AP HuG Prep: All In One

Perspective

(n.) a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally; the appearance to the eye of various objects at a given time, place, or distance

Gender Inequality Index

A United Nations index, introduced in 2010, which measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment.

Nation State

A country who's population share a common identity.

Pidgin Language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

Gravity Model

A fraction that predicts the interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them (Population 1 x Population 2 ÷ Distance) The greatest distance will have the least spatial interaction.

Export

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

Friction of Distance

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places (amount of time and costs that increases the greater the distance)

Devolution

A movement to transfer the responsibilities of governing from the central government to state and local governments (power spreading towards the people).

Pattern

A repeating or growing sequence or design. An ordered set of numbers or shapes arranged according to a rule.

Globalization

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders.

FRQ: List

A simple bullet point list is all that AP requires of the kids. A 2-4 word answer will suffice, though encourage a complex sentence that addresses the question and uses commas to separate the listed answers. A general rule of thumb is to list at least three different phenomenon unless the question states otherwise.

Federalism

A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments

Subsistance Agriculture

A type of farming in which farmers grow just enough food to provide for themselves and their families.

Supranational Organization

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organizationurban morphology the study of the physical form and structure of urban places

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Density

Amount of something in a given area

Extensive Agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.

Region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

Centripetal Force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Industrial Corridor

Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to manufacturing and distribution of goods, benefiting from the agglomeration of similar industries.

high tech corridor

Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development and sale of high-technology products. These areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-tchnology enterprises in close proximity to one another. "Silicon Valley" is a prime example.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory (see Europe: 1500s-1800s)

Pull Factors

Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities.

FRQ: Explain

CAUSE & EFFECT. provide a brief reason of who/what/where/when/why/how people/places/situations

Periphery

Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living.

FRQ: Provide an Example

Depending on the rubric, some responses might require a real-world example while others a general example (Example: Gansu Province-Beijing vs. Core-Periphery). If students are unsure which is most appropriate to use at the time and or the question does not specify, use the EXPLAIN USING EXAMPLE protocol.

Industrialization

Development of a system which supports machine production of goods

Division of Labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers (even in different areas of the world)

Informal Economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

FRQ: Discuss

Give factual information about a topic. Write a factual splat on what the prompt asks, then an in depth explanation.

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

FRQ: Describe

Have students write the characteristics of what is being asked. Usually when prompted this question, the AP questions are asking about a place or region, person or situation . A general rule of thumb is to do so in three different ways unless the question states otherwise.

Time-Space Compression

How fast innovations diffuse depends on how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication

Push Factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

Industries will locate where three things can be done. These things being: minimize transportation costs, minimize labor costs, maximize agglomeration. Emphasises on cheap, cheap, cheap. With low production prices will result in high profit margins. The agglomeration keeps buisnesses competative as well as adds conviency to the consumer.

LDC

Least Developed Country, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world.

Density

Mass per unit volume (How many in an area)

MDC

Most Developed Country: sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations

Diffusion

Movement of people/items/ideas/language from hearth to other areas.

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Core

Nation or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.

FRQ: Name

One-word answers are acceptable, though encourage a complete sentence that incorporates the question in the answer.

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution and the citizens

Assimilation

Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture

Quaternary Sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Quinary Sector

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

FRQ: Identify

Simply put, provide a brief reason. 2-6 words will suffice though encourage a complete sentence that also incorporates the question.

change

Something becoming different then before.

scale

Specify a percentage of original size to enlarge or reduce the size of an object (Global, Regional, Local, Personal)

Tribalism

Strong identification with a tribe that speaks the same language or dialect instead of with the larger state

FRQ: Compare/Contrast

Students receive points only when using two or more phenomenon and mentioning what is happening on each side respectively. Students will NOT receive points when only stating one phenomenon that occurs under one topic alone.

FRQ: Define

Students will get a point for properly writing a clear definition of what is asked.

Sovereignty

Supreme or independent political power, as recognized by other States.

Bid-Rent Theory

The amount of money different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the Central Business District. The closer to the city center, the higher the cost of land.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Central Business District

The downtown or nucleus of a city where basic businesses/industries, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated. Building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Site

The human characteristics of a place (houses, buildings, etc).

Uneven Development

The increasing gap in economic conditions. Can be between core and peripheral regions around the world, or between rich/poor areas in a state or city.

Official Language

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Formal Economy

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

Public Sector

The part of the economy that is under control of the government. examples may include state health and education services, the emergency services and roading infrastructure

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.

Semi-Periphery

Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living. These countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.

Free Trade Agreement

Trade between nations that is not hindered by tariffs or other obstacles. On January 1, 1989, a free trade agreement between Canada and the United States came into effect.

Gender Equality

Women who have the same power and control as men health outcomes improve. When this does not occur this typically leads to disadvantages in the economic, political, social, educational and health domains.

Enclave

a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

Centrifugal Force

a force that divides people and countries

Lingua Franca

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade, commerce, and political affairs

Ethnic Enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

Rostow Modernization Theory

an economic development model attributed to rostow. Advancement to each stage is based on a function of productivity., economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. There are 5 stages (traditional, transitional, take-off, drive to maturity, high-mass consumption

Multinational Organization

an organization that has its facilities and other assets in at least one other country other than its home country

Intensive Agriculture

any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy

Import

bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale.

Demographic Transition Model

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates(Know the Stages)

Acculturation

cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture

Regionalism

group, frequently ethnic group, identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole

Boundary

invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

systems

organized groupings of related structures or organs that perform certain functions together

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Commodity Chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Multination State

state with more than one nation within its border

Commercial Agriculture

term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology to grow mass amounts of food for profit.

Sense of Place

the combination of natural location and created features that makes each place on this earth unique

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Situation

the external characteristics (what is nearby) that make that location attractive

Private Sector

the part of the economy that involves the transactions of individuals and businesses (not government controlled)