AP HUG Unit 5

Aquaculture

-raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds + underwater cages -Blue Revolution

Transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock from higher elevations to lower elevations + valleys in the winter used in Mediterranean agriculture ex- mountains to lowland pasture areas

Mediterranean Agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the hot-dry summer climate prevails -transhumance

Mesoamerica major hearth crops

squash, peppers, maize(corn), potato, sweet potato, cassava

Sub-Saharan Africa major hearth crops

yams, sorghum, cowpeas, coffee, African rice

Suitcase Farming

a farm that is owned, harvested, + planted by farmers who live nearby or by migratory labor, but no one lives on the farm

Ranching

a form of commercial agriculture where livestock graze over an extensive area while the owners remain in the same place

Organic Farming

approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs + is more labor intensive

Truck Farming

commercial gardening + fruit farming in the USA in which products are driven + sold to urban markets

AFOs (feed lots)

confined spaces in which cattle + hogs have limited movement, animals gain weight faster + require less room

Terrace Agriculture

farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill to create flat surfaces Pros- easier to farm, land collects rainfall better, reduces soil erosion Cons- mudslides Crops- rice, fruit, olive trees, potatoes, maize(corn)

Third Agricultural Revolution

-20th century, tractor, monoculture, irrigation, petroleum, Agro-Biotechnology, GMOs -Green Revolution -agribusiness

Pastoral Nomadism

-a form of subsistence agriculture in which people move from place to place with their cattle in semi-arid regions

Why did von Thunen think dairy cattle would be raised close to the market while beef cattle would be raised far from the market? (FRQ)

-dairy cattle needed to be close b/c dairy products perish quickly -dairy cattle often provided feed, so they need less land -beef cattle could be father b/c farmers could walk animals to the market to be bought/killed -beef cattle sometimes require more land for grazing + land is less expensive farther

Why did it make sense for von Thunen to put forests in the second ring from the market? (FRQ)

-demand for timber + wood as building material + fuel was high -expensive to transport, so closer to the market is less cost -bulky product, so difficult to transport

What happens to the intensity of agricultural land use as the distance from the market increases? (FRQ)

-farmers will choose to use land more extensively -land values decrease -transportation costs increase -farmers can profitably produce products that require more land b/c lower land values

How does von Thunen's model suggest why flowers sold in New York are grown in the Caribbean or Central America? (FRQ)

-improvements in transportation that lowered transport costs ex: refrigerated rail cars + cargo containers -low cost inputs in Caribbean (land, labor, capital, taxation) could offset higher transportation costs

Second Agricultural Revolution

-introduction of technology + industrial revolution -increased yields for commercial sale, food supply, + population growth -enclosure acts

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

-origin of farming -first domestication of plants + animals -subsistence farming

Shifting Cultivation

-subsistence agriculture in which farmers (usually in tropical climates) move from one field to another -farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate -slash-and-burn/swidden agriculture

Green Revolution

Development of higher-yielding, disease resistant, faster growing varieties of grains -hybrids, GMOs, machinery

Plant Domestication

Growing of crops that people planted, raised, + harvested

Animal Domestication

Raising + caring for animals by humans for protection or food

Winter Wheat

a crop planted in fall + harvested in summer, develops strong roots to survive the winter in Kansas, Colorado, + Oklahoma

Cash Crop

an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit, usually in a monoculture environment ex- cotton + grains

Von-Thunen Model

an agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent, the farther away from the market the less valuable the land is 1. Horticulture(dairy) 2. Forest 3. Grain 4. Livestock -Bid rent curve

Sustainability

an amount of renewable resource that can be harvested regularly without reducing the future supply

Southwest Asia(Fertile Crescent) major hearth crops

barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye

Domestication

beginning- when Central Asian hunters domesticated dogs location- Asia

Intensive

farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food

Agribusiness

integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry ex- highly mechanized, large-scale commercial farming, usually under corporate ownership

Southeast Asia major hearth crops

mango, taro, coconut

Metes + Bounds System

natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land Metes- short distances + refers to features of specific points Bounds- large areas + based on larger features

Luxury Crop

non-subsistence + non-essential crops that have a high profit margin ex- tea, cacao, coffee, tobacco

Township + Range System

rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

East Asia major hearth crops

rice, soybean, walnut

Long Lots

system created by the French in which linear settlements are stretched out along a road or river

Crop Rotation

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

Commercial Agriculture

undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm types: truck farming, dairy farming, livestock ranching, grain farming

Subsistence Agriculture

when farmers consume the crops they grow + raise usually with simple tools + manual labor

Intertillage/Intercropping

when farmers grow 2 or more crops simultaneously on the same field (multicropping)

Extensive

where small amounts of capital + labor are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed