AP Government Chapter 15, 16 Test Bank

C) raising a political question.

All of the following are examples of standing to sue EXCEPT A) having sustained a direct injury from another party. B) serious interest in the case. C) raising a political question. D) having sustained a direct injury from the government. E) being a member of a class

D) groups that are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants.

An amicus curiae brief may be submitted by A) lawyers representing each side of a case. B) a judge to a jury outlining the parameters a jury must follow in deciding a case. C) the chief justice. D) groups that are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants. E) the actual litigants in a case.

D) United States attorney

An important player at the district court level in each district is the ________, nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. He or she serves at the discretion of the president. A) Solicitor General B) county clerk C) federal marshal D) United States attorney E) federal magistrate

A) concurring opinion.

An opinion written to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment is called a(n) A) concurring opinion. B) dissenting opinion. C) amending opinion. D) majority opinion. E) minority opinion.

A) can be overturned by Congress by clarifying an existing law.

Cases that involve statutory construction A) can be overturned by Congress by clarifying an existing law. B) must be decided according to a strict construction of the Constitution. C) are usually precedent setting. D) involve policy issues. E) can only be changed through a Constitutional amendment.

D) prosecute violations of federal law.

Federal magistrates perform each of the following functions EXCEPT A) preside over some trials. B) issue warrants for arrest. C) hear motions subject to review. D) prosecute violations of federal law. E) none of the above

C) 12

For handling cases at the courts of appeal level, the United States is divided into ________ judicial circuits, including one for the District of Columbia. A) 55 B) 26 C) 12 D) 51 E) 91

C) Franklin Roosevelt

The proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court, known as the ʺcourt packing planʺ to critics, was made by President ________ who wanted to be able to appoint justices more sympathetic to his philosophy than the ʺnine old men.ʺ A) Dwight Eisenhower B) Harry Truman C) Franklin Roosevelt D) Richard Nixon E) John F. Kennedy

E) President Ulysses S. Grant took office in 1869.

The size of the Supreme Court has remained the same since A) the Judiciary Act of 1789. B) the Twelfth Amendment was ratified in 1804. C) President Roosevelt expanded it in 1937. D) the original Constitution specified the number of justices. E) President Ulysses S. Grant took office in 1869.

D) may probe a nomineeʹs judicial philosophy in great detail.

In its investigation of Supreme Court nominees, the Senate Judiciary Committee A) follows the custom of senatorial courtesy and confirms nominees approved by their home state senators. B) limits its investigation to the nomineeʹs judicial integrity and experience. C) is basically a rubber stamp for the presidentʹs nomination. D) may probe a nomineeʹs judicial philosophy in great detail. E) none of the above

B) four justices must agree to take the case.

In order for the Supreme Court to hear oral arguments or decide a case on the written record, A) a majority of the justices must agree to take the case. B) four justices must agree to take the case. C) the case must first be sent to it by the president. D) only the chief justice must agree to take the case. E) all justices must agree to take the case.

D) competence or ethics.

In order to convince moderate senators to join them, opponents of a nomination for the Supreme Court try to focus on a nomineeʹs A) mistrial rate. B) ideology. C) political activities. D) competence or ethics. E) age.

C) be able to question a nomineeʹs competence or ethics.

In order to defeat a judicial nomination, opponents in the Senate usually must A) get public support in opposition to the nomination. B) be in the majority and be in the opposite party as the president. C) be able to question a nomineeʹs competence or ethics. D) get the American Bar Association on their side. E) prove the nomineeʹs ideological extremism.

B) never reach trial, but are settled out of court.

Most criminal and civil cases A) are decided by jury trial in state courts. B) never reach trial, but are settled out of court. C) are appealed to a higher court. D) are decided by a judge in federal district court. E) eventually end up in the Supreme Court.

D) appeals from lower federal courts.

Most decisions handed down by the Supreme Court are cases involving A) original jurisdiction. B) appeals from state courts. C) federal felonies involving ʺexceptional circumstances.ʺ D) appeals from lower federal courts. E) appeals from state supreme courts.

C) ideology.

Under Ronald Reaganʹs administration, there was a strong tendency to appoint federal judges on the basis of A) ascriptive characteristics. B) experience in the law profession. C) ideology. D) partisan involvement. E) their contributions to Reaganʹs presidential campaign.

A) standing to sue

Not everyone can challenge a law. Litigants must have what is called ________, meaning that they must have a serious personal stake in the case, typically determined by whether or not they have sustained or are in danger of an injury. A) standing to sue B) a writ of mandamus C) stare decisis D) original jurisdiction E) legal prerogative

C) justiciable disputes.

One constraint on federal courts is that they may decide only A) statutory law. B) appellate cases. C) justiciable disputes. D) constitutional issues. E) interstate conflicts.

A) there is no charge that a law has been violated.

One of the differences between criminal law and civil law is that in civil law A) there is no charge that a law has been violated. B) there is no jury. C) the case cannot be appealed. D) the government cannot be one of the litigants. E) common law takes precedent over statutory law.

A) Warren Court.

One of the most active Supreme Courts in shaping public policy in areas of desegregation and the rights of the accused was the A) Warren Court. B) Rehnquist Court. C) Marshall Court. D) Burger Court. E) Nixon Court.

E) involvement in partisan politics.

One of the most important factors that brings potential federal judges to the attention of senators and the Department of Justice is their A) stand on issues. B) conviction rates. C) total honesty and integrity. D) ideological neutrality. E) involvement in partisan politics.

C) so that a president with compatible views will choose their successor.

Supreme Court justices often try to time their retirement A) to maximize their government retirement pension. B) in such a way as to maximize their historical impact. C) so that a president with compatible views will choose their successor. D) so they can resign in protest of a major majority decision that they disagree with. E) near election time so that the Supreme Court nomination becomes an election issue.

C) Warren Burger

Richard Nixon chose ________ as the new chief justice in 1969, hoping with this appointment to move the Supreme Court toward a more ʺstrict constructionʺ interpretation of the Constitution in its subsequent decisions. A) John Marshall B) Nelson Rockefeller C) Warren Burger D) Harry Blackmun E) Earl Warren

D) the custom of senatorial courtesy.

Senators have dominated the selection of judges for the federal district courts through A) their control of the budget. B) their power over court jurisdictions. C) the influence of the Senate Judiciary Committee. D) the custom of senatorial courtesy. E) all of the above

D) whether or not the litigants have a serious interest in a case.

Standing to sue is determined by A) the judiciary committee of Congress. B) whether or not the case involves a class action suit. C) the Solicitor Generalʹs office. D) whether or not the litigants have a serious interest in a case. E) a court-appointed jury.

D) decided on the basis of precedent.

Stare decisis means that cases are A) decided using an adversarial system of opposing sides through which the truth hopefully will emerge. B) decided on the grounds of constitutionality. C) often used by judges to in effect enact new law and public policy. D) decided on the basis of precedent. E) appealable only on procedural grounds not on evidence.

D) the Court is normally in line with popular majorities.

Studies of Supreme Court decisions found that A) the Court prefers to base its decisions on the Constitution rather than narrower and more contentious technical grounds. B) the Court is usually out of line with public opinion. C) there is no correlation between public opinion and Court decisions. D) the Court is normally in line with popular majorities. E) the Court renders fewer decisions in election years.

E) is ideologically conservative.

Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas A) has no identifiable ideology. B) is an ideological moderate. C) is an ideological moderate who advocates a jurisprudence of original intent. D) is ideologically liberal. E) is ideologically conservative.

A) has slowly chipped away at liberal decisions.

The Rehnquist Court A) has slowly chipped away at liberal decisions. B) has been deeply divided between liberals and conservatives, and personality conflicts have added to a court in turmoil. C) created a revolution in constitutional law. D) has been a disappointment to conservatives. E) has gone further to shape public policy than the Warren Court.

A) can

The Supreme Court ________ overrule is own precedents. A) can B) can, but has not tried to C) will routinely D) has tried but has failed to E) cannot

A) eight

The Supreme Court consists of the chief justice and ________ associate justices. A) eight B) ten C) six D) twelve E) nine

C) appeals from state courts.

The jurisdiction of the district courts extends to each of the following EXCEPT A) federal crimes. B) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings. C) appeals from state courts. D) admiralty and maritime law cases. E) federal civil suits.

B) political questions.

The justification used by federal courts primarily to avoid deciding cases regarding conflicts between the president and Congress is known as the doctrine of A) judicial activism. B) political questions. C) independent grounds. D) stare decisis. E) judicial restraint.

E) writ of certiorari

The most common way for the Supreme Court to put a case on its docket is by issuing a(n) ________, a formal document that calls up a case which deals with a Constitutional question or in which state laws are claimed to violate federal law. A) writ of mandamus B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae brief D) per curiam decision E) writ of certiorari

A) ideology and partisanship.

The most important factors influencing the presidentʹs selection of judges and justices appears to be A) ideology and partisanship. B) race and gender. C) judicial and elective experience. D) geography and religion. E) their law school rank.

C) Warren Court.

The most liberal court of the modern era has been the A) Rehnquist Court. B) Marshall Court. C) Warren Court. D) Taft Court. E) Burger Court.

D) district courts.

The only federal courts in which trials are held, and in which juries may be impaneled, are the A) superior courts. B) legislative courts. C) courts of claims. D) district courts. E) courts of appeal.

A) Franklin Roosevelt.

The president who tried to pack the Supreme Court by increasing its size in order to effect a sympathetic majority was A) Franklin Roosevelt. B) Harry Truman. C) Richard Nixon. D) Dwight Eisenhower. E) Thomas Jefferson.

D) Marbury v. Madison.

The principle of judicial review was first established expressly in writing in the Supreme Court decision of A) United States v. Nixon. B) McCulloch v. Maryland. C) Marshall v. United States Congress. D) Marbury v. Madison. E) Marshall v. Jefferson.

C) The Court ruled that Madison was in the right to withhold Marburyʹs commission.

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison is FALSE? A) The Court established its power to hold acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution. B) The Court ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. C) The Court ruled that Madison was in the right to withhold Marburyʹs commission. D) The Court ruled that it had no power to require that Marburyʹs commission be delivered. E) none of the above

Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent executive agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) executive commercial agencies. E) independent regulatory agencies.

a

C) require the Supreme Court to review a government case on appeal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the United States Solicitor Generalʹs office? A) decide whether or not to appeal cases the government has lost in the lower courts B) review and modify the briefs presented in government appeals C) require the Supreme Court to review a government case on appeal D) represent the government before the Supreme Court E) none of the above

A) institutionalized population

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements involved in the implementation of judicial decisions according to the categories noted by Charles Johnson and Bradley Canon? A) institutionalized population B) interpreting population C) consumer population D) implementing population E) defining population

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through A) rewriting laws and budgets and holding hearings. B) deregulation. C) the use of executive orders and appointments. D) the creation of ʺiron triangles.ʺ E) all of the above

a

Each of the following is a criticism of regulation EXCEPT that it A) lowers prices. B) does not work. C) distorts market forces. D) is too complex. E) gives bureaucrats too much power.

a

Issue networks are A) a growing participatory force in bureaucratic decision making whose membersʹ interest in issues is intellectual or emotional rather than material. B) the same as ʺiron triangles.ʺ C) the relatively new television stations that specialize in political coverage. D) subject to standard operating procedures. E) two or more agencies that share regulatory power when a policy or regulation affects more than one regulatory body.

a

Most regulatory agencies adopt specific ________ to carry out a policy, based on what they believe was the intended purpose of the specific policy at hand. A) guidelines B) iron triangles C) incentive systems D) mandates E) merit principles

a

One proposed solution to the ʺproblemʺ of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been A) deregulation. B) deproliferation. C) budget cuts. D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

a

Patronage is a hiring and promotion system based on A) knowing the right people. B) civil service exams. C) talent and skill. D) the Pendelton Act. E) the merit principle.

a

Until the late-nineteenth century, most government employees got their jobs through A) the patronage system. B) the merit principle. C) hereditary preferences. D) civil service testing. E) a lottery system.

a

C) Their decisions are final and cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court.

Which of the following is NOT true about the United States courts of appeal? A) They hold no actual trials, hear no testimony, and do not impanel juries. B) Their focus is on correcting errors of procedure and law that occurred in the original proceedings of the case. C) Their decisions are final and cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court. D) Their decisions set precedent for all the courts and agencies within their jurisdiction. E) none of the above

D) the majority of all criminal cases in the United States

Which of the following is NOT under the jurisdiction of the district courts? A) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings B) supervision of the naturalization of aliens C) admiralty and maritime law cases D) the majority of all criminal cases in the United States E) civil suits under federal law

D) Only seven Supreme Court justices have ever been removed from office.

Which of the following statements about federal judges is FALSE? A) All federal judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority of the Senate. B) Federal judges may be removed from office only by conviction of impeachment. C) Members of the federal judiciary can not have their salaries reduced. D) Only seven Supreme Court justices have ever been removed from office. E) none of the above

D) Candidates for judicial nomination rarely campaign for the positions themselves.

Which of the following statements about judicial selection in the lower courts is FALSE? A) The president usually has more influence in the selection of judges to the federal courts of appeal than to federal district courts. B) Sitting judges may be asked to evaluate prospective judicial nominees. C) The Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation conduct competency and background checks on prospective judicial nominees. D) Candidates for judicial nomination rarely campaign for the positions themselves. E) none of the above

C) To invoke senatorial courtesy, the relevant senator must provide documented evidence why the nominee is not fit for office.

Which of the following statements about senatorial courtesy is FALSE? A) When there is a vacancy for a federal judgeship, the relevant senator will suggest one or more names to the Attorney General and the president. B) Presidents usually check carefully with the relevant senator ahead of time so that they will avoid making a nomination that will fail to be confirmed. C) To invoke senatorial courtesy, the relevant senator must provide documented evidence why the nominee is not fit for office. D) Federal judicial nominations are not confirmed when opposed by a senator of the presidentʹs party from the state in which the nominee is to serve. E) none of the above

Deregulation has resulted, at least in part, in each of the following EXCEPT A) environmental damage. B) the proliferation of government agencies. C) competitive airline fares. D) an expensive bailout of the savings and loan industry. E) less government oversight in some key areas.

b

Government corporations A) operate an airline, manufacture steel, and provide health insurance. B) provide services and charge for them. C) tend to be captured by interest groups. D) are independent regulatory agencies. E) sell stock and pay dividends.

b

In addition to a hierarchical authority structure, Max Weber argued that a bureaucracy involves all of the following EXCEPT A) extensive rules. B) an incentive system. C) task specialization. D) the merit principle. E) hierarchical authority structure.

b

Independent regulatory agencies have A) complete independence from the president, but their policymakers are appointed by Congress. B) powerful rule-making, dispute-settling, and enforcement authority. C) no real enforcement power any more, and remain today as part of the federal government only in a ceremonial role. D) no formal ties to either the president or the Congress. E) governing commissions composed of long-time federal Civil Service employees.

b

Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for A) its ratification. B) its implementation. C) its deregulation. D) funding it. E) judging its merits.

b

Standard operating procedures A) usually prove to be unjust and discriminatory when followed to the letter. B) save time and bring uniformity to complex organizations. C) were waived by the Reagan Administration in an effort to make the bureaucracy more flexible and customize the solutions to problems. D) give authority to administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. E) are frustrating and inappropriate in addressing most situations.

b

The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of A) dependent presidential boards. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) government corporations. D) Cabinet departments. E) independent executive agencies.

b

The Pendleton Act established the A) patronage system. B) federal civil service. C) Office of Management and Budget. D) plum book. E) Interstate Commerce Commission.

b

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 A) was very difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of responsibility for implementing it. B) was successfully implemented thanks to its clear goal, its clear methods to achieve the goal, and its lack of bureaucratic fragmentation. C) failed to achieve its policy goals because of the outright hostility of street-level bureaucrats. D) was impossible to implement because of a lack of clarity in the legislation. E) All but D are true.

b

The parts of the federal bureaucracy with responsibility for different sectors of the economy, and making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest, are the A) independent executive agencies. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) commercial ministries. D) government corporations. E) Cabinet departments.

b

The plum book lists A) all federal contracts available for bid. B) top federal jobs available by Presidential appointment. C) all civil service jobs above GS-12. D) job openings in the prestigious Office of Personnel Management. E) appeals filed with the Merit Systems Protection Board.

b

The rationale for all civil service systems is based on A) patronage. B) the merit principle. C) the Hatch Act. D) the plum book. E) voluntary service.

b

The rationale for the civil service rests on the A) goal of centralizing government employment at the federal level. B) desire to create a nonpartisan government service and promotion on the basis of merit. C) General Schedule rating system for patronage appointees. D) the need to separate military institutions from civilian institutions to prevent undue military influence. E) need for job replacements when a new party comes to power.

b

The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as A) socialism. B) regulation. C) oversight. D) executive review. E) public administration.

b

To limit bureaucratic discretion and make its instructions clearer, Congress can A) deregulate. B) write new and more detailed legislation. C) hold congressional hearings. D) reregulate. E) threaten to cut an agencyʹs budget.

b

Vigorous disputes over the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in regard to funding for womenʹs athletic programs arose primarily due to A) faulty program design. B) lack of clarity in the original policy decision. C) adherence to administrative routine. D) fragmentation of responsibilities. E) all of the above

b

Which of the following is NOT a method a president can use to control the bureaucracy? A) issue executive orders or more informal requests B) rewrite statutes to make instructions clearer as to how policies are intended C) appoint people to head an agency who share the presidentʹs goals and strategies D) tinker with an agencyʹs recommended budget E) request a congressional oversight hearing

b

Which of the following is NOT a reason that policy implementation sometimes breaks down in the federal bureaucracy? A) fragmentation of responsibilities B) lack of standard operating procedures C) lack of clarity in the original policy decision D) faulty program design E) lack of resources

b

Which of the following is NOT an area in which an ʺiron triangleʺ has controlled federal policy over the past several decades? A) nuclear power policy B) environmental policy C) pesticide policy D) smoking & tobacco policy E) none of the above

b

A major problem for presidents and Congress in controlling bureaucracies is the existence of A) the plum book. B) Supreme Court rulings curbing the scope of their oversight. C) ʺiron triangles.ʺ D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

c

All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT A) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress B) some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations C) presidential oversight and control of enforcement D) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself E) All of these are elements of the regulatory process.

c

An independent regulatory agency is governed by A) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president and subject to presidential firing. B) members of the Senior Executive Service of the federal civil service. C) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president for fixed terms. D) a single executive appointed by and removable by the president. E) a single executive appointed by the Senate committee responsible for the agencyʹs oversight.

c

The Hatch Act, passed in 1940, A) established the patronage system for federal employment. B) prohibited the president from firing the heads of independent executive agencies. C) prohibits federal civil service employees from active participation in partisan politics. D) required the publication of the plum book. E) established the federal civil service.

c

The ________ employs about one-fourth of all federal civilian workers, more than any other department or agency. A) Department of Education B) Department of Health and Human Services C) Department of Defense D) Department of Justice E) Department of Labor

c

Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the A) Twenty-fifth Amendment. B) Pendleton Act. C) Supreme Court ruling in Democratic National Committee v. Hayes. D) Hatch Act. E) merit system.

d

Section 844 of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. B) specifically prohibits sex discrimination in college sports. C) was supported by most colleges and universities. D) was vaguely written, eventually resulting in scores of court cases. E) was interpreted by Congress to exclude college football.

d

Standard operating procedures accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A) bring uniformity to complex organizations. B) save time. C) make personnel interchangeable. D) reduce red tape. E) treat citizens equally, regardless of class or race.

d

Subgovernments promote A) centralization of authority. B) strong executive branch control of policymaking. C) the control of the bureaucracy by Congress. D) decentralized and fragmented policymaking. E) presidential control of bureaucratic discretion.

d

The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877) A) declared that regulation was not within the realm of state powers. B) first established the right to own property as one of the rights of the Bill of Rights. C) set the precedent for deregulation. D) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the constitutionality of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

d

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) its goal was clear. B) its implementation was straightforward. C) the authority of the implementors was plain. D) it was universally supported. E) none of the above

d

The Weberian model depicts a bureaucracy as A) fundamentally dangerous to a democratic society. B) inefficient, primarily concerned with maximizing its budget, and largely responsible for the growth of modern government. C) wasteful, bloated, over-staffed, over-paid and arrogant. D) a well-organized machine with plenty of working but hierarchical parts. E) ambling and groping, affected by chance, and largely operating by a loosely run style of trial and error.

d

The Weberian model views bureaucracies as A) promoting good monopolies. B) loosely organized and loosely run. C) largely self-serving. D) efficient and necessary. E) hindering democracy.

d

The Weberian theory of bureaucracies views them in the most positive light as A) acquisitive. B) inefficient. C) monopolistic. D) hierarchical. E) democratic.

d

There are roughly ________ civilian and military federal government employees A) 800,000 B) 3,000,000 C) 2,100,000 D) 4,000,000 E) 500,000

d

Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT A) some means of enforcing compliance. B) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress. C) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself. D) an incentive system to maximize performance by those regulated. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following is NOT true about ʺiron trianglesʺ? A) They present tremendous difficulties for Congress and the president when they attempt to control the bureaucracy. B) They add a strong decentralizing and fragmenting element to the governmentʹs policymaking process. C) They are also known as subgovernments. D) They are indestructible. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about Congress and the bureaucracy is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies can help Congress find answers to policy problems. B) Bureaucracies help provide services to constituents. C) Members of Congress often find a big bureaucracy congenial. D) Congress has found it easy to control the bureaucracy. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies are simply a way of organizing people to perform work. B) The vast majority of tasks carried out by governments are noncontroversial. C) Bureaucracies receive very little credit when they function well. D) Government bureaucracies have been shown to be less efficient and effective than private bureaucracies. E) Bureaucracies are prevalent in all levels of government.

d

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucratic power extends to every corner of American economic and social life. B) Bureaucracies are scarcely hinted at in the Constitution. C) Nothing better illustrates the complexity of modern government than its massive bureaucracies. D) Each bureaucratic agency is created by the president. E) How to manage and control bureaucracies is a central problem of democratic government.

d

Which of the following statements about independent regulatory commissions is FALSE? A) Regulatory commission members cannot be fired by the president. B) Regulatory commissions consist of five to ten members. C) Regulatory commission members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. D) Regulatory commission members may not be drawn from the ranks of present or former employees of the regulated industry. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE? A) The Office of Personnel Management has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, and firing of civil servants. B) The top of the civil service is composed of about 9,000 members of the Senior Executive Service. C) Once hired, civil servants are assigned a General Schedule ranging from GS-1 to GS-18. D) Due to the merit system, it is easy to fire incompetent civil servants. E) none of the above

d

A major complaint of the Food and Drug Administration is A) its lack of clarity. B) the fragmentation of responsibilities. C) that there is no administrative discretion. D) that too much food is contaminated by dirt and rodents. E) the shortage of personnel.

e

A(n) ________ consists of an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. A) issue network B) independent executive agency C) triumvirate D) administrative discretion triad E) ʺiron triangleʺ

e

Administrative discretion is greatest when A) rules and regulations are not written down. B) when standard operating procedures are used. C) an agency has elaborate rules and regulations. D) a particular agency is the subject of media coverage. E) rules do not fit a case.

e

Executive orders are issued by A) independent regulatory agencies. B) any federal agency or department. C) Congress. D) members of the Senior Executive Service. E) the president.

e

In 1887, Congress established the first regulatory agency, the ________, and charged it with regulating the railroads, their prices, and their services to farmers. A) Department of Transportation B) Railroad Commission C) American Railway Union D) Federal Trade Commission E) Interstate Commerce Commission

e

In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court A) ruled that states could not impose corporate income taxes. B) ruled that the Civil Service System was constitutional. C) outlawed the patronage system. D) held that government had no right to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.

e

The Federal Aviation Administrationʹs protocol for for hijackings assumed that A) the pilot would be able to radio air traffic controllers and alert them to the problem. B) the FAA would be able to pinpoint the aircraft involved. C) there would be enough time for the government to formulate a response. D) the hijackers would be motivated in part by a desire to stay alive. E) All of the above

e

The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) presidential administrative agencies. E) independent executive agencies.

e

The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called A) policy implementation. B) selective management. C) the merit principle. D) the definition of alternatives. E) administrative discretion.

e

The federal civil service was created by A) Article IV of the Constitution. B) an executive order of President Arthur. C) the Office of Management and Budget. D) the merit principle. E) the Pendleton Act.

e

The largest federal agency based on dollars spent is the A) Department of Defense. B) Department of Justice. C) State Department. D) Department of Health and Human Services. E) Social Security Administration.

e

The main job of federal bureaucrats is to A) advise the president and Cabinet on internal affairs. B) countervail the power of private corporations, especially monopolies. C) compete with the private sector for monopoly power. D) protect the interests of their constituencies. E) implement and regulate government policies.

e

The real work of a Cabinet department is done A) by the entire Cabinet. B) by the presidentʹs staff. C) by the undersecretaries. D) by the secretary. E) in the bureaus.

e

When bureaucrats are asked to execute orders with which they do not agree, A) they usually ignore the orders. B) they are likely to lose their jobs if they do not follow through with the orders. C) they can file a Conflict Of Interest Form and will be exempted from that duty by their boss. D) implementation follows standard operating procedures. E) slippage is likely to occur between policy decisions and performance.

e

Which Cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nationʹs national resources? A) Homeland Security B) Environmental Protection Agency C) Defense D) State E) Interior

e

Which of the following would be included in a plum book? A) doctors at a Veteranʹs Administration hospital B) postal carriers C) the phone numbers of a Congress memberʹs sex partners D) Senate committee chairs E) Cabinet secretaries

e

ʺIron trianglesʺ face challenges from a growing number of A) street-level bureaucrats. B) subgovernments. C) plastics and softer metals. D) administrative discretions. E) issue networks.

e

D) per curiam decision

A ________ is a Supreme Court ruling without explanation which resolves an immediate case but has no value as precedent because the Court does not offer reasoning that would guide lower courts in future decisions. A) stare decisis B) writ of certiorari C) concurring opinion D) per curiam decision E) writ of mandamus

C) staffed by judges who lack the protections against removal or salary reductions while in office.

A legislative court is A) a state-level court. B) the initial level of federal courts for most disputes. C) staffed by judges who lack the protections against removal or salary reductions while in office. D) staffed by judges who serve for life. E) one that specializes in the review of legislation for its constitutionality.

A) decision without explanation.

A per curiam decision is a A) decision without explanation. B) decision by the court not to hear a case. C) written opinion of a case. D) decision that can be used as a precedent. E) court decision of narrow scope that can be issued by a single judge in limited circumstances.

C) is used by the Supreme Court to call up a case.

A writ of certiorari A) means that judges have decided a case on the basis of precedent. B) frees a detained person whom a court has found is being held in violation of due process. C) is used by the Supreme Court to call up a case. D) is the official record of a courtʹs decision, stating the facts of the case and the rationale for the decision. E) is used to move a case from a court of original jurisdiction to a federal district court.

C) statement of the legal reasoning behind a decision.

A written opinion in a Supreme Court case is a A) legal argument submitted by an attorney in a case seeking to sway a justiceʹs decision. B) way of establishing the Courtʹs agenda. C) statement of the legal reasoning behind a decision. D) formality handled by the chief justiceʹs law clerks. E) form of press release written by the chief justice.

D) the district courts.

About 75 percent of the more than 63,000 cases heard in the United States courts of appeal come from A) challenges to orders of many federal regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission. B) the Supreme Court. C) the Superior Courts. D) the district courts. E) the legislative courts.

C) state and local court systems.

About 98 percent of all criminal cases in the United States are heard in A) federal district courts. B) appellate courts. C) state and local court systems. D) the Supreme Court. E) legislative courts.

D) 20 percent

About ________ of nominees to the Supreme Court fail to be confirmed. A) 38 percent B) 5 percent C) 50 percent D) 20 percent E) 10 percent

A) judicial activism

Advocates of ________ emphasize that the courts may alleviate pressing needs, especially of those who are weak politically or economically, left unmet by the majoritarian political process. A) judicial activism B) the jurisprudence of original intent C) judicial restraint D) judicial implementation E) judicial review

C) precedent

All courts rely heavily upon ________-the way similar cases were handled in the pastas a guide to current decisions. A) writs of certiorari B) writs of mandamus C) precedent D) original intent E) amicus curiae

A) the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Appeals regarding patents would be heard by A) the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. B) the Court of Claims. C) the Solicitor General. D) a Federal District Court. E) the United States Supreme Court.

E) political questions.

As a means to avoid deciding some cases, the federal courts have developed a doctrine of A) judicial precedent. B) strict constructionism. C) statutory construction. D) judicial activism. E) political questions.

C) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

Class action suits A) are those which have to do with constitutional issues, thus broadening the standing to sue. B) are filed by students seeking to force a school district to offer additional sections of perpetually over-enrolled courses. C) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. D) may only be filed if all of those with a standing to sue agree to participate. E) are routinely filed by teachersʹ groups to prepare the way for legal strikes.

A) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

Class action suits A) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. B) are cases in which the government sues on behalf of groups of people unable to go to court for a variety of reasons. C) are civil suits brought to the courts by interest groups. D) are civil or criminal cases involving discrimination on the basis of income. E) involve groups of people suing each other rather than individuals.

C) justiciable

Courts may only decide ________ disputes. A) civil B) constitutional C) justiciable D) criminal E) class action

B) trial courts.

Courts of original jurisdiction are A) usually federal courts. B) trial courts. C) highly specialized in the types of cases they hear. D) usually appellate courts. E) the courts that were established by the original Constitution rather than by Congress.

E) appellate jurisdiction

Courts with ________ hear cases brought to them on appeal from a lower court. A) stare decisis B) original jurisdiction C) judicial review D) justiciable disputes E) appellate jurisdiction

B) review the legal issues involved in a case.

Courts with appellate jurisdiction A) determine the facts about a case. B) review the legal issues involved in a case. C) hear only criminal cases. D) have no original jurisdiction. E) hear only civil cases

C) not representative of the people or majority public opinion.

Democratic theorists criticize the courts on the grounds that they are A) used indiscriminately, leading to legal stagnation. B) not representative of the victimized upper and upper-middle classes. C) not representative of the people or majority public opinion. D) and always have been used to persecute vulnerable minorities. E) easily swayed by interest-group pressure.

B) viewed federal intervention in the economy as unconstitutional, and declared several laws invalid.

During the early New Deal era, the Supreme Court was dominated by conservatives who A) came to be known as the Bad Deal Five for thwarting New Deal legislation and were impeached and removed as a group by Congress. B) viewed federal intervention in the economy as unconstitutional, and declared several laws invalid. C) strongly supported federal intervention in the economy, and voted to uphold all New Deal acts. D) overturned the precedent of Marbury v. Madison and ruled that the Supreme Court has no power of judicial review. E) were impeached one by one by Congress.

E) 3

Each court of appeals normally hears cases in panels consisting of ________ judges. A) 9 B) 6 C) 12 D) 7 E) 3

A) fewer than 200

How many times has the Supreme Court ruled a federal law unconstitutional? A) fewer than 200 B) more than 500 C) once D) never E) about 1,000

C) four

If ________ Supreme Court justices agree to grant review of a case, it can be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the basis of the written record already on file with the Court. A) six B) two C) four D) nine E) a majority of

B) fewer than 100

In a typical year, the Supreme Court issues ________ formal written opinions that could serve as precedent, and thus as the basis of guidance for lower courts. A) more than 1,000 B) fewer than 100 C) between 150 and 500 D) more than 500, but less than 1,000 E) fewer than ten

C) President Nixon had to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts.

In the case of United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that A) President Nixon did not have to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. B) John Kennedy had lawfully won the presidential election of 1960, and Richard Nixonʹs challenge was unfounded. C) President Nixon had to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. D) President Nixon be removed from office and that Vice President Gerald Ford take over the presidency. E) President Nixon was guilty of conspiracy to obstruct justice by impeding the investigation of the Watergate burglary.

A) refused to enforce speedy compliance with the ruling, thus severely weakening implementation over the next decade.

In the immediate aftermath of the Supreme Courtʹs famous Brown v. Board of Education decision, the president and Congress A) refused to enforce speedy compliance with the ruling, thus severely weakening implementation over the next decade. B) celebrated the fact that the Supreme Court had now joined them in supporting swift compliance with a new federal law. C) overruled the Supreme Court in a rare instance of judicial review. D) worked quickly to implement the decision nationwide. E) proposed a Constitutional amendment to overturn the Courtʹs decision, although the amendment was never ratified by the states.

D) civil actions from lower federal courts.

Most cases heard by the Supreme Court come from A) matters over which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. B) state criminal courts. C) the United States Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit. D) civil actions from lower federal courts. E) civil actions from state courts.

E) implementation

Judicial ________ refers to how and whether court decisions are translated into real policy, affecting the behavior of others. A) restraint B) intent C) action D) review E) implementation

D) the right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional.

Judicial review means A) the right of the Congress to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. B) the power to remove Supreme Court justices from the bench if deemed unfit to retain office. C) the right of the president to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. D) the right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional. E) the Solicitor Generalʹs oversight of the courts to make sure that rulings are uniform nationwide and that procedural due process is being followed by all courts.

B) the plaintiff and the defendant.

Litigants are A) the attorneys. B) the plaintiff and the defendant. C) the plaintiff and the plaintiffʹs attorney. D) the defendant and the defendantʹs attorney. E) plaintiffs.

B) the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Lower federal courts of general jurisdiction were established by A) President George Washington. B) the Judiciary Act of 1789. C) the Eleventh Amendment. D) the Constitution. E) the Supreme Court.

D) judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of A) Constitutional penumbra. B) national supremacy. C) original intent. D) judicial review. E) stare decisis.

B) governmental support for religion.

Merely being a taxpayer and being opposed to a law does not provide the standing necessary to challenge that law in court except in cases pertaining to A) taxation. B) governmental support for religion. C) environmental protection. D) civil liberties. E) racial or sexual discrimination.

D) how presidents can become disappointed with their selections.

President Eisenhowerʹs selection of Earl Warren and William Brennan to the Supreme Court is an example of A) the Senate majorityʹs tendency to reject nominees of the opposing political party. B) how religion and region were once important selection criteria. C) how a president can mold the Court to his ideology. D) how presidents can become disappointed with their selections. E) the importance of partisanship in the selection of justices.

A) liberalized the Court.

President Franklin Rooseveltʹs appointees to the Supreme Court A) liberalized the Court. B) routinely ruled his New Deal legislation unconstitutional. C) made the Court more conservative. D) proved to have no effect upon the decisions of the Court. E) proved to be great disappointments to him on issue after issue.

A) was rejected by the Senate.

President Reaganʹs nomination of Robert Bork as an associate justice on the Supreme Court A) was rejected by the Senate. B) was rejected by both the House and the Senate. C) was withdrawn after it came to light that Bork had smoked marijuana while a law professor at Harvard. D) was confirmed by the closest margin in the twentieth century. E) based on Borkʹs extensive legal experience.

A) Jimmy Carter

President ________ appointed more women, African Americans, and Hispanics to the federal district and circuit courts than all previous presidents combined. A) Jimmy Carter B) Lyndon Johnson C) Ronald Reagan D) Gerald Ford E) George Bush

D) 25

Presidents are disappointed with their judicial nominations to the Court about ________ percent of the time. A) 33 B) 15 C) 10 D) 25 E) 50

D) politically hot and divisive cases.

Principal reasons for the Courtʹs choosing to hear a case would include each of the following EXCEPT A) conflict between different lower courts on the interpretation of federal law. B) cases that involve major issues, like civil liberties. C) disagreement between a majority of the Supreme Court and lower court decisions. D) politically hot and divisive cases. E) the justicesʹ law clerks recommend doing so.

C) but left it to the discretion of Congress to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction.

The Constitution specifically provided that there would be a Supreme Court, A) and established a system of lower federal courts throughout the nation. B) but left it up to the individual states to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. C) but left it to the discretion of Congress to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. D) but left it up to the Supreme Court itself to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. E) and granted the President the power to establish any lower federal courts he deemed necessary.

C) legislative court.

The Court of Claims is a A) district court. B) state court. C) legislative court. D) Constitutional court. E) presidential court.

E) consists of judges who hear appeals in specialized cases such as those regarding patents, copyrights, etc.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit A) decides which cases will and will not be heard by the Supreme Court. B) screens all cases going to the Supreme Court, from which the Supreme Court decides which cases to take. C) consists of the Supreme Court itself. D) is responsible for determining the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. E) consists of judges who hear appeals in specialized cases such as those regarding patents, copyrights, etc.

A) appellate jurisdiction from both state and federal courts.

The United States Supreme Courtʹs jurisdiction includes A) appellate jurisdiction from both state and federal courts. B) original jurisdiction only in cases involving foreign diplomats. C) only appellate jurisdiction. D) original jurisdiction in cases involving citizens from one state only if it involves a federal question. E) all of the above

D) United States attorney.

The United States government is represented in civil cases in district courts by a A) district judge. B) United States marshal. C) federal magistrate. D) United States attorney. E) none of the above

B) Solicitor General

The ________ is a presidential appointee who is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government, works out of the Department of Justice, and can have an important influence on the Supreme Court. A) Adjutant General B) Solicitor General C) United States attorney D) Attorney General E) chief justice

A) how other courts and other institutions of government can be roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation.

The case of a black man named Virgil Hawkins who tried to get admitted to the University of Florida Law School illustrates A) how other courts and other institutions of government can be roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation. B) how controversial issues shape the Supreme Court agenda. C) the ability of the Supreme Court to resolve issues once and for all. D) the ways Supreme Court judges enforce their decisions. E) how the Supreme Court can remove all roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation.

A) judges and justices should determine the intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding a particular matter and decide cases in line with that intent.

The concept of original intent holds that A) judges and justices should determine the intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding a particular matter and decide cases in line with that intent. B) the founders intended judges to use discretion. C) it is necessary to adapt the principles in the Constitution to the demands of each era. D) the founders embraced general principles that are open to interpretation. E) the founders intended judges to interpret the Constitution but make new law when necessary.

B) senatorial courtesy.

The customary manner in which the Senate disposes of federal judicial nominations in one state is through A) the seniority system. B) senatorial courtesy. C) majority vote, usually along party lines. D) judicial review. E) stateʹs review.

B) Solicitor General.

The decision to appeal cases the federal government has lost in the lower courts is made by the A) majority of the Supreme Court. B) Solicitor General. C) president. D) chief justice. E) district judge.

B) district

The entry point for most litigation in the federal courts is in one of the ________ courts. A) appellate B) district C) Superior D) legislative E) municipal

A) Sandra Day OʹConnor.

The first woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court was A) Sandra Day OʹConnor. B) Frances Perkins. C) Hillary Clinton. D) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. E) Ruth Bader Ginsberg.

C) reviewing the evidence in cases involving crimes committed by public officials.

The functions of the Supreme Court include each of the following EXCEPT A) maintaining national supremacy in the law. B) resolving conflicts among the states. C) reviewing the evidence in cases involving crimes committed by public officials. D) ensuring uniformity in the interpretation of national laws. E) rule on cases accepted from lower courts.

A) state courts of original jurisdiction.

The great majority of Americaʹs judicial business is transacted in A) state courts of original jurisdiction. B) Tax Court. C) Supreme Courts. D) the United States courts of appeal. E) federal courts of original jurisdiction.

A) begin and end in state courts.

The vast majority of all civil and criminal cases A) begin and end in state courts. B) involve federal law, but are tried in state courts. C) begin and end in federal courts. D) begin in state courts and are appealed to federal courts. E) involve state laws that are tried in federal courts.

B) stare decisis

The vast majority of cases reaching the federal courts are settled on the principle of ________, meaning that an earlier ruling should hold for the case being considered. A) historical authority B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) certiorari

B) restraint.

The view that judges should play a minimal role in policymaking is called judicial A) jurisprudence. B) restraint. C) precedent. D) objectivity. E) neutrality.

D) 91

There are ________ federal district courts. A) 53 B) 12 C) 9 D) 91 E) 50

C) amicus curiae

Those who are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants, sometimes submit ________ briefs, raising points of view and presenting information that they hope will influence the Supreme Courtʹs decision. A) certiorari B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) concurring

C) the powers and legitimacy of the federal government.

Until the Civil War, the dominant questions before the Supreme Court regarded A) questions of the relationship between the federal government and the economy. B) presidential powers. C) the powers and legitimacy of the federal government. D) issues of social and political equality and the expansion of the right to vote. E) the interpretation of First Amendment rights.

D) their own party.

Usually more than 90 percent of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of A) the Department of Justice. B) law school faculties. C) state legislatures. D) their own party. E) Congress.

D) usually more than 90 percent

What percentage of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of their own parties? A) almost 80 percent B) slightly more than half C) except for rare occasions, 100 percent D) usually more than 90 percent E) about 75 percent

C) the Constitution.

When given a choice, the courts are least likely to decide a case on the basis of A) standing. B) precedent. C) the Constitution. D) mootness. E) jurisdiction.

Administrative personnel who exercise discretion, pay attention to routine, and deal directly with clients, A) are called street-level bureaucrats. B) are limited to high-level positions in the administration. C) implement federal policies. D) are part of the Senior Executive Service. E) are usually dismissed for not following standard operating procedures.

a

B) Interest groups find it difficult to find judges who will rule in their favor.

Which of the following statements about the courts and pluralism is FALSE? A) Almost every major policy decision these days ends up in court. B) Interest groups find it difficult to find judges who will rule in their favor. C) When groups go to court, they use litigation to achieve their policy objectives. D) The habit of always turning to the courts as a last resort can add to policy delay, deadlock, and inconsistency. E) Even though the courts are the least democratic institution, groups can still us them to achieve their goals.

B) Most of American judicial policy is made in the Supreme Court.

Which of the following statements about the courts is FALSE? A) Supreme Court decisions may directly shape peopleʹs lives. B) Most of American judicial policy is made in the Supreme Court. C) The great bulk of American legal business is transacted in the less-noticed courts. D) The Supreme Court decides a handful of key issues each year. E) The judicial system in the U.S. is, at least in principle, an adversarial one.

B) Senators play a greater role in the recruitment of Supreme Court justices than in the selection of lower court judges.

Which of the following statements about the selection of Supreme Court justices is FALSE? A) The president usually relies on the Attorney General and the Department of Justice to identify and screen candidates for the Court. B) Senators play a greater role in the recruitment of Supreme Court justices than in the selection of lower court judges. C) The president usually operates under fewer constraints in nominating members to the Supreme Court than to the lower courts. D) Candidates for nomination to the Supreme Court usually keep a low profile. E) none of the above

B) They hear appeals from municipal, county, and state courts.

Which one of the following is NOT true about the federal district courts? A) Each district has between 2 and 27 judges, with one judge usually presiding alone over most cases. B) They hear appeals from municipal, county, and state courts. C) They are the only federal courts in which trials are held, and juries may be impaneled. D) They are the entry points for most litigation in the federal court system. E) All federal district court judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.

D) John Roberts

Who currently serves on the Supreme Court as the chief justice? A) William Rehnquist B) Samuel Alito C) Harriet Miers D) John Roberts E) Dennis Kucinich

C) Concurring

________ opinions are those offered by one or more Supreme Court justices not only to support a majority decision, but also to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment. A) Amicus curiae B) Dissenting C) Concurring D) Adjunct E) Differential

Proposals to reorganize the government in order to solve the problem of bureaucratic fragmentation A) are often opposed by agencies not wanting to be submerged within a broader bureaucratic unit. B) tend to be supported by Republican presidents, who advocate governmental centralization. C) are opposed by congressional committees, fearing they will be given greater responsibility to oversee larger and more diverse agencies. D) are supported by interest groups, who feel they could better control the regulatory programs of a reorganized bureaucracy. E) are supported and opposed for all of these reasons.

a

Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they A) do not directly apply to a particular situation. B) slow bureaucratic responses to citizensʹ needs. C) are not specifically codified. D) transfer personnel to different posts. E) are not closely followed.

a

The Cabinet department that has the largest budget is the Department of A) Health and Human Services. B) Defense. C) Commerce. D) the Treasury. E) Education.

a

The ________ Act was passed partly as a memorial to the memory of President James Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881. A) Pendleton Civil Service B) Treason C) Voting Rights D) Hatch E) Interstate Commerce

a

The classic conception of a bureaucracy was advanced by ________, who argued that the bureaucracy was a ʺrationalʺ way for a modern society to conduct its business. A) Max Weber B) Thomas Jefferson C) John Locke D) Charles L. Schultze E) James Madison

a

The diffusion of responsibility within the bureaucracy A) makes the coordination of policies both time-consuming and difficult. B) increases administrative discretion. C) allows for a diversity of opinion thus facilitating effective administration. D) helps diminish the use of administrative discretion. E) facilitates the use of inter-bureaucracy standard operating procedures.

a

The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is called A) regulation. B) patronage. C) administrative discretion. D) policy implementation. E) public administration.

a

Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as A) street-level bureaucrats. B) routinizers. C) General Schedule foot soldiers. D) the Senior Executive Service. E) civil servants.

a

Until 1887, the federal government A) had almost no regulatory policies. B) was involved only in social regulation. C) owned and operated most of the major industries in the country. D) forbade the states from passing regulatory policies. E) was involved only in economic regulation.

a

When Congress passes regulatory legislation for which it has established goals, it then A) grants power to regulatory agencies to develop guidelines and enforce compliance. B) assigns responsibility for administration to regulatory agencies and responsibility for enforcement to the courts. C) establishes the guidelines that regulatory agencies must implement. D) grants interest groups the power to develop the rules governing the new policy. E) authorizes the president to use his administrative discretion to implement the legislation.

a

Which of the following is NOT an accusation made against the regulatory system? A) Excessive regulation contributed to the savings and loan industry disaster of the 1980s. B) If the producer is faced with expensive regulations, costs will inevitably be passed along to the consumer in the form of higher prices. C) Regulations do not always work well, and they simply create massive regulatory bureaucracies. D) Other nations have laxer regulations on pollution, worker safety, and other business practices, thus American exports often cost more. E) All of these have been criticisms of regulation.

a

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service? A) Firing incompetents is extremely difficult. B) Workers are not protected against political firings. C) It does not operate on the merit principle. D) Too many federal civil servants are actively involved in partisan politics. E) all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies and the scope of government is FALSE? A) When the president and Congress chose to deregulate certain areas of the economy or cut taxes, the bureaucracy prevented them from doing so. B) The federal bureaucracy has actually shrunk in size relative to the population it serves. C) The bureaucracy is now expected to play an active role in dealing with social and economic problems. D) The federal bureaucracy has not grown over the past two generations. E) none of the above

a

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Bureaucrats are often fired for using too much administrative discretion. B) Pay raises in the bureaucracy tend to be small and across-the-board. C) Removing appointed officials may be politically embarrassing to the president. D) A government agency cannot expand just because it is performing a service effectively and efficiently. E) none of the above

a

________ is a hiring and promotion system based on knowing the right people, working in an election campaign, making large political donations, and/or having the right connections to win jobs with the government. A) The patronage system B) The federal Civil Service C) The bureaucracy D) The golden gate E) Administrative discretion

a

Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies? A) They often do not know their own agency subordinates very well, much less people in other agencies. B) They must be recommended by the Office of Personnel Managementʹs ʺrule of three.ʺ C) As political appointees, they are often unaccustomed to the administrative routines, budget cycles, and legal complexities of their agencies or departments. D) They tend to spend fewer years in their positions than those in the civil service. E) none of the above

b

Which of the following is NOT true about standard operating procedures? A) They provide routine rules to help bureaucrats make numerous everyday decisions. B) Each federal department and agency has a plum book which lists its standard operating procedures. C) They can sometimes be so routinized that they are difficult to change even in the face of changing circumstances. D) They are referred to as ʺred tapeʺ by those who find them burdensome. E) They are used by street-level bureaucrats.

b

Which of the following is TRUE about the federal bureaucracy? A) Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C. B) The state and local governments have far more employees than the federal bureaucracy. C) The size of the federal bureaucracy has grown dramatically over the past twenty years. D) Most Americans are dissatisfied with their encounters with bureaucrats. E) all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about the size of bureaucracies is FALSE? A) State and local public employees far outnumber civilian federal government employees. B) As a percentage of Americaʹs total work force, federal government employment has been growing. C) Almost all the growth in the number of public employees has occurred in state and local governments. D) Federal government employment amounts to about three percent of all civilian jobs. E) None of the above; all of the above statements are TRUE.

b

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the Weberian model of bureaucracy? A) task specialization B) decentralized authority structure C) extensive rules D) impersonality E) A and D only

b

Which of the following would not be considered a street-level bureaucrat? A) a municipal court judge B) an assistant secretary in the Department of Transportation C) a welfare worker D) a mail carrier who delivers mail exclusively in a high-rise building E) a police officer

b

Which of these is the newest government agency? A) Drug Enforcement Agency B) Social Security Administration C) Department of Health and Human Services D) Drug Interdiction Agency E) Cyberspace Commission

b

________ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. A) Standard operating procedure B) Administrative discretion C) Administratorsʹ disposition D) Executive power E) Deregulation

b

ʺIron trianglesʺ are composed of A) primarily iron, but also metallic, alloys. B) bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. C) urban bureaucracies, state bureaucracies, and federal bureaucracies. D) congressional committees, state governments, and bureaucratic agencies. E) senators, governors, and department heads.

b

Each bureaucratic agency is created initially by A) constitutional provision. B) the president. C) the bureaucracy itself. D) Congress. E) order of a federal court.

d

An ʺiron triangleʺ consists of A) representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. B) the president, the head of a relevant congressional committee, and the head of any regulatory agency. C) a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. D) the metal stamp used to certify that the president has approved a new regulation and it now takes legal effect. E) those favoring regulation X, those opposing regulation X, and the regulatory agency in charge of overseeing X.

c

An ʺiron triangleʺ is also referred to as A) a government corporation. B) a reverse diagonal. C) a subgovernment. D) the alphabet soup of American government. E) an issue network.

c

As a whole, the permanent bureaucracy is A) nearly all white, male, and well-paid. B) overwhelmingly African American, female, and not so well-paid. C) more broadly representative of the American people than legislators, judges, or presidential appointees. D) better paid than are similar jobs in the private sector. E) a reflection of participatory politics, since most government workers are hired through the patronage system.

c

As a whole, the permanent federal bureaucracy is A) less diverse in terms of the type of jobs than the private sector. B) dominated by white males. C) more broadly representative of the American people than the rest of the federal government. D) composed of an American elite. E) now employing 15 percent of the American work force.

c

As the oversight powers of Congress in regard to the bureaucracy have become more vigorous, A) Congress is increasingly the policy-implementation branch of government. B) it has become easier to rein in the bureaucracy. C) they have also become more fragmented. D) ʺiron trianglesʺ have weakened considerably. E) the amount of government corruption has decreased dramatically.

c

Bureaus in the federal bureaucracy are also known as all of the following EXCEPT A) an administration. B) an office. C) a department. D) a service. E) none of the above

c

Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called A) bureaucratization. B) regulation. C) implementation. D) actualization. E) policymaking.

c

Most of the government is composed of A) regulators. B) lawyers. C) bureaucrats. D) elected legislators. E) politicians.

c

Once hired into the federal bureaucracy, a person is assigned a ________ rating, which determines oneʹs salary range. A) Federal Register B) Weber C) General Schedule D) step ladder E) plum book

c

Studies have found that most Americans A) dislike bureaucrats. B) are indifferent about bureaucracies and bureaucrats. C) are satisfied with the help received from bureaucrats. D) actually like bureaucracies. E) want the government bureaucracy dismantled.

c

Which of the following statements about government regulation in America is accurate? A) The Constitution set up only six regulatory agencies; the others have been created within the past 100 years or so. B) The Federal Communications Commission was the first independent regulatory agency. C) Until 1887, the federal government made almost no regulatory policies and had no regulatory agencies. D) Regulatory agencies tended to be more popular in the early years of the nationʹs history, then grew more controversial during the late-nineteenth century. E) both A and C

c

Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE? A) Most presidents seek appointees with sympathy for similar policy positions. B) Ambassadorship appointments often go to large campaign contributors. C) Plum book appointees are often instrumental in changing and reforming their agencies. D) Presidents often consider sex, region, and race in making plum book appointments. E) none of the above

c

A group of participants in bureaucratic policymaking with technical policy expertise and intellectual and emotional commitment to the issue is called A) a government corporation. B) an ʺiron triangleʺ. C) a subgovernment. D) an issue network. E) a vested cohort.

d

According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of A) talented experts with proven party loyalty. B) people with access to the Internet, but not necessarily the most qualified people. C) senior civil servants to sensitive posts. D) administrators who do not stay long enough in their appointed position to be effective. E) large numbers of women and minorities, just as it was intended to do.

d

An obstacle to the successful implementation of public policy is A) the failure of Congress to pass authorizing legislation. B) the over-specialization of civil service employees. C) competition between the private and public sectors. D) unclear policy goals and poorly designed policies. E) all of the above

d

As a percentage of the total work force, federal government employment is A) rapidly becoming greater than employment in the private sector. B) greater than state and local government employment. C) rising. D) declining. E) stabilizing.

d

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT A) rewriting legislation. B) influencing the appointment of agency heads. C) holding hearings. D) issuing congressional orders. E) both A and B

d