AP Government & Politics-Congress
Who are the two powerful speakers during the issues that causes the house to divide.
(First Powerful Speaker:) Czar Thomas Reed(- 1889- 1899) (Second Powerful Speaker:) Joe Cannon ( 1899-1910 )
What was the first party to hold a nominee party?
Anti-Mason Party
first national nomination party for a national candidate
Anti-Mason Party
very important court case regarding racial gerrymandering
Baker v. Carr
Who is in like to take over senate minority leader?
Chuck Schumer
When were there empowerment of individual members?
Civil Rights in the 1960s, Congress prior to 60s/70s in terms of any bill/civil rights
What was the second major piece of legislation passed by Congress?
Compromise of 1860 (1850?)
From 1789-1900, who dominated- Congress or President? and on what specific issue?
Congress, such as the issue of slavery
around 40 something members, talk to discuss issues that relate to African Americans, there are two Republican African Americans elected of Congress-Scott/Love
Congressional Black Caucus
What are two other caucuses in Congress?
Congressional Black Caucus, Congressional Latino Caucus
heavily Latino, Basically arms of the Democratic party,
Congressional Latino Caucus
What is the seventh part of Senate and what do they do here?
Debate, filibuster
What are the different types of gerrymandering
Different types of gerrymandering include political gerrymandering, racial gerrymandering I and racial gerrymandering II. Racial gerrymandering is manipulating legislative district lines to underrepresent racial minorities. They would pack black voters into a district or cracking them to make black votes a minority in all districts. Racial gerrymandering I was used in the South after the Civil War. Racial Gerrymandering II occurred in 1928 when the Voting Rights Act required political jurisdictions to create "majority-minority" districts to allow more racial minorities to elect the candidates of their choice. Minorities more or less voting power→ Racial Gerrymandering
What was the result of Baker v. Carr case?
Every person's vote should could equally, should not redistrict to dilute or increase people's votes, cannot hurt one group over another, redistrcting controls so much, Gerrymandering does havea significant
member of the House, did not like the pork idea, did not like budget having many expenses, make his members vote on each thing, read what it is, demand a vote on it, Republicans/Democrats hated this, hated this excess stuff, own leadership didn't like him
Floyd (Republican from Arizona)
What seats gained seats in the 2010 census?
Georgia, Nevada, South Carolina, Arizona, Washington, Texas, Florida, Utah,
How does gerrymandering impact congressional elections?
Gerrymandering impacts congressional elections counter-intutively because the controlling party will do whatever it can to strengthen its opponent's advantage in its stronger districts. However, the negative side is that it gives itself a greater number of districts with a modest advantage. As well, the lesser party has little chance to gain any seats and take power so members of the stronger party need the party's support to win with their narrow margin.
How does gerrymandering impact party dominance at the national and state level?
Gerrymandering impacts party dominance at the national and state level by redrawing the district lines. One party discriminates against another political party in order to gain the majority of votes.
How does gerrymandering impact the presidential election?
Gerrymandering impacts the presidential election by affecting state races and House of Representative races. It does not affect senatorial races or presidential races as districts do not matter in those kinds of races. It is most commonly seen in elections for the House of Representatives.
What factors go into making a district office a more competitive one?
Heterogeneous, part city/part suburbs, independence/independents, division/divisor on local issues
Based on Proportional represented How long is served: 2 years Elected every two years Members: 435 Citizenship→ 7 years Age: 25
House
What is the most powerful position in the House of Reps?
House Rules Committee
for debate on a bill, sets limit on amendments, acts as a dress rehearsal Two Rules for debate: close rule/open rule, Arm of the leadership, most powerful→ how long time is to debate, if any amendments are gonna be allowed in the bill
House Rules Committee
____________ became the main legislative house- very powerful Congressional leadership was supplied by _______/officers, -President/Cabinet officials picked who would be the house speaker/etc. ___________ was the preeminent legislative branch all legislations originates in the House especially taxes ______________: : shaped policy questions, party causus would of been democrat/republicans, within the house, they go together and decided which way which legislative would come up and who would be the presidential nominee,, selected party candidates for the president
House of Reps, President, House, party caucus, lots of power in the House
What is the biggest role of the National Census? (very important)
Huge Determinant for Funding
Why did Louisiana lose seats in the 2010 census?
Hurricane Katrina
got more people involved in the political process, more people are going to vote than ever before
Jacksonian Democracy
former house speaker in 1986
Jim Wright
What was the third major piece of legislation passed by Congress?
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Who is current majority leader?
Kevin McCarthy
During the 19th century, what two presidents were dominant?
Lincoln, Jackson
You are trying to pass a bill, what matters to you?
Lobbyists, Party
What seats lost seats in the 2010 census?
Lousiana, New York, Ohio, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Pennsylvania
expedite legislative business and to keep their parties united,
Majority Leader (second position in House)
What tariff was passed in the nineteenth century?
McKinley Tariff
What was the first major piece of legislation passed by Congress?
Missouri Compromise
Who is the current minority leader?
Nancy Pelosi
What former speaker gave himself more power than the speaker used to have?
Newt Gingrich (was a Whip before he was speaker of house)
Does the speaker need to be a member of the House of Reps?
No, does not have to be an elected power, whole idea was to have an outsider come in
type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.
PAC (political action committee)
What are two party caucuses in the House of Rep (fifth position)
Party Caucus (Democratic), Party Conference (Republican)
What happens in the Party Caucus and Party Conference?
Party gets together and decides what to do, set party policy, set the agenda,
Who is current speaker?
Paul Ryan
Who is the current speaker of the House?
Paul Ryan
-makes decision regarding economy -initiate revenue bills - -initiate impeachment of federal officies -request discharge petitions for bills stuck in commitee -powers to state tax bills -has power to impeach an official
Powers that House has
-approves candidates to office -ratifies international treaties -advise presidential appoinments -approve treaties- 2/3 votes -holds trial for those being impeached -can filibuster bills being debated -riders to unrelated bills allowed -selets the VP if electoral college cannot -approve treaties initiated by the executive branch
Powers that Senate has
minorities do not get voting right
Racial Gerrymandering I
minorities do get voting rights
Racial Gerrymandering II
The assigning by congressional seats after each census Congress gives each state how many distcts they get- after census
Reapportionment
when the state redraws congressional district lines to accomodate population shifts, State legislature redraws line,
Redistricting
provided that every member present in the House must vote unless financially interested in a measure; that members present and not voting be counted for a quorum; and that no dilatory motions be entertained by the chair. adopted in February 1890, provided that every member present in the House must vote unless financially interested in a measure; that members present and not voting be counted for a quorum; and that no dilatory motions be entertained by the chair.
Reed's Rules
provided that every member present in the House must vote unless financially interested in a measure; that members present and not voting be counted for a quorum; and that no dilatory motions be entertained by the chair. guide to parliamentary procedure that governs the operations of the House of Representatives (and many state legislatures) to this day.
Reed's Rules
Who is the current senate minority leader?
Reid (Democrat)
Who is the current senate majority leader?
Richard McCornell (Republican)
Based on equal representation How Long is served: 6 years ⅓ every two years Members: 100 Citizenship→ 9 years Age: 30
Senate
picked by the longest serving member of the majority party
Senate President Pro Temporo (Second position)
How is the national census done?
Something in the mail, many areas that are underrepresented, inner city areas, and homeless,
the presiding officer in the House of Reps, second position in line to become President
Speaker (first position in House of Reps)
Where does the phrase come from-gerrymandering?
Starts with Albert Gerry in Massachusetts and get the phrase gerrymandering
In terms of the Baker v. Carr case, what did Supreme Court come up with?
Supreme Court came up with "one man, one vote"
What issues do candidates for Congress usually run on?
Taxes, education (on local level, huge!), regulation, national security, local issues
occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1889-1891 and also from 1895-1899
Thomas Brackett Reed
democrat from Washington, speaker in House in '94
Tom Foley
True or False: Speaker is incredibly powerful, runs the house, controls what bills come to the floor
True
What are the qualities in a typical congress member/senator/house member?
White Male, highly educated, Christians/Protestant, Lawyer
Does the speaker vote in the House?
Yes, but they rarely cast a vote
Why is national census important when it comes to a district wanting to redistrict?
a district can redistrct any time that they want to but they usually want until the national census is taken
define any money designated by Congress for a specific purpose by a state or federal legislature. example: money set aside for defense, national security, education
appropriation
How did the Framers view Congress?
being the most powerful branch, legislative branch- link to the people
What does pork mean (in terms of incumbents+ Congress)?
bringing money back to district, money for researchers, Raise money early (reliable source, knows where to go) PACs, ,Media, Franking Priviledge:, legislative staff, Campaign staff
prohibits the number of amendments that are allow to
closed rule (House Rules Committee)
ne senator, will not allow any discussion, in order to end a fillibuster, senate has to take a vote, need 60 votes to end a filibuster, rule rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate
cloture
How did Newt sweep changes in 1994? How was he when speaker?
committee chairs can only hold their positions for six years, speaker is dominant force in selecting committee people, speaker sets the agenda (Contract with America)
What did redistricting/gerrymandering led to?
creation of safe seats, become more separate (Through the party, committee, leadership, move up in the ranks in the house due to affiliation and get a shot at speaker, etc)
What has been the major issue for Congress
decentralization within Congress, biggest fight has been power, either centralized or giving the individual members more power, by the 20th, they moved from centralized to decentralized Congress
What is racial gerrymandering?
deliberate and arbitrary distortion of district boundaries for racial purposes.
Who usually gets elected to Congress?
dominant white male
What is political gerrymandering
drawing political boundaries to give your party a numeric advantage over an opposing party
Why was the Anti-Mason the first to hold a nomination party convention?
every party that summer was holding a convention and they simply held their one first all the other parties also had conventions, this brings us the nomination convention
When is the national census taken?
every ten years
speaker forever on a topic, rules: cannot sit down, cannot leave and go to the bathroom rules today: do not have to stand
filibuster
benefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free
franking privilege
ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage
franking privledge
What does the whip do in Senate? (fifth position)
function of majority/minority whips is to gather votes on major issues
drawing of electoral district lines in a manner that discriminates against a political party. It is used to insure political party success but is usually legal. It is the redrawing of Congressional districts to favor one opponent, which results in a win even if the opponent recieves less votes than the other. manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. achieve (a result) by manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency, political/racial
gerrymandering
What is the job of the whips? (fourth position in House of Rep)
get the party in line, make sure the party votes party line
What does the minority leader do? (third position in House of Rep)
has to talk to the two upper levels
What was the Framer's intent?
having two houses, prevent concentration of power into a single institution, balance large and small states, expected Congress to be the dominant branch
What are qualities in a candidate?
highly educated, young/fresh face, open-minded
institution unique to the House of Representatives that review all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full house.
house rules committee
How does a bill become a law?
if passed by both the House and Senate, and is approved by the President, a bill becomes a law
Where is the best place to kill a bill?
in committee (All the committee chairman were from the South and killing all the civil rights movements and leads to more decentralization civil Rights-Southern committee chairs blocked legislation until 1965. Democratic members changed rules to limit chair's powers)
any attempt by individuals or private interest groups to influence the decisions of government; in its original meaning it referred to efforts to influence the votes of legislators, generally in the lobby outside the legislative chamber, in some form is inevitable in any political system act of attempting to influence business and government leaders to create legislation or conduct an activity that will help a particular organization
lobbying
someone hired by a business or a cause to persuade legislators to support that business or cause, get paid to win favor from politicians, person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest,
lobbyists
ractice of exchanging favors, especially in politics by reciprocal voting for each other's proposed legislation, trading of favors, or quid pro quo, such as vote trading by legislative members to obtain passage of actions of interest to each legislative member. In politics, advance agreement by legislators to vote for one another's bills, s most common when legislators are trying to secure votes for bills that will benefit their home districts., exchange of political amor
logrolling, (quid pro pro)
What are the two types of whips?
minority and majority
What was the caucus replaced by?
nomination party conventions
What is the job of the policy committee?
official commitee, has a staff and everything, whole point: help the Senators; Lost a considerable amount of importance,
put in as many amendments that you want
open rule (House Rules Committee)
The United States Congress has the authority to conduct hearings, investigations, and budget reviews of the actions by the executive branch.
oversight (CONGRESS)
During the Jacksonian Democracy, who picks the candidates for President? What disappears during the Jacksonian Democracy and what comes?
party caucus, caucus, party conventions
What does majority leader do?
party strategy, keeps party in line
not very powerful or importance as it once, both parties have one
policy committee
fers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes, government project or appropriation that yields jobs or other benefits to a specific local
pork
spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes, spending occurs when members of Congress spend government money on specific projects intended to benefit their home districts.
pork
benefits for districts of Congress, piece of legislation containing the benefits for districts of Congress
pork barrel
"something for something". used in financial circles to describe a mutual agreement between two parties in which each party provides a good or service in return for a good or service.
quid pro pro
1. Why is there a revolt against the speaker 2. What is the most powerful thing a speaker could do? 3. The speaker is stripped of power to appoint WHAT and WHAT? 4. Speaker was removed from ________ Committee (example of Decentralization) rise= centralization revolt=decentralization
realize that the speaker is too powerful, appoint people chairman, committee chair/members , Rules
Why do incumbents usually win? What do they have that the challenger doesn't have?
recognition (name), experienced campaigners, record
What does the (incumbent, recumbent?) usually run on for Congress?
runs on CHANGE, UNKNOWN, NOT PART OF CORRUPTION, ANTI-CONGRESS RUN, " OUTSIDER
if one party dominates in a district
safe seat
What are two kinds of seats when getting elected to Congress?
safe seat, swing seat/competitive seat (swing district)
Very powerful position, dictates floor control of the senate, sets uo agenda, commands the floor first, Majority that runs Senate
senate majority leader (third position)
Consults with majority leader, has a role
senate minority leader (fourth position)
vice president takes this role in Senate
senate president (first position)
What are eight parts of Senate?
senate president, senate president pro temproro, senate majority leader, senate minority leader, whips, policy committee, debate, senatorial courtesy
eight position in Senate, when the president confers or talks to a Senator/Senators from his own political party or in te state in which the nominee is coming from, contacts members of his own party, to get their advice/support for the nominee
senatorial courtesy
What are two events that cause the house to divide?
slavery, civil war
What four major political struggles were within Congress?
slavery, tariffs, territory, business regulation
During the issues of slavery/civil war, 1. What becomes limited? 2. After the Civil War who emerges in Congress to punish the South? 3. True or False: House is Powerful, 4. What do these issues lead to?
speaker, Radical Republicans, true, rise of powerful speakers
What are the six positions in the House of Reps?
speaker, majority leader, minority leader, whips, party caucus, house rules committee
When did the return of leadership begin to start and why were there efforts to restore the Speaker's power?
starts late 70s, because the individualistic system was not efficien
Why can gerrymandering cause problems?
states becoming divided and polarization in Congress. Demorats want a minority-majority population Judiciary thanks to National Census
Why did long term members of the house hate Newt?
stripped of power, more in a centralized time period
no party domination in a district
swing seat /swing state/ competitive seat
What does the national census do?
tracks statistics about the population of people in an area, household, ethnicity, religion, union, etc. all kinds of information-put into a major database, could be used to REDISTRCT: