AP GOV FINAL SG

Which of the following actions is true about the process to ratify amendments to the Constitution? (4 points)

Amendments proposed by a joint resolution from Congress and a supermajority (three-fourths) of the states are ratified.

Which statement describes how executive orders can lead to conflict with the legislative branch? (5 points)

An executive order contradicts a bill Congress is debating.

"Yes, judges are independent, and the Founders thought that this independence would protect their ability to uphold the law, even when doing so is unpopular. On the other hand, this independence can look like unaccountability and it can create what the great legal scholar Alexander Bickel called the 'countermajoritarian difficulty.' Throughout our history, many of the Supreme Court's most contested decisions have been in cases—think of cases involving, for example, gun regulations or abortion restrictions—where the Justices struck down duly enacted laws and, critics contend, acted against the will and legitimate choice of the majority."—Richard W. Garnett Which statement is a counterpoint to the idea of "countermajoritarian difficulty" described in the excerpt? (5 points)

As noted in Federalist No. 78, judicial freedom is an essential constitutional safeguard.

Which of the following is a possible consequence of the idea presented in the cartoon? (5 points) image of two men looking at poll signs

Bandwagon effect

Which of the following limits how political candidates raise funds? (5 points)

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

Which statement best explains implied powers? (5 points)

Congress is granted powers through the necessary and proper clause.

Which of the following can the judiciary do to limit the power of Congress? (4 points)

Declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional

Which statement explains the purpose of checks and balances as cited in the Federalist Papers? (4 points)

Federalist No. 51 indicates that, if all the power is centered in the hands of one branch, it can be tyrannical.

Which of the following powers must the president share with Congress? (4 points)

Making treaties

What concept from Federalist No. 10 is portrayed in the editorial cartoon? (4 points) image of guy with coat that says farm voter

Power of factions

Which fundamental principle of American democracy is reflected in the image? (4 points) Image of man running with papers

Republicanism

Which statement describes an example of how judicial review applies to presidential actions? (5 points)

The Court ruled that detained terror suspects are entitled to a lawyer.

Which factor directly influences how members of Congress make policy decisions? (5 points)

The ideas of a political party

According to the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the necessary and proper clause (5 points)

supports the enumerated powers of Congress

Which statement describes a difference between the House and Senate? (5 points)

The House is designed to represent the population; the Senate is designed to represent states equally.

Which choice describes a constitutional check the president has over the power of Congress? (5 points)

Vetoes and pocket vetoes—power to block legislation

Which clause of the Fifth Amendment ensures that an accused person receives fair legal proceedings? (5 points)

Due process

Which of the following in an accurate comparison of the two court cases? (4 points) Engel v. Vitale (1962)Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)(A)Ruled school-sponsored prayer did not violate establishment clauseRuled parents' religious freedom to remove children from school violated establishment clause(B)Ruled school-sponsored prayer in schools is unconstitutionalRuled parents can remove children from school for religious reasons(C)Ruled school-sponsored prayer violates free exercise clauseRuled parents' religious freedom to keep their children out of school violates the free exercise clause(D)Ruled in favor of school-sponsored prayerRuled against parents' religious freedom

(B)

Which of the following clauses is an example of a procedural liberty? (4 points)

"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial . . ."

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of how the Supreme Court has applied the doctrine of selective incorporation? (4 points) Before Engel v. Vitale (1962)After Engel v. Vitale (1962)(A)The establishment clause does not apply to the states.The establishment clause applies to the states.(B)The Bill of Rights does not apply to the states.The Bill of Rights applies to the states.(C)The establishment clause limits the actions of the state governments.The establishment clause limits the action of the federal government.(D)The Bill of Rights was written to protect citizens from the federal government.The Bill of Rights was written to protect citizens from state governments.

(A)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of separation of powers to checks and balances? (4 points) Separation of PowersChecks and Balances(A)The President oversees enforcement of a law.The Supreme Court declares an Executive Order unconstitutional.(B)The Senate votes down the appointment of a new Attorney General.Congress withholds funding from a federal agency.(C)The President vetoes a bill.The President nominates a friend as a Supreme Court justice.(D)A federal court rules on the bankruptcy of a large corporation.The President nominates an ambassador to Germany.

(A)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the rational choice and party-line models of voting behavior? (5 points) Rational ChoiceParty-Line Voting(A)Based on what is in the citizen's individual best interestBased on party preferences, regardless of issues(B)Based on party or candidate's recent actions on an issueBased on estimates of how a candidate will decide on issues(C)Based on voter's previous history of party supportBased on party or candidate performance in the recent past(D)Based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the futureBased on policies that directly affect the citizen's life

(A)

Which of the following rows makes an accurate comparison? (5 points) Push PollsExit Polls(A)Attempt to skew public opinionHave sampling errors due to voter dishonesty(B)Conducted as voters leave polling stationsConducted over the telephone(C)Compare changes in data over timeFrequent incidents of selection bias(D)Random samplingConvenience sampling (

(A)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the functions and powers of the House of Representatives and the Senate? (4 points) House of RepresentativesSenate(A)Has a smaller number of membersHas a larger number of members(B)Has a shorter election cycleHas a longer election cycle(C)All trials occur hereAll revenue bills originate here(D)Can control debate with filibusterControls debate through committee

(B)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the retrospective and prospective models of voting behavior? (5 points) RetrospectiveProspective(A)Based on what is in the citizen's individual best interestBased on party preferences, regardless of issues(B)Based on party or candidate's recent actions on an issueBased on estimates of how a candidate will decide on issues(C)Based on voter's previous history of party supportBased on party or candidate performance in the recent past(D)Based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the futureBased on policies that directly affect the citizen's life

(B)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the judicial oversight of the Supreme Court by the legislative branch and the judicial oversight of the Supreme Court by the executive branch? (4 points) Legislative BranchExecutive Branch(A)Reducing sentences for federal crimesNominating justices to the Court(B)Offering a blanket pardon to a group of peopleGranting reprieves for federal crimes(C)Confirming nominees to the CourtStructuring the federal court system(D)Amending legislation to modify Court decisionsIgnoring or refusing to enforce Court decisions

(D)

Which statement is most closely related to Federalist ideas? (5 points)

A popular majority could rise and become a form of tyranny.

Which statement is an example of a national scientific poll? (5 points)

A sample of 1,000 people was randomly selected and contacted by telephone.

"Anonymous speech is an essential component of free speech, which is an essential component of representative democracy. One of the most important features of anonymous speech is that it focuses the dialogue on the message and issue, rather than the speaker. This is invaluable and irreplaceable in literary, social, and political dialogue. As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in Talley v. California, 'Anonymous pamphlets, leaflets, brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind.'"—Jon Riches Which of the following policies would the author most likely support? (5 points)

Allowing individuals to donate to campaigns without a maximum limit or threshold

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the information in the bar graph? (5 points) image of yellow graph affirmative action

American ideas about equality of opportunity are changing over time.

Which of the following most likely accounts for the trend shown in the table? (5 points)

Americans' perspectives about election importance affect voter turnout.

A defendant had drugs seized from his townhome without a warrant. The seizure is upheld in court. What might explain why this warrantless seizure was upheld? (4 points)

An officer saw the drugs while walking up to the home on other grounds.

Following escalating international tensions throughout late 1916 and early 1917, President Woodrow Wilson addressed a joint session of the two houses of Congress on April 2, 1917 and asked Congress to declare war on Imperial Germany. Why did President Wilson need to make this request? (4 points)

Because the Constitution empowers Congress to declare war, not the president

Which statement describes a similarity between the House and Senate? (5 points)

Both chambers of Congress write and pass legislation.

What conclusion about the ideological division of political parties can be drawn from the graphs? (4 points) image of senate and house changes in graphs

Both parties have shifted to become more ideologically extreme over time.

"The territory of the United States is of vast extent; it now contains near three millions of souls, and is capable of containing much more than ten times that number. Is it practicable for a country, so large and so numerous as they will soon become, to elect a representation, that will speak their sentiments, without their becoming so numerous as to be incapable of transacting public business? It certainly is not." Which founding document and idea does this excerpt reflect? (5 points)

Brutus No. 1—republicanism

How does the president execute the power displayed in the illustration? (4 points) image with someone yelling calvin

By choosing not to sign the bill or send it back to Congress

Which statement describes a drawback of modern campaigns? (5 points)

Campaigns can last several months or years.

Which democratic process do political parties lead? (5 points)

Candidate nominations

"Disclosure of money raised [and] spent in elections has been the bedrock of our political system for many years, usually supported by all political parties. Voters deserve to know who is funding political communications in order to evaluate the full context of the message. Citizens need to know who has spent money to elect or defeat officials in order to hold those officeholders accountable and prevent corruption."—Campaign Legal Center Which ruling best supports the Campaign Legal Center's position as expressed in the excerpt? (5 points)

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Which of the following protects fundraising for political candidates? (5 points)

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

"Anonymous speech is an essential component of free speech, which is an essential component of representative democracy. One of the most important features of anonymous speech is that it focuses the dialogue on the message and issue, rather than the speaker. This is invaluable and irreplaceable in literary, social, and political dialogue. As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in Talley v. California, 'Anonymous pamphlets, leaflets, brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind.'"—Jon Riches Which ruling best supports Jon Riches's view as expressed in the excerpt? (5 points)

Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010)

An African American is arrested for sitting in a section of a bus that is designated "whites only." Which ruling or legislation would set the person free and potentially penalize the city? (5 points)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

In a 1942 ruling, the Supreme Court determined that a local farmer who grew wheat to feed his animals was still subject to the regulation of Congress, even if his wheat did not leave the state. Which constitutional clause does this decision best relate to? (5 points)

Commerce

Which of the following is an example of a role of political parties in Congress? (5 points)

Committee leadership

Based on the above table, what might be a reason for the Anti-Federalists to oppose the Constitution? (4 points) Population of U.S. in 1790 (approx.)Population of New Bedford (MA) in 1790Time to travel to New York (nation's capital in 1790) from MassachusettsTime to walk to center of New Bedford from city limits3,900,0003,3133-7 days1-2 hours

Communication with constituents would be slower from the national government than from the state government.

Which statement represents a restriction on the courts that, if used, would affect this image? (5 points)

Congress can change the number of federal judicial districts.

Which statement explains how the data in the table was affected by Supreme Court decision making? (5 points)

Court decisions defining cruel and unusual punishment involve interpretation of the Eighth Amendment.

Given the abundance of information available to today's citizens, what "shortcut" do many citizens use to make political decisions? (5 points)

Cues and information from party elites

Increased taxes from the British government after 1760 threatened the interests of merchants and southern planters. This situation was a catalyst for the writing of, and is directly mentioned in, which document? (5 points)

Declaration of Independence

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." Which of the following identifies the document and founding principle best reflected in this excerpt? (5 points)

Declaration of Independence—natural law

How does the U.S. system of government reflect a commitment to the principle of limited government? (5 points)

Defining power through a written constitution

The table below shows the number of tie-breaking votes each vice president cast in the U.S. Senate under Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution from 1977 to 2017. Source: "Occasions When Vice Presidents Have Voted to Break Tie Votes in the Senate PDF," Tie Votes, Statistics and Lists, United States Senate Which of the following distribution of powers is reflected in the table? (4 points)

Delegated powers

A political candidate is meeting with his campaign manager and other officials. They are discussing recent polling and steps that could be taken to improve the candidate's image and message with voters. It is suggested that the candidate work with a public speaking coach to correct some of his mannerisms and his stage presence. Which benefit or drawback of modern campaigns does this scenario describe? (5 points)

Dependence on professional consultants

Proponents of affirmative action programs would defend their position using which of the following arguments? (4 points)

Diversity helps groups better understand each other, and these programs make that possible.

Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended question? (5 points)

Does the government spend too much, too little, or about the right amount of money on military programs?

Which action by interest groups would most likely be protected based on the precedent established by Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)? (5 points)

Donating money to an independent candidate's campaign

During a peaceful protest, an individual encourages others to perform acts of vandalism. The individual is arrested by state police and taken into custody. In the trial that follows, the individual's lawyer claims that the First Amendment rights of the accused are extended to the state and local levels through which of the following? (4 points)

Due process clause

Which of the following protections of individual rights is reflected in the data in the line graph? (4 points)

Due process protection under the Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following is a linkage function of political parties? (5 points)

Education of voters

A defendant on trial for vandalizing a public park is convicted and sentenced to death. The defendant might appeal on the grounds that his conviction was a violation of which amendment? (4 points)

Eighth Amendment

"In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country."—Brutus No. 1 Which model of representative democracy does Brutus warn against in this excerpt? (5 points)

Elite

Which statement is consistent with the Federalist arguments? (5 points)

Elites are most fit to govern the nation.

"Does this advantage consist in the substitution of representatives, whose enlightened views and virtuous sentiments render them superior to local prejudices, and to schemes of injustice? It will not be denied, that the representation of the union will be most likely to possess these requisite endowments... Does it, in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the secret wishes of an unjust and interested majority? Here, again, the extent of the union gives it the most palpable advantage." Which founding document and idea does this excerpt reflect? (5 points)

Federalist No. 10—republicanism

The Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966) applied which provisions from the Bill of Rights? (5 points)

Fifth Amendment—right against self-incrimination

Which statement describes the implications of the data in the chart on policy-making? (5 points)

Filibusters are often successful at preventing action on legislation.

Which of the following represents a Bill of Rights provision and related application that protects freedom of expression? (5 points)

First Amendment—presumption against prior restraint

At a school assembly, a student nominated a fellow student for elective office using multiple inappropriate comments. The school suspended the student for two days for violating the part of the school's disciplinary code prohibiting obscene or profane language or gestures. The student sued the school district for violation of his First Amendment right to free speech. The Supreme Court sided with the school. Which of the following constitutional amendments would be considered in the Supreme Court case? (4 points)

First and Fourteenth

According to the cartoon, which of the following limits the success of third parties? (5 points) image of bird with 3rd party

Focus on a single issue

A student is denied admissions to a state university based on his race. The student sues the university, and the case goes to the Supreme Court. Which constitutional amendment could the Supreme Court cite to uphold the student's rights? (4 points)

Fourteenth Amendment

The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but, in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power.−Excerpt from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Which constitutional amendment did the case in the excerpt and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) both focus on? (4 points)

Fourteenth Amendment

Dr. Martin Luther King's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" was empowered by which of the following constitutional provisions? (4 points)

Fourteenth Amendment—protection from unequal treatment

The FBI obtains internet browsing data on an individual without a warrant or the individual's knowledge. Which constitutional amendment may have been violated by the federal government? (4 points)

Fourth Amendment

Which constitutional amendment might the government be violating by the action represented in this image? (4 points) Image of obama with a mic

Fourth Amendment

In Morse v. Frederick (2007), a student held up a banner with a message that seemed to promote illegal drug use at a school-supervised event. The school principal took away the banner and suspended the student for 10 days. She reasoned that her actions were justified by the school's policy against the display of material that promotes illegal drug use. The student alleged that his First Amendment rights were violated and sued the principal. Which First Amendment provision does Morse v. Frederick (2007) have in common with Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)? (5 points)

Freedom of expression

"As students of socialization make clear, we are especially permeable to the effects of early experiences. The kinds of historical events that leave social change in their wake tend to have an especially profound and lasting impact on the young."—Jennifer L. Erkulwater, Political Participation over the Life Cycle Which statement best summarizes the argument in the excerpt? (5 points)

Historical events greatly affect individuals when they are at an impressionable age.

Melvin T. Smith was tried for illegal possession of a firearm. The judge ruled Smith was not guilty because law enforcement failed to provide evidence about the gun's length and thus did not prove that Smith's gun met the definition of a firearm. Later, a witness had testified that Smith's gun was a pistol, and the judge reversed and sent the possession charge to the jury. Smith appealed and argued the judge's reversal of the not-guilty ruling on the possession charge violated his rights. Which statement explains the constitutional provision behind Smith's argument? (5 points)

Individuals charged in criminal cases are protected against double jeopardy.

Which of the following describes the impact of the 1968 Fair Housing Act? (5 points)

It has had very little impact because it is difficult for agencies to enforce.

Which statement describes the artist's point about judicial nominations shown in this political cartoon? (5 points) image of 2 men on in a window with wild eyes the other writing

It is a source of potential conflict between the president and the Senate.

How does the Sixth Amendment protect citizens? (5 points)

It protects the accused from not having legal representation for their cases.

Based on the image, which of the following might best describe how a state government may view a publisher advocating a political uprising? (4 points) image of stairs with cahos

It would be viewed as a danger to the security of the state.

Which statement describes judicial restraint? (5 points)

Justices rely on literal interpretations of the Constitution when deciding cases.

Which statement describes judicial activism? (5 points)

Justices rely on the Constitution and societal implications when deciding cases.

Which choice explains a constitutional check Congress has over the judicial branch? (5 points)

Legislation—modify the impact of Supreme Court decisions

"The question is whether a statute authorizing such proceedings in restraint of publication is consistent with the conception of the liberty of the press as historically conceived and guaranteed. In determining the extent of the constitutional protection, it has been generally, if not universally, considered that it is the chief purpose of the guaranty to prevent previous restraints upon publication. The struggle in England, directed against the legislative power of the licenser, resulted in renunciation of the censorship of the press." —Chief Justice Hughes, Near v. Minnesota (1930) Which of the following Supreme Court cases has a common constitutional debate with this excerpt? (5 points)

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Which statement describes a benefit of modern campaigns for voters? (5 points)

Social media helps share campaign messages.

The data in the chart support analysis of which agent of socialization? (5 points) image of graph of spending

Life cycle stage

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the trend illustrated in the line graph? (5 points) same graph

Low voter turnout among those with less education can result in unequal representation across the population.

Who benefits most directly from state legislatures redrawing congressional district lines? (4 points)

Members of the Congress who can have a similar ideology as the new voting bloc

Which statement is an assumption made by James Madison in Federalist No. 10? (4 points)

Minority factions will always be overwhelmed by the majority in the proposed government.

The Supreme Court ruled that an individual's religious beliefs do not excuse him from compliance with an otherwise valid law prohibiting conduct that government is free to regulate, like payment of taxes or vaccination requirements. Which statement describes a step Congress could take to limit the impact of this ruling? (5 points)

Modify existing legislation to allow exceptions

Which statement describes the information in the line chart about American voters? (5 points) graph of democratic republican and independent voters changing throughout last 20 years

More Americans identified as Independent than Democrat in both 1992 and 2014.

Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrouled [sic] enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others, as he is persuaded the offence deserves, even with death itself, in crimes where the heinousness of the fact, in his opinion, requires it. —From Two Treatises of Government, by John Locke Which idea does John Locke discuss in this excerpt? (4 points)

Natural rights

"The basic problem is that the language of the Tenth Amendment appears to assume a clear demarcation of state and federal domains of authority. This conception, sometimes termed "dual federalism," no longer comports with reality. The areas of society subject to federal regulation have grown significantly over time." —Robert Schapiro, Professor of Law What constitutional clause could have enabled the trend that Schapiro describes in this excerpt? (5 points)

Necessary and proper

Which statement best identifies and explains a constitutional clause connected to McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)? (5 points)

Necessary and proper, because Congress can make any laws essential to fulfill its role.

In Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson (1931), the Supreme Court held that the state of Minnesota could not restrict the publishing of a local newspaper because it previously published a "scandal sheet" that printed disagreements with local officials and implicating them in involvement with gangsters. Which case and rule relates to Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson (1931)? (5 points)

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)—prior restraint

What type of federalism does California favor, as evidenced by the state's legalization of the sale of recreational marijuana in 2017 though it was still illegal under federal law? (4 points)

New federalism

"We are not persuaded that the execution of mentally retarded criminals will measurably advance the deterrent or the retributive purpose of the death penalty. Construing and applying the Eighth Amendment in the light of our 'evolving standards of decency,' we therefore conclude that such punishment is excessive and that the Constitution 'places a substantive restriction on the State's power to take the life' of a mentally retarded offender." — Atkins v. Virginia (2002), Justice John Paul Stevens The excerpt is referring to which of the following provisions through the Bill of Rights? (5 points)

No cruel or unusual punishments

Which clause of the Fifth Amendment protects a person from being tried more than once for the same crime? (5 points)

No double jeopardy

Which of the following statements exemplifies a president using communication technology to enhance the bully pulpit as a tool for agenda setting? (4 points)

President Franklin D. Roosevelt began a series of "fireside chats" to explain and build support for his policies and to put the people at ease during the Great Depression.

Which statement explains how communication technology has changed the president's relationship with the national constituency? (5 points)

Presidents can communicate policy ideas much faster than was possible in earlier years.

Data from: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/obama-used-more-clemency-power/ Which statement explains a conclusion from the data in the table? (5 points)

Presidents vary in their use of judicial presidential powers.

In every State, a certain proportion of inhabitants are deprived of [the right to vote] by the constitution of the State, who will be included in the census by which the federal Constitution apportions the representatives. In this point of view the Southern States might retort the complaint, by insisting that the principle laid down by the convention required that no regard should be had to the policy of particular States towards their own inhabitants; and consequently, that the slaves, as inhabitants, should have been admitted into the census according to their full number, in like manner with other inhabitants, who, by the policy of other States, are not admitted to all the rights of citizens. A rigorous adherence, however, to this principle, is waived by those who would be gainers by it. All that they ask is that equal moderation be shown on the other side. Let the case of the slaves be considered, as it is in truth, a peculiar one. —James Madison, from Federalist Paper No. 54 What does the compromise argued by Madison suggest about the standards of the debate in the Constitutional Convention era? (4 points)

People of the time did not feel addressing slavery itself would lead to achievable solutions.

"If this Congress is serious about winning this war, and wants to send a message to our troops and the world, you should finally authorize the use of military force against ISIL [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]. Take a vote." —President Barack Obama, from his 2016 State of the Union address The excerpt is an example of which presidential power? (5 points)

Persuasion

Which case is an example of the Supreme Court's restriction of the civil rights of minority groups? (5 points)

Plessy v. Ferguson—"separate but equal" racial segregation by the states is constitutional

"Complaints are every where heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable; that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties; and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice, and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."—James Madison, from Federalist No. 10 Which model of representative democracy best reflects the concern expressed in the excerpt? (5 points)

Pluralist

The National Education Association (NEA) is a group of people that represent teachers and others concerned about education laws. Members of the NEA try to influence education policy in the United States by contacting lawmakers to persuade them on relevant issues. This is an example of which theory of democracy? (5 points)

Pluralist

The House is preparing to consider a bill on gun control. The debate on the bill has been limited to one hour. Which statement explains the chamber rules that affected this bill? (5 points)

The House Rules Committee set the conditions of debate for the bill.

Which pair describes a factor that affects coalitions in Congress? (5 points)

The House has a shorter electoral cycle; the Senate has a longer electoral cycle.

Which statement is an expression of the principle of popular sovereignty? (5 points)

Political authority rests with the people

Which statement describes a barrier to voting? (5 points)

Polling locations require voters to prove their identity before voting.

Of the powers granted to Congress, which describes a constitutional power unique to the House of Representatives? (5 points)

Power to impeach high officials

Of the powers granted to Congress, which describes a constitutional power unique to the Senate? (5 points)

Power to ratify treaties

Source: Pew Research Center, from a nationwide survey conducted April 5-11, 2017, overall margin of error +/- 2.9% Which of the following explains a possible limitation on this poll data? (5 points)

Programs in the graph are not inclusive of all federal spending.

A woman seeking an abortion can go to a clinic and receive the service under the care of a doctor. A woman has this right to privacy of her body under the due process clause. Which Supreme Court case helped establish this right to privacy under the due process clause as described in the scenario above? (4 points)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

What conclusion can be drawn from the map? (5 points) image of election map blue and orange and grey

The House is designed to fairly represent the population.

Which model of voting behavior describes voting decisions based around issues that directly concern and affect the voter? (5 points)

Rational choice

Which statement describes an action the executive branch could take to limit the Supreme Court's power? (5 points)

Refuse to enforce Court decisions

Beginning in the 1960s, voter demographics between the Democrat and Republican parties shifted. Before this time, the South was Democratic. The South began shifting toward the Republican Party following the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Which of the following explains why this trend occurred? (5 points)

Regional realignments

Voting eligibility has been extended to larger numbers of U.S. citizens over time. Which principle does this trend reflect? (5 points)

Republicanism

How could a president use his constitutional authority to maintain federal agencies' budgetary accountability? (4 points)

Require every federal agency to justify its goals annually

Which statement explains the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)? (5 points)

Required racial segregation that is separate but equal by the states is constitutional.

The statutes whose constitutionality is involved in this appeal are 53−32 and 54−196 of the General Statutes of Connecticut. ... The former provides: Any person who uses any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception shall be fined not less than fifty dollars or imprisoned not less than sixty days nor more than one year or be both fined and imprisoned. This law, however, operates directly on an intimate relation of husband and wife and their physician's role in one aspect of that relation ... [t]he First Amendment has a penumbra where privacy is protected from governmental intrusion. ... The present case, then, concerns a relationship lying within the zone of privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a law which, in forbidding the use of contraceptives, rather than regulating their manufacture or sale, seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum destructive impact upon that relationship. Such a law cannot stand in light of the familiar principle, so often applied by this Court, that a governmental purpose to control or prevent activities constitutionally subject to state regulation may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly and thereby invade the area of protected freedoms.—From Supreme Court Opinion in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) The Supreme Court's ruling on the constitutionality of this case established the precedent for which of the following cases? (4 points)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

John Locke wrote that if the people of a country believe their government is unjust or abusing power, they have a right to overthrow it. Which founding principle does his statement support? (5 points)

Social contract

A 2018 study found that 77 percent of Americans go online each day, while 26 percent of those say they are online almost constantly. Which statement describes an application of this data to political campaigns? (5 points)

Specific campaign strategies for social media would maximize fundraising money.

Which statement best explains how the precedent set in Schenck v United States (1919) applies to the image? (4 points) image with lose ships and might sink ships

Speech that creates a clear and present danger is not necessarily protected by the First Amendment.

Which statement best explains concurrent powers? (5 points)

State governments share some powers with the national government.

Which statement describes the supremacy clause? (5 points)

States are expected to defer to all laws made by the national government.

Which statement describes a constitutional expansion of voting rights? (5 points)

States cannot require poll taxes in federal elections.

A state has a highway speed limit of 75 miles per hour. The federal government mandates that all states set highway speed limits to 55 mph. The state sues the federal government, and the case goes to the Supreme Court. Which constitutional amendment would support a Supreme Court decision to uphold the right of the state? (4 points)

Tenth Amendment

There are no unfunded federal education 'mandates'. Every federal education law is conditioned on a state or other grantee's decision to accept federal program funds. Federal education program 'requirements' are not unfunded mandates because the conditions in federal law apply only when a state (or other grantee) voluntarily chooses to accept federal funds. Any state that does not want to abide by a federal program's requirements can simply choose not to accept the federal funds associated with that program. —From the U.S. Department of Education webpage Which constitutional amendment allows the states the right to decide if they will follow the mandates referenced in the excerpt? (4 points)

Tenth Amendment

Pete Hernandez, a Mexican American, was indicted for the murder of Joe Espinoza by an all-white grand jury in Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez's attorneys tried to get the charge thrown out, claiming that Mexican Americans were barred from the jury commission that selected juries and from trial juries. Hernandez also tried to reject the trial jury panel called for his case, because persons of Mexican descent were excluded. A Mexican American had not served on a jury in Jackson County in over 25 years. Based on these facts, Hernandez claimed that citizens of Mexican ancestry were discriminated against in the county. Hernandez was found guilty of murder. The all-white jury sentenced him to life in prison. His case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Hernandez v. Texas (1954). Which statement best describes the key constitutional issue described in the case of Hernandez v. Texas? (4 points)

Texas's jury selection process violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following correctly identifies the reason why the Federalists supported replacing the Articles of Confederation, and the solution created in the Constitution? (4 points)

The Articles of Confederation lacked the power to collect taxes at the national level, so the Constitution gave Congress the right to levy and collect taxes.

Which statement describes the impact of the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954)? (5 points)

The Civil Rights Movement was further inspired to advocate for action against segregation.

Attempts to remedy the disparities shown in the bar graph would fall under which of the following? (4 points)

The Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following statements accurately describes rights contained in the Bill of Rights? (4 points)

The Fourth through Eighth Amendments protect the rights of individuals facing criminal charges, confiscation of property, or other courtroom proceedings.

A man was charged with breaking and entering a private residence. In court, he did not have a lawyer because he could not afford one, so he requested that the court appoint him one. The judge denied his request. Which statement explains the constitutional provision violated in this scenario? (5 points)

The Sixth Amendment protects a person's right to counsel in criminal cases.

"Next week I shall ask the Congress of the United States to act, to make a commitment it has not fully made in this century to the proposition that race has no place in American life or law. The Federal judiciary has upheld that proposition in a series of forthright cases. The Executive Branch has adopted that proposition in the conduct of its affairs, including the employment of Federal personnel, the use of Federal facilities, and the sale of federally financed housing. But there are other necessary measures which only the Congress can provide, and they must be provided at this session. The old code of equity law under which we live commands for every wrong a remedy, but in too many communities, in too many parts of the country, wrongs are inflicted on Negro citizens and there are no remedies at law. Unless the Congress acts, their only remedy is the street." —President John F. Kennedy, Civil Rights Address, June 11, 1963 Which statement explains the constitutional provision discussed in this excerpt? (5 points)

The Supreme Court has applied the equal protection clause to forbid race-based segregation.

Which of the following explains how the presentation of this poll data affects its interpretation? (5 points) blue graph with candidate A B and C

The scale of the vertical axis is skewed.

How has due process been applied to the Supreme Court ruling Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)? (4 points)

The Supreme Court ruled that denying an individual the right to an attorney violated the individual's right to due process and Sixth Amendment rights.

Jim Crow laws enacted in the late 1800s enforced racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. These laws were supported by the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which established the doctrine of "separate but equal." How did the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment change between Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? (4 points)

The Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

In the case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810), Georgia sold large tracts of land to speculators in 1795. A few years later, the Georgia legislature voided the sale in response to public outcry that the original agreement was conducted with bribes. In the intervening period, Robert Fletcher, a land speculator, had purchased a tract of land from John Peck, who had acquired the land from the original agreement in 1795. Fletcher took Peck to court, arguing that he had no right to sell the land and that the sale was a breach of contract. The Court's decision favored Peck based on the argument that bills of attainder and ex post facto laws are unconstitutional. Source: Oyez.org Based on the scenario, how does the Supreme Court decision in Fletcher reflect judicial restraint? (4 points)

The Supreme Court's decision in the case did not overturn a legislative action.

Source: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Political Participation (1968), Appendix VII: Voter Education Project, attachment to press release, October 3, 1972. What conclusion can be made from the data in the table? (5 points) Registration by Race and State in Southern States Before and After the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Before the Act After the Act,1971-72 State% White% Black% White% BlackAlabama69.219.380.757.1Georgia62.627.470.667.8Louisiana80.531.680.059.1Mississippi69.96.771.662.2North Carolina96.846.862.246.3South Carolina75.737.351.248.0Virginia73.438.361.254.0

The Voting Rights Act increased the rates of black voter registration in the South.

Which statement is most closely related to Anti-Federalist ideas? (5 points)

The best representative government is small and localized.

"We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;"—The Declaration of Independence Which statement does this excerpt support? (5 points)

The colonies would rule themselves and no longer give loyalty to Great Britain.

A Muslim American is told to remove her religious head covering for a driver's license photo. She challenges the rule as discrimination. What constitutional provision might support her case? (5 points)

The equal protection clause provides for the equal protection of individual rights against state legislation.

Which statement makes a valid conclusion based on the line graph about American voters? (5 points) same graph

The number of people who identify as independents in the United States continues to increase.

Representatives in Congress have attempted to repeal the Twenty-Second Amendment several times. Since 1997, Representative Jose E. Serrano (D-NY) has sponsored at least nine different bills to achieve this goal. None has ever reached the floor for a vote. Which of these arguments against the repeal is supported by the Constitution? (4 points)

The repeal would weaken the system of checks and balances that limits presidential power.

Which statement explains the constitutional provision evidenced in the image? (5 points) image of black text on grey paper

The right against self-incrimination is protected by the Fifth Amendment.

In the case of Mapp v. Ohio (1961), Dollree Mapp's home in Cleveland, Ohio, was "invaded" by police in search of evidence regarding a bombing suspect. The police had received a tip that Mapp was housing the suspect. When Mapp refused to admit them and demanded to see a warrant, the police produced a piece of paper claiming it to be the executed warrant. It was later discovered that the police did not have a legitimate warrant. After having searched her home to find no evidence of the suspect, the police discovered explicit materials in Mapp's possession in a trunk in her attic. At the time, Ohio law prohibited the possession of obscene material. The police promptly arrested Mapp on this charge. Although originally convicted of the crime of possessing obscene materials and sentenced to one to seven years in prison, Mapp appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. −From Oyez.org Which one of the following legal positions could Dollree Mapp reasonably have used as her defense? (4 points)

The police violated Mapp's Fourth Amendment rights by performing an illegal search and seizure.

A recent poll indicates that 56 percent of all people in the United States see the economy in a positive light. Which of the following supports the credibility of the poll result? (5 points)

The poll reported a sampling error.

Which statement describes an expressed power of the president? (5 points)

The president has the power to influence relations with foreign nations.

Which of the following principles is most distinctive of the structure and character of U.S. democracy as opposed to other forms of government? (4 points)

The principle of checks and balances limiting government power at all levels

According to the Federalists, why was a separate Bill of Rights unnecessary? (5 points)

The principles of separation of powers and checks and balances protect individual liberty.

Which statement explains how the Supreme Court ruling in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) interpreted the balance of power of government and individual rights? (5 points)

The publishing of sensitive government documents does not support prior restraint.

In a public opinion poll of a representative sample of a population, 1,500 people were asked to agree with, disagree with, or express neutrality toward the following statements. Statement A: The government should promote programs that support hiring equality.Result: 80 percent of the respondents agreed.Statement B: The government should promote affirmative action programs.Result: 40 percent of the respondents agreed. Which of the following most likely accounts for the different results? (5 points)

The questions contained a difference in wording.

"Studies of voting behavior in recent elections have consistently shown that persons under 30 vote less often than those who are older. In 1963, President Kennedy's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation expressed its deep concern over the low voting participation in the 21-30-year-old age bracket. It attributed this low participation to the fact that: 'by the time they have turned 21 ... many young people are so far removed from the stimulation of the educational process that their interest in public affairs has waned. Some may be lost as voters for the rest of their lives.'"—Senator Ted Kennedy (D, Mass.) Based on the excerpt, which of the following legal protections would the speaker most likely support? (5 points)

The voting age in federal elections is set to 18 years old.

How does this graph demonstrate the value of Senate factions in attempting to cooperate? (4 points) image of GOP V Dem fillibuster

They have to work together to reach the three-fifths majority to end filibusters.

Based on the table, which statement is true about third parties? (5 points) 1912 Election ResultsCandidatePartyElectoral VotesWoodrow WilsonDemocrat435Theodore RooseveltProgressive88William H. TaftRepublican8Eugene DebsSocialist0

Third parties can pull votes from the major parties.

Which of the following statements reflects the data in the graph? (5 points) graph of voting age

Those with more education are more likely to vote.

Substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of other students constitutes an exception to free speech rights that were established in which Supreme Court case? (4 points)

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

How was selective incorporation used in McDonald v. Chicago (2010)? (4 points)

To protect the right to bear arms

Which piece of legislation was influenced by the Selma to Montgomery March? (5 points)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Which of the following issues did the Bill of Rights leave unresolved? (4 points)

Whether individual states can establish a religion

Rights guaranteed by the Constitution may not be abridged by legislation which has no reasonable relation to some purpose within the competency of the State. The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations. −From the Supreme Court ruling in Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) regarding parents' rights to send their children to a religious school instead of public school Which of the following Supreme Court cases has a similar constitutional question to Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)? (4 points)

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the trend illustrated in the line chart? (5 points) same image as 157

Young voters who are starting families will call for increasing K-12 education spending.

Which of the following statements is reflected in this data? (5 points) same image as question 156

Younger citizens are more likely to support K-12 education spending than older citizens.

The Democratic Party merged with the Populists before the 1896 election. This is an example of how political parties (5 points)

change and adapt

"Accordingly, a function of free speech under our system of government is to invite dispute. It may indeed best serve its high purpose when it induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger." —Justice Douglas, Terminiello v. Chicago (1949) Which of the following Supreme Court interpretations of the First Amendment does Terminiello v. Chicago (1949) have in common with Schenck v. United States (1919)? (5 points)

clear and present danger

In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court established the Brandenburg test, which states that speech can be prohibited if there was high risk of harm from the speech and if the harm was about to happen or immediate. This reflects a change in which of the following Supreme Court applications of the First Amendment? (5 points)

clear and present danger

In 2008, the Obama campaign sponsored voter registration rallies and drives. This is an example of how political parties facilitate (5 points)

collective action

A senator put a hold on confirmation of three of President Obama's ambassador appointments in retaliation for a Secret Service leak regarding a Republican congressman. This scenario represents an example of (5 points)

conflict between the president's agenda and Congress

"Yes, judges are independent, and the Founders thought that this independence would protect their ability to uphold the law, even when doing so is unpopular. On the other hand, this independence can look like unaccountability and it can create what the great legal scholar Alexander Bickel called the 'countermajoritarian difficulty.' Throughout our history, many of the Supreme Court's most contested decisions have been in cases—think of cases involving, for example, gun regulations or abortion restrictions—where the Justices struck down duly enacted laws and, critics contend, acted against the will and legitimate choice of the majority."—Richard W. Garnett This statement is an example of the constitutional debate around whether judicial independence (5 points)

conflicts with accountability

The publishing of sensitive government documents does not support prior restraint.

creates a clear and present danger

An investigative committee hearing determines impeachment charges should be brought against the president, but after the impeachment process is complete, the president is not removed from office. What makes it so difficult to remove the president from office? (4 points)

either It is difficult for Congress to prove that the president has committed a crime. Qualified majorities need to be obtained in order to be convicted of impeachment. The Supreme Court hears the case to determine if impeachment is needed.

How did the Great Compromise affect the structure of the federal government? (4 points)

either It outlined an amendment procedure. It created a bicameral legislature. It set a timeframe for ending slavery.

Which of the following demonstrated key challenges posed by the corresponding document? (4 points)

either Representation of slaves—The Great Compromise Dominant central government—U.S. Constitution Taxation powers—Articles of Confederation

Which of the following ideas bests reflects the data in the table? (4 points) Number of Representatives during Articles of Confederation (Pre-1788)Number of Representatives to the House under the Constitution (1788-1790)Population in 1790 (The first national census)Connecticut15237,946Massachusetts18378,787New Hampshire13141,885Pennsylvania18434,373South Carolina15249,073Delaware1159,096Georgia1382,548Maryland16319,728New Jersey14184,139New York16340,120Virginia110691,937North Carolina15393,751Rhode Island1168,825

either The Articles represented states equally, but the Constitution bases representation on population. Under both the Articles and Constitution, representatives are apportioned by state population. Both the Articles and the Constitution based representation on equality among the states.

Which of the following illustrates power sharing between the federal and state governments? (4 points)

either The federal government legalizes and taxes marijuana, and the states pardon those previously convicted of marijuana possession. The federal government levies a tax on alcohol production while the state government bans alcohol ads. The federal government sets the age to buy cigarettes at 18, and a state raises that to 19.

Which statement summarizes the Supreme Court ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919)? (4 points)

either - Government may not suspend individual rights in wartime. Individual rights are paramount and outweigh general social welfare. Individual rights can be limited in the interest of national security.

"From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths."—James Madison, from Federalist No. 10 In this excerpt, Madison warns against which model of democracy? (5 points)

either elite, participatory, or direct

"In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people." —Declaration of Independence, 1776 Which of the following founding principles is best reflected in this excerpt? (5 points)

either natural rights, social contract, or republicanism.

Which of the following government actions inspired the headline shown in the image? (4 points)

either- The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Brown v. Board of Education Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District

The graph shows the median of the estimated net worth of U.S. Senate and U.S. House members from a 2015 study by the Center for Responsive Politics. If the average U.S. household's net worth is $75,000, then this data could help support an argument that which democratic theory dominates the U.S. government? (5 points)

elite

During the 2008 financial crisis and the bailouts that followed, the government was unwilling to let the biggest banks fail, for fear of upending the financial system. As part of the overhaul, Congress created a process to shut down financial companies whose failure could threaten the system. Most players agree that this is a good idea, despite some differences on the details. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the agency responsible for closing smaller banks that falter, has taken the lead on writing rules to shut down big firms. Most observers believe that the FDIC, under acting chairman Martin Gruenberg, is on track toward creating a system that markets would trust to close a big bank. Banks have been working with regulators to create "living wills" detailing how they would wind themselves down without disrupting markets. This exercise has forced them to look more deeply at their operations—a defense against the accusation that banks have grown "too big to manage." —From The Associated Press, "How will JPMorgan's $2B loss affect banking rules?" May 15, 2012 The FDIC is attempting to use its power to (4 points)

enforce legislation that has been signed into law

The ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954) was an interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's (5 points)

equal protection clause

In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress (5 points)

exceeded its authority under the commerce clause

"To deliver an opinion, is the right of all men; that of constituents is a weighty and respectable opinion, which a representative ought always to rejoice to hear; and which he ought always most seriously to consider. But authoritative instructions; Mandates issued, which the member is bound blindly and implicitly to obey, to vote, and to argue for, though contrary to the clearest conviction of his judgment and conscience, --these are things utterly unknown to the laws of this land, and which arise from a fundamental mistake of the whole order and tenor of our constitution."—Edmund Burke, Speech to the Electors of Bristol, 1774 This excerpt supports an argument that members of Congress, when making decisions, should (5 points)

focus most on what they believe is right

"But I can't do these things on my own. Changes in our political process—in not just who gets elected but how they get elected—that will only happen when the American people demand it. It will depend on you. That's what's meant by a government of, by, and for the people." — President Barack Obama, from his 2016 State of the Union address This excerpt is an example of the president's bully pulpit because it is expressing the president's (5 points)

ideas on the political involvement of constituents

According to United States v. Lopez (1995), the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (5 points)

infringes on the reserved powers of the states

A district court ruled that the president's executive orders concerning immigration policy are unconstitutional. This action is an example of (5 points)

judicial review

As depicted in this chart, state discussions about ratifying the Constitution expressed concern about the balance of powers; in this environment, the powers outlined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution served the purpose of (4 points) Bill of Rights, Proposed from New York State Ratifying Convention, July 26, 1788Republican form of governmentxChange GovernmentxSeparation of PowersxAll Non-Delegated Powers to PeoplexRepresented and Taxed through a CensusFreedom of Press/Assembly/ PetitionxKeep and Bear Arms/MilitiaxDue Process of Lawx

keeping federal powers in check

Collection of an individual's digital metadata is most likely to cause tension between the competing values of rule of law and (5 points)

limited government

Based on previous Supreme Court rulings, the form of speech in the image could be limited if it (5 points image of people protesting fracking

occurs at a specific place, time, or manner

The process in which a person learns and develops attitudes and values about government is called (5 points)

political socialization

Online hackers have obtained and published classified U.S. documents about the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Government leaders are concerned that leaks of classified documents could compromise national security and foreign policy interests. Which of the following Supreme Court rules applies to this scenario? (5 points)

prior restraint

Legislative presidential powers include the informal power to (5 points)

propose policy initiatives

When you answer the phone and agree to a poll, an interviewer asks if you would vote for Casey Candidate if you knew she supported legislation to restrict Second Amendment rights. This scenario is an example of (5 points)

push polling

A student was suspended from school for delivering an offensive speech with vulgarities to the student body, though the speech addressed valid issues at the school. The Supreme Court held that the student's free-speech rights were not violated by the suspension. This scenario is an example of the tension that can occur between individualism and (5 points)

rule of law

A poll on a conservative website predicted that the Republican presidential candidate would defeat the Democratic candidate in the election next week. This scenario is an example of (5 points)

selection bias

Miranda rights are an interpretation and application of the Fifth Amendment right against (5 points)

self-incrimination

The Anti-Federalists argued that the most government power should reside with the (5 points)

state governments

It is estimated that, overall, 1 in 10 Americans do not have a government-issued photo ID, while approximately 1 in 4 African Americans do not have a government-issued photo ID. Based on this scenario, requiring a photo ID to vote in elections could impact the African American voter turnout rate through (5 points)

structural barriers

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the power (5 points)

to make any law necessary to fulfill its role