AP Government Unit 3 Study Guide

In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation? A.) When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state B.) When there is a conflict among the branches of the national government C.) When a federal policy shifting oversight authority from a national agency to a state agency is challenged D.) When a former employee files a wrongful termination claim against a company headquartered in another state

A

Refer to the Infastructure The facts of which of the following cases are most related to the political cartoon? A.) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) B.) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) C.) Schenck v. United States (1919) D.) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

A

Refer to the writing on Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. According to the quote, what is the likely effect of the Court's ruling in the Bakke case? A.) Colleges can consider race but cannot use strict racial quotas in admission practices. B.) Affirmative action practices can never be employed in college admission decisions. C.) As a result of the Bakke decision, colleges and universities stopped considering race as a factor in admissions. D.) The Bakke decision affected the admissions practices only at private colleges, not at public universities.

A

Which of the following pieces of legislation was most likely a result of the passage? A.) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 B.) The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 C.) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 D.) Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

A

Which of the following rulings is most likely to cite the Supreme Court's decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) as a legal precedent in support of the decision? A.) A ruling in favor of students to print their opinions in a school newspaper B.) A ruling against a public school's practice of having prayer at school assemblies C.) A ruling supporting the creation of gun-free zones in public schools D.) A ruling enforcing mandatory vaccinations for all children before attending school

A

Which of the following scenarios best explains the inclusion of Title IX as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 ? A.) Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women. B.) Paid lobbyists added the amendment on behalf of teachers unions in order to increase pay and tenure for public school teachers. C.) President Lyndon Johnson used the power of the bully pulpit to pressure members of Congress to pass a bill that would legally desegregate schools. D.) The Department of Justice added the amendment in order to provide legal guidance to states to enforce the Equal Rights Amendment.

A

Which of the following was an argument used by the Supreme Court in upholding federal statutes outlawing segregation in public accommodations? A.) Such segregation affected interstate commerce, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it. B.) Such segregation was wrong in principle, and Congress had moral authority to outlaw it even though the statutes lacked a strict constitutional basis. C.) Such segregation violated the Tenth Amendment's reservation of power to state governments, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it. D.) Since such segregation affected citizens of different states, it fell under the original jurisdiction of the federal courts and could therefore be outlawed by Congress.

A

A woman is arrested for possessing illegal substances that were obtained after a warrantless search of her home by local police. Which of the following best explains whether the evidence could be used in a criminal trial? A.) The due process rights of the Fifth Amendment require that the evidence be reviewed by the prosecution before being admitted as evidence in court. B.) The exclusionary rule, derived from the Fourth Amendment, prevents the evidence from being used against the suspect. C.) Since the evidence obtained suggests illegal activity, the evidence may be used against the defendant in a criminal trial. D.) If the case is in the state court system, the evidence can be used against the defendant.

B

All of the following statements reflect positions the Supreme Court has taken with regard to the right of free speech EXCEPT: A.) A restriction on the right of free speech should always be viewed with skepticism. B.) There are no acceptable governmental restrictions on free speech. C.) Government has an obligation to try to ensure citizens the right to be heard. D.) The right to free speech is a fundamental natural right. E.) The First Amendments protects free speech from incursions of both the federal and state governments.

B

If a college's admission policy to reserve twenty seats in its incoming class for applicants belonging to racial minority groups is challenged in the courts, a judge is likely to A.) uphold the policy because it provides additional opportunities for minority applicants B.) strike down the policy because reserving seats amounts to a quota system C.) strike down the policy because the percentage of seats reserved is less than the percentage of minority citizens in the general population D.) uphold the policy because only a small percentage of the total seats for incoming students are affected E.) strike down the policy because it did not apply to women as well as racial minorities

B

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), which of the following provides the legal reasoning behind the Supreme Court's ruling? A.) It ruled that the state had an overarching right to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding such action permissible under the Tenth Amendment. B.) It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation. C.) It balanced the school's interest in providing for an open and peaceful frame of mind for the school day with the interest of the students in not being subjected to the prayer, ultimately ruling for the state. D.) It rejected the student complaint, as public school students have no free exercise rights in school.

B

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated, "that the [Constitution] protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense" and that the Second Amendment applied to the states through which of the following constitutional clauses? A.) The due process clause of the Fifth Amendment B.) The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment C.) The equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment D.) The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

B

Refer to the capital punishment map. Which of the following constitutional amendments is most related to the issue shown on the map? A.) Second Amendment B.) Eighth Amendment C.) Sixteenth Amendment D.) Twenty-Sixth Amendment

B

Refer to the capital punishment map. Which of the following statements best describes the information in the map? A.) Most states in the Northeast and West do not allow capital punishment. B.) Most states in the South and West allow capital punishment. C.) Capital punishment is not allowed in Oklahoma (OK) and New Mexico (NM). D.) Only three states do not allow capital punishment.

B

Refer to the excerpt on Brown v. Board. Which of the following provisions of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to strike down racial segregation in state public schools? A.) The due process clause of the Fifth Amendment B.) The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment C.) The equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment D.) The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

B

Refer to the excerpt on Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson. Which of the following cases was most likely used in the decision as a precedent? A.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) B.) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) C.) Engel v. Vitale (1962) D.) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

B

Refer to the excerpt on Parents v. Seattle School District. Which of the following statements offers the most accurate comparison between this case and the decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? A.) Both cases involved the use of affirmative action in public schools. B.) Both cases ruled against the school district based on the equal protection clause. C.) Both cases struck down plans to segregate students. D.) Both cases ruled in favor of students based on the due process clause.

B

Refer to the quote from Justice Alito. Which Supreme Court case is most aligned with Justice Alito's reasoning to treat gun ownership for self-defense as a fundamental liberty? A.) United States v. Lopez (1995) B.) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) C.) Baker v. Carr (1962) D.) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

B

Refer to the speech made by Saul Cornell. The author's main argument is that the Second Amendment A.) did not extend privacy rights B.) was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms C.) should not be applied to states that do not have a militia D.) protects an individual's right to own a gun for personal protection

B

The process of extending the protections of the Bill of Rights by means of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to the actions of state governments is known as A.) judicial review B.) incorporation C.) broad construction D.) federalism E.) stare decisis

B

Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws? A.) The First Amendment right to petition the government for a redress of grievances B.) The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure C.) The Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination D.) The Tenth Amendment right of states to powers not given to the national government

B

Which of the following applications of affirmative action would the United States Supreme Court likely consider unconstitutional? A.) A company actively recruits women and minorities in its hiring practices for a federal contract. B.) A state university refuses acceptance of any new applicants from a specific race. C.) A university values racial diversity on its campus and considers race as one of many factors when considering applicants to its freshman class. D.) The United States Department of Transportation hires a contractor with a history of hiring and promoting minorities and women for the construction of an interstate highway.

B

Which of the following would most likely be protected by the First Amendment? A.) A reporter knowingly publishes a false story that injures the subject's reputation. B.) A student wears a black armband at school to protest government involvement in a war. C.) An individual issues a threat against another individual on social media. D.) An individual spray paints graffiti on a public building to protest a government action.

B

Civil rights activists, such as those who campaign for gay and lesbian equal rights and those who advocated for racial equality in the 1950s and 1960s, often find the most effective way to secure those rights is A.) through mass demonstrations to raise awareness of their cause B.) through lobbying of individual members of Congress for support on legislation C.) through litigation in the courts to gain legal protections against discrimination D.) by launching educational campaigns to increase the level of public support for their cause E.) by persuading presidents to issue executive orders that prevent discrimination within the federal workforce

C

In Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared that A.) illegal aliens have the same right to an education as United States citizens B.) evidence seized during an illegal search cannot be used in court C.) police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest D.) the death penalty is constitutional so long as juries are supplied with sentencing guidelines

C

Refer to the Number of African American Southern State Legislators line graph. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the increase in the number of southern African American state legislators between 1960 and 1992 as shown in the graph? A.) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 B.) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) C.) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 D.) The Nineteenth Amendment

C

The Supreme Court has ruled which of the following concerning the death penalty? A.) A state may NOT impose the death penalty on a noncitizen. B.) Lethal injection is the only constitutionally acceptable method of execution. C.) The death penalty is NOT necessarily cruel and unusual punishment. D.) The death penalty violates the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.

C

The Washington Post receives a top secret report that details how the executive branch mishandled a deal made with a foreign nation regarding nuclear weapons. The executive branch attempts to stop the publishing of the report, but the publishers cite the precedent in New York Times Company v. United States (1971) establishing which of the following legal rules? A.) The application of strict scrutiny B.) The exclusionary rule for evidence C.) The heavy presumption against prior restraint D.) Time, place, and manner restrictions

C

Which of the following constitutional clauses was most relevant in the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973)? A.) Commerce clause B.) Free exercise clause C.) Due process clause D.) Equal protection clause

C

Which of the following illustrates a situation that would NOT be protected by the First Amendment due to time, place, and manner restrictions? A.) A student is expelled from school for wearing a black T-shirt expressing opposition to a law recently passed by the state legislature. B.) An organization regarded as a hate group is not able to obtain a permit to march through a major city because of its message. C.) Antibusiness protesters are arrested and prosecuted for shutting down major intersections in New York City's Times Square during rush hour. D.) An independent political advocacy organization is prevented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from running political advertisements on television.

C

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of rights protected and not protected by the First Amendment? A.) Protected by the First Amendment: Libel/Slander. Not Protected by the First Amendment: Fighting Words B.) Protected by the First Amendment: Freedom of religion. Not Protected by the First Amendment: Freedom of assembly C.) Protected by the First Amendment: The right to burn a flag. Not Protected by the First Amendment: Obscenity D.) Protected by the First Amendment: Online newspapers. Not Protected by the First Amendment: The right of a student to pray in school

C

Which of the following principles protects a citizen from imprisonment without trial? A.) Representative government B.) Separation of powers C.) Due process D.) Checks and balances

C

Which of the following reflects the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973)? A.) It ruled that the state had an overarching right to prohibit women of all ages from having abortions anytime during their pregnancies. B.) It ruled that the state had a justifiable interest to legalize abortion. C.) It ruled that a woman's right to an abortion was a privacy right incorporated to all of the states. D.) It ruled that the case was moot, as Roe's pregnancy had ended by the time the case came up for review.

C

Which of the following scenarios best explains how the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has influenced political behavior? A.) Grassroots libertarian advocacy organizations have advocated in favor of less economic regulation of the marketplace. B.) The Supreme Court has ruled that Fifth Amendment prohibition on double jeopardy was made applicable to the states. C.) Civil Rights leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., cited constitutional arguments as a basis for opposing segregation and inequality. D.) President Franklin D. Roosevelt's State of the Union address urged Congress to pass legislation that would ensure greater economic security for the American people.

C

Which of the following scenarios, related to the First Amendment, best illustrates the "right . . . to petition the Government . . ." ? A.) A newspaper prints an editorial supporting executive action by the president. B.) A student sues a public school that institutes a mandatory prayer ceremony. C.) A citizen calls a member of Congress to persuade her to vote yes on a bill. D.) A religious group practices a religious ritual that is in conflict with a local law.

C

A public school district implemented a policy that allowed students to vote on whether they wanted a student-led prayer to be read at football games. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate? A.) The interstate commerce clause B.) The free exercise clause C.) The supremacy clause D.) The establishment clause

D

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court established which of the following principles? A.) A school official can search a student for drugs. B.) Everyone must go to school at least until the age of 16. C.) Tuition for private schools cannot be tax deductible. D.) Separation of students by race, even in equally good schools, is unconstitutional.

D

In the case Boynton v. Virginia (1960), the Supreme Court ruled that segregation at a bus stop restaurant was illegal based on the Interstate Commerce Act. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? A.) Both cases were related to school bussing. B.) Both cases were primarily about the application of the commerce clause to address segregation. C.) Both cases ruled that the federal government did not have the authority to address segregation. D.) Both cases struck down local ordinances that prescribed segregation.

D

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that "the doctrine of separate but equal has no place" in the Constitution? A.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) B.) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) C.) Engel v. Vitale (1962) D.) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

D

Most of the individual protections of the Bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's A.) necessary and proper clause B.) supremacy clause C.) Tenth Amendment D.) Fourteenth Amendment

D

Read the report from President JFK. The issues identified in the passage reflect a failure to uphold which of the following constitutional principles? A.) One person, one vote B.) Equal representation in Congress C.) States' rights D.) Equal protection

D

Refer to the excerpt on Grutter v. Bollinger. The primary issue of controversy in the Grutter v. Bollinger decision involves A.) national supremacy B.) judicial review C.) selective incorporation D.) affirmative action

D

Refer to the speech made by Saul Cornell. Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the article? A.) Engel v. Vitale (1962) B.) Baker v. Carr (1962) C.) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) D.) McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

D

Which of the following Supreme Court cases established that those accused of felonies who cannot afford legal counsel are entitled to legal counsel provided by the state? A.) United States v. Lopez (1995) B.) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) C.) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) D.) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

D

Which of the following cases examined a state law that required all children to attend school through the twelfth grade in order to promote the general welfare of its citizens? A.) Engel v. Vitale (1962) B.) Marbury v. Madison (1803) C.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) D.) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

D