representation in the Senate?

The representation in the Senate is the same for each state regardless of population, while the number of representatives in the House of Representatives depends on a state's population.

Suppose the president has nominated someone for a vacancy on the Supreme Court, but a senator in the opposing party does not approve of the president's choice. What can that senator do to change the situation?

The senator may vote against the president's chosen nominee during the confirmation hearing.

A new amendment has passed a two-thirds vote in the House and Senate. Where should activists supporting ratification of the amendment focus their lobbying efforts?

The state legislatures

Who held most of the power under the Articles of Confederation?

The states

How does Bridget Mergens's experience with forming a Bible study group at her high school compare to the experience of the Boyd County High School students who wanted to form a Gay-Straight Alliance?

The students at Boyd County High School experienced far more backlash than Mergens but achieved greater change within their school district.

Many legal challenges have been made to the arrest and detainment of suspected terrorists because they often are not told why they are being held. Which constitutional protection are these legal challenges based on?

The writ of habeas corpus.

Why were the Federalist Papers so effective in gaining support for the Constitution?

They addressed concerns with the Constitution by pointing out flaws in the Articles of Confederation.

Suppose a group of women's rights activists in America are pushing for the reconsideration and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Under the constitutional republic, how can these activists achieve their goal?

They can vote for congressional representatives who can set the amendment process in motion

Suppose a group of women's rights activists in America are pushing for the reconsideration and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Under the constitutional republic, how can these activists achieve their goal?

They can vote for congressional representatives who can set the amendment process in motion.

Why did so many Americans want to keep the Articles of Confederation as they were?

They feared what would result if any changes were made.

Why was the Antifederalists' position more difficult than that of the Federalists during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution?

They had to prove that the proposed government was more dangerous than the existing one.

At the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, slave states and free states had different views on how slaves should be counted for the purpose of representation and taxation. What is the name of the compromise that they agreed on to resolve this issue?

Three-Fifths Compromise

What was the main function of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

To count an enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of calculating a state's representation.

What is the main function of the president as outlined in the Constitution?

To enforce the laws written by Congress

What was the stated purpose of the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

To fix the Articles of Confederation and create a stronger national government.

What is the main function of a select committee?

To investigate specifics related to a scandal or to handle a crisis within the federal government

In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany ruled its people with unlimited power and is an example of which system of government?

Totalitarian

How many votes are required in the House and Senate to propose an amendment to the Constitution?

Two-thirds in both the House and the Senate

What was the main argument made in Federalist No. 51?

Tyranny will be prevented by establishing a system of checks and balances.

How does the concept of popular sovereignty compare to other forms of sovereignty?

Under popular sovereignty, the people grant the government the right to rule, which gives the people more power than other forms of sovereignty

How does the concept of popular sovereignty compare to other forms of sovereignty?

Under popular sovereignty, the people grant the government the right to rule, which gives the people more power than other forms of sovereignty.

A student who is studying important Supreme Court cases that re-established the balance of state and federal government power in America's system of federalism might include which case in their studies?

United States v. Lopez

How did Congress justify the passage of the Controlled Substances Act?

With the commerce clause of the Constitution

Suppose the Department of Energy has decided to provide funds to state governments for the purpose of researching, establishing, and implementing any number of clean energy sources in any way the state sees fit. This is an example of

a block grant.

Assume the federal government has decided to provide funding to each state to build charging stations throughout public parks with the condition that the charging stations do not impede on the environment too severely, have at least five charging ports, and are functional within two years. This is an example of

a categorical grant.

A woman who is looking to get involved with her community decides to join a local knitting group that knits hats, mittens, and scarves for the homeless. This knitting group is an example of

a civil society group.

In 1957, Senator Thurmond from South Carolina talked for more than 24 hours. This prevented a vote on the Civil Rights Act. Senator Thurmond used

a filibuster.

When a bill is sent to a committee, one of the first things done by the committee is to hear testimony about the bill and revise the bill. This is called

a markup session.

A divided government happens when:

a president and one or both chambers of Congress are split between parties

The effect of pork barrel spending is that it

affects both houses because it increases the incumbency advantage.

Most countries in the world today are unitary. This means

all power and authority is held by the national government.

An argument that supports the reinstatement of earmarks in Congress is that earmarks

allow Congress to better advocate for their constituency.

The main function of "leadership" political action committees is to

allow congressional leaders to help candidates running for Congress.

Suppose the federal government has just passed a law that will require all public schools to provide students with enclosed lockers that students can lock with a padlock. The federal government is requiring states to implement this policy with their own funds, making it

an unfunded mandate

In 1970, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) was created in order to:

assist the president with setting national spending priorities

Despite China allowing private businesses to operate within the country, the government has increased its control over the way its citizens communicate and act within society, making it

authoritarian

Despite China allowing private businesses to operate within the country, the government has increased its control over the way its citizens communicate and act within society, making it

authoritarian.

If Angel Raich and Diane Monson's case were reversed and marijuana use was legal at the federal level but prohibited in their state of California, their use of marijuana would

be permitted based on the supremacy clause within the Constitution.

The most visible part of the legislative process is voting; however, much goes on in the background including:

bill sponsorship

As a primary role for a member of Congress, the delegate role is to:

carry out the needs of the constituents

When a new law is created by the legislative branch, the constitutional legality of the bill can be questioned by the Supreme Court. This scenario is an example of

checks and balances.

The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson resulted in the

concept of separate but equal.

An average American citizen most likely to get a bill introduced in Congress that would require public schools to provide before- and after-school daycare by

contacting their representatives and pressuring them to introduce such legislation.

The role of trustee means that the member of Congress must make:

decisions based on knowledge and judgment

The purpose of the House Rules Committee is to

determine when a bill when debated and voted on.

Suppose Congress presents a bill to the president that would limit the rights of Americans to speak freely. The president vetoes the bill and upon reconsideration, the bill fails in a vote to override the veto. In this case, the bill

dies and does not become law.

Someone who believes that the authority of Congress should be expanded to fulfill its duties listed in the Constitution would likely

disagree with the decision made in United States v. Lopez.

To force a bill out of committee, a member of the House can file a

discharge petition.

Defense spending is considered

discretionary spending.

Presidents and Congress also practice discretionary spending, which is:

done on items that the president and Congress feel is important

A state that sets its own testing standards and develops its own curriculum standards for education without any direction or interference from the national government is an example of

dual federalism.

Suppose a senator has proposed a budget measure that would direct money to his district for the purpose of improving parks. This would be an example of

earmarks or pork barrel spending.

According to John Locke, it is the government's job to

ensure an orderly and functioning society.

Two students are debating the role the federal government should play in education. One student argues that education has traditionally been handled by the states and should continue as such. The student in favor of federal involvement in education respond by saying federal policy

ensures that all students receive an equal education regardless of where they live.

Someone who has an optimistic view of American democracy might believe that

everyday citizens can make effective change by joining civil society groups.

Suppose the president has signed an executive order that bans a certain type of speech and the Supreme Court determines that the president's executive order is unconstitutional. This is an example of the Supreme Court

exercising judicial review.

Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 on the basis that the commerce clause in the Constitution permitted them to regulate the transaction and transport of goods across state lines, including drugs and harmful substances. This is an example of Congress exercising its

expressed powers.

The current U.S. Senate is similar to the unicameral legislature under the Articles of Confederation in that both

favor less populous states over more populous ones.

The ability of an American citizen to enact change by getting either Congress or their state legislature to pass legislation is an example of

federalism.

Substantive representation is when a member of Congress:

focuses on the interests and policies important to their constituents.

Suppose it is 2019 and a same-sex couple has decided to move to a different state to be closer to family. After they move, they find that the state they have moved to refuses to recognize their marriage. The state is in clear violation of the

full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

President Richard Nixon attempted to reduce the authority of the national government by

funding policies with block grants.

A check by the legislative branch on the executive branch is the process of

impeachment.

Thomas Jefferson and other signers of the Declaration of Independence believed the King of England was violating the colonists' right to liberty by

imposing unfair and damaging taxes

Thomas Jefferson and other signers of the Declaration of Independence believed the King of England was violating the colonists' right to liberty by

imposing unfair and damaging taxes.

Democracy can be defined as a system of government

in which the people hold the power

Joining a civil society group can impact participatory democracy because it

increases the likelihood that American citizens will participate in political processes.

With each budget deficit, the United States has to borrow money, which:

increases the national debt

Federal systems of government prevent one level of government from encroaching on the powers of the other by

instituting constitutional protections.

Old Age Insurance

is an example of a program that the Social Security Act of 1935 created.

America's form of representative government is preferable to the direct democracy of ancient Greece because the American system of representative government...

is far more feasible than the direct democracy of ancient Greece

America's form of representative government preferable to the direct democracy of ancient Greece because the American system of representative government

is far more feasible than the direct democracy of ancient Greece.

Constituents who are interested in policy can often struggle to:

keep up with all policy issues

There is concern that allowing funds from Social Security to be privately invested will:

leave beneficiaries at the mercy of an unstable system

Suppose a member of the House of Representatives has spent the past week discussing upcoming legislation with other members of the House and has been working hard to convince members to vote in favor of the legislation. This person would most likely be the

majority whip.

The different structures and term lengths of the House and Senate

make the policymaking process more deliberate and slower.

Many members of Congress tend to be:

older than most of the electorate

The power of like-minded groups to impact the policymaking process is known as

pluralist theory.

The executive, legislative, and judicial branches are examples of

political institutions

The executive, legislative, and judicial branches are examples of

political institutions.

Those who participated in Shays's Rebellion were most likely to be

poor farmers.

The main purpose of the Equal Access Act of 1984 was to

prevent public high schools from excluding religious extracurricular clubs.

In a debate about the scope of the American government providing social welfare programs, one student argues that such programs are conducive to helping Americans realize the American Dream, while the other argues that such programs run contrary to the inherent right to

pursue happiness through hard work, sacrifice, and one's own skill set

In a debate about the scope of the American government providing social welfare programs, one student argues that such programs are conducive to helping Americans realize the American Dream, while the other argues that such programs run contrary to the inherent right to

pursue happiness through hard work, sacrifice, and one's own skill set.

Shaw v. Reno (1993) was about the North Carolina Twelfth Congressional District. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the district was

racially gerrymandered and therefore unconstitutional.

The politico role requires Members of Congress to

reconcile the needs of constituents and the needs of the party.

A solution to the problem of Social Security funding is:

reducing benefits to current beneficiaries

After a bill has been introduced in either the House or the Senate, it will be

referred to a committee.

Suppose a teacher's union has organized a nationwide boycott of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) since they believe it is harmful, not beneficial, to students' education. In an effort to stop the boycotts from happening, representatives in Congress have agreed to make changes to the existing legislation. To make the most effective change, Congress should

remove the requirement for standardized testing.

Voters can affect how a representative will vote on a bill, but so can the:

representative's political party

A system in which the government's power comes from the people is known as

republicanism.

Which of the following pair of answers accurately identify traits of American political culture?

republicanism; natural rights

The Supreme Court's decision in Baker v. Carr

required congressional districts to have roughly the same number of constituents.

Suppose that in an upcoming presidential election, a state that historically votes Democratic has decided to leave an Independent candidate off the ballot. This is an example of the state exercising its

reserved powers.

A high school sophomore who belongs to his school's chapter of a Gay-Straight Alliance feels he is being discriminated against in the classroom by a teacher due to his membership in the group. To address this situation he can

seek legal assistance and file a lawsuit against the school or teacher

If the Supreme Court were to hear a case regarding the issue of firearm ownership in California and decided that the legislation in question violated the Second Amendment and that no state may infringe upon the Second Amendment, this would be an example of

selective incorporation.

The House and Senate appropriations committees are responsible for:

setting the budgets for the departments, agencies, and bureaus within the government

A political scientist who was dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation might attend the Annapolis Convention with the hope that

significant changes would be made to the government.

Gridlock happens in Congress when legislation is:

slowed or stalled

When the federal government spends less than it earns, it is called a budget

surplus

The case of Angel Raich and Diane Monson using medical marijuana within the state of California, where it is legal, while it is illegal at the federal level is an example of the

tensions and complications that can arise under the American system of federalism

The Framers of the Constitution made a complicated legislative process that results in most bills failing. They did this because they did not

want laws to be passed based on the populace's temporary desires.