AP HUG Units 1-5 AP Classroom Question Answers

Which of the following population patterns is common in more developed countries?

Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures

South Korea, as of 2018, has the lowest total fertility rate in the world at 1.1. Which of the following best explains a population policy South Korea could enact to promote higher birth rates?

Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children

In 1993 Belgium divided much of its internal government into three semiautonomous regions. Based on the data shown in the map, which of the following best explains the political divisions within Belgium?

Divisions are based on language, providing ethnic groups some self-governance and preserving Belgium as a federal state.

Which of the following is the best describes an example of transhumance?

Shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer

Which of the following is the best example of centrifugal forces operating at the local scale as compared to the national or international scale?

Uneven development

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food?

Relocation diffusion

Neo-Malthusian theory can be used to explain which of the following situations?

South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought.

Based on the images shown, which of the following best explains the process of diffusion in relation to the religious history of Spain?

Southern Spain was once under Muslim control, as indicated by the Islamic architecture of the palace in the images.

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion?

Space-time compression

Some communities along the internal border between Flanders and Wallonia are required by Belgian federal law to have bilingual local governments, with road signs and government publications in Flemish and French. Some nearby communities refuse to permit a census of language users because they are concerned that the results will trigger federal requirements for a bilingual local government. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the efforts to preserve a single official language in such communities?

Territoriality, because communities are expressing power and political control over the landscape.

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?

The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

The images shown illustrate the differences in scale of production for two methods of producing thread. Which of the following best describes advances in the production of textiles during the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution?

The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.

Agricultural settlement patterns are partly determined by the survey system used to organize landownership. Which of the following best describes the survey methods used to delineate agricultural land and the associated settlement patterns shown in the two images?

The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

Which of the following best explains the use of two languages in this United States highway sign?

The highway sign is a representation of the state's multilingual ethnic cultural heritage.

The image shows the Old City of Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the spatial pattern in the cultural landscape?

The image indicates that Muslim and Jewish citizens live in close proximity to each other.

Which of the following map scales would be used for the topographic map shown?

1:24,000

Which of the following best describes the survey system used in both locations shown?

Township and range: unit-block field patterns with dispersed farmsteads and occasional villages

Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits?

Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

Which of the following explains an impact of open-border policies regarding migration within the European Union?

Growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example?

Hierarchical and contagious

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have total fertility rates that exceed 5.0. Which of the following population characteristics is associated with this phenomenon?

High youth dependency ratio

If rural-to-urban migration continues in China, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Housing shortages in urban areas will be common.

In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South. "Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not." Based on Reed's explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region?

Vernacular

Which of the following identifies the scale of governance that would be most affected by an individual local voter in Purcellville?

Virginia House of Delegates

Which of the following questions must be answered in order to identify a functional region?

What area is influenced by a node?

Based on the data shown in the table, which of the following accurately describes changes in the roles of women as countries develop economically?

More women work in professional jobs

Which of the following statements accurately explains the population dynamics of a country on the table shown?

Germany has a negative rate of natural increase.

More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources?

Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

The political boundaries of North Africa and the Middle East can best be described as the product of which of the following processes?

Imperialism

The darkest shading on the map indicates the areas with the highest population densities. Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of population density shown?

Manhattan appears to have the highest population density at all three scales.

The Falkland Islands War took place in 1982 between Argentina and Great Britain, when Argentina's military invaded the small British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. British forces reclaimed the islands after a short war. Using the information shown, which of the following geographic principles explains the conflict in the Falkland Islands?

Overlapping claims of sovereignty

Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture?

Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

The cultural composition of the Philippines and its constituent islands affects the political stability of the country. Which of the following patterns is best explained by the data in the tables?

A concentration of the majority of the country's Muslim population on one island, leading to ethnic separatism

Deaths in Country A often occur due to outbreaks of epidemic disease, while in Country B most people are dying from chronic disorders such as heart disease. Which of the following best describes where these countries fall in the demographic transition model and in which region they are likely located?

Country A : Stage 2, West Africa; Country B : Stage 4, western Europe

Which of the following best explains why in the model the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle?

Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.

Which of the following types of information is shown in the table?

census data

The map shown was published in the United States in the early twentieth century. The title of the map is an example of

ethnocentrism

The data presented in the map shown depict

population in a cartogram

The Arabic word sawahili means "a language of the coast." Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa?

A As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.

Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries?

A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries.

A population pyramid that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom most likely represents which of the following populations?

A population of retirees

Which of the following describes a unitary state?

A state in which government decisions are made at the national level and applied uniformly across the state

Which of the following features is a common characteristic of unitary states?

A strong central capital

Which of the following statements best explains fair trade agriculture as shown for the products on the map?

A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions

Based on the diagram of the demographic transition model, which of the following correctly describes the expected population change over time?

As birth rates are higher than death rates, population growth remains high.

From 2010 through 2017 there was a large increase in the number of migrants from Africa to Europe. Which of the following explains a possible impact on the emigrant countries of origin during and after that time period?

As more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin.

Which of the following identifies how population density is shown in the maps?

At different scales, showing administrative units

Many European countries provide families one or more of the following: tax credits, flexible parental leave, monthly payments, public-transportation fare reduction, free vaccines, and subsidized childcare. Which of the following would explain why a country such as Belgium would implement the described policies?

Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates.

Which of the following processes best explains a decrease in mortality rates worldwide?

Better hygiene and sanitation practices

Which of the following best explains the primary function of international political boundaries?

Boundaries limit sovereignty and determine the extent of a state's power within the global political system.

Which of the following map types is shown?

Choropleth

Which of the following best explains the differences between countries with higher and lower percentages of women working in agriculture?

Countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture.

Despite the rise of supranationalism in Europe from 1955 to 1993, the number of independent political entities increased. Based on a comparison of the two maps shown, which of the following processes occurred in Europe during that time period?

Devolution of large states into smaller nation-states

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange?

Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

Local and regional autonomous governments and a separatist militia group have been established within the Basque region shown on the map. How do these local and regional governments compare with the national governments of Spain and France?

Local and regional governments create the potential for conflict and act as a centrifugal force within the larger independent states.

Which of the following best identifies the data for western China, shown on the map?

Low arithmetic density

Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions?

The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

Which of the following statements identifies a cultural trait evident in the photograph?

The temple reflects typical Buddhist architecture.

Population patterns shown on the map indicate that areas around river deltas and upland lake and river valleys have higher densities. Which of the following best explains why these regions are more heavily populated?

These regions have higher carrying capacities.

The image shown was taken in Ketchikan, Alaska. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated by the image?

Through the process of diffusion, ethnic cuisines may change the cultural landscape in locations far from their hearths.

Which of the following describes a typical spatial relationship between federal and unitary states?

Unitary states tend to be smaller than federal states.

In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain?

United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups?

Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education

A large number of Turkish people migrated to Germany in the 1960s, when West Germany's manufacturing economy was booming and Turkey's economy was predominantly agricultural. Which of the following best describes Turkish migration to Germany?

Voluntary guest workers

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication?

Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

The area shown with the dark shading is best identified as

a stateless nation

The maps show data most likely collected through

census surveys

The costumes of the people in the procession are the result of synthesis between religion and ethnicity that

creates new cultural forms and contributes to a sense of place

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as

stimulus diffusion

In locations such as the Caribbean Sea, international borders between island states are determined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. These maritime boundaries can best be described as

superimposed borders

Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of the two map projections shown?

The Mercator projection accurately shows direction but distorts the size of some areas compared to the Robinson projection.

Which of the following describes the relationship between fertility and education in the United States and Canada in recent decades?

The increase in the percent of women who are more highly educated correlates with the decline in fertility.

The population counts shown in the table would most likely be used for which of the following purposes?

The reapportionment and redistricting of the of the United States House of Representatives that occurs every 10 years

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region?

The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

With the dawn of the Jet Age, international airline travel increased rapidly after 1950, and much of this early growth in jet travel was between Europe and North America. Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern suggested by the table?

The relative distance between Europe and North America decreased.

Which of the following statements best explains the trend about infant mortality shown in the bar chart?

The trend can be explained by improved health care and nutrition in all regions.

Which of the following statements is helpful in explaining why Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are able to assert some control over the export of oil from the Persian Gulf oil-production region?

Their location along the choke point of the Strait of Hormuz allows them to influence ship movement into and out of the Persian Gulf.

In 1980 China implemented an antinatalist one-child policy. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of the policy?

There are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children.

Based on the information shown in the map, Nigeria can be identified as a

multinational state

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term?

Syncretism

Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures?

Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer.

Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice?

Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Japan has a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Which of the following explains why Japan will struggle with demographic challenges in 30 years?

An aging population needing health care will require more public funding.

Which of the following types of population information is shown on the map?

Arithmetic density

Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America?

Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is projected to be higher in 2050 than it is today. Which of the following explains why Bangladesh will continue to experience positive rates of natural increase?

Bangladesh's population will continue to grow as a result of a large youthful population.

Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries?

Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Which of the following technological examples is best used to compare the effects of local-scale and global-scale political challenges to state sovereignty?

Cell phone use weakening corrupt governments

South Sudan gained its independence in 2011, reshaping the boundaries of Sudan. Which of the following best explains the implications of the shaded area shown on the map in Darfur?

Darfur is a region of ethnic difference and political instability where devolution is likely.

Which of the following explains how data from the population pyramid for Spain would be useful for government policy makers?

Data on the size of the middle-aged population would be used to plan for retirement and social security benefits.

Based on the demographic transition model, which region is best described as exhibiting overall negative rates of growth in stage 4?

East Asia

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia's population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?

Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

A nongovernmental organization is planning a new international elementary education program. Based on the map shown, which of the following groups of countries would be the best candidates to receive funding?

Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan

Based on the map above, which of the following best explains the production of lettuce in the United States?

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown.

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government?

Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves

In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow's research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage. What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow's research?

Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths?

Expansion diffusion

Malthusian theory would explain which of the following possible consequences of high birth rates in a less developed country?

Famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production.

Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa?

Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries?

Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago?

Functional region

Which of the following geospatial technologies is typically used to analyze the data layers such as those shown in the maps?

Geographic information systems (GIS)

Based on the geospatial data in the example shown, which combination of technologies provides real-time data to emergency call centers to route police, fire, and ambulance vehicles directly to incidents in the shortest possible travel time?

Geographic information systems and global positioning satellites

Which of the following types of political boundaries best describe the border between the United States and Canada?

Geometric

A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States?

Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.

The two images each show a different form of beef production. Which of the following statements explains a primary difference between the agricultural practices?

Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.

The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images?

Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.

Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model?

Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Using the data shown, which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women's roles in food production and food preparation?

In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

Which of the following identifies the primary building blocks of the world political map shown?

Independent states

Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown?

Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

Which of the following correctly compares the significance of the different technologies shown in the images?

Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.

Based on the map data, which of the following best explains a factor that has led to ethnic separatism in Belgium?

Many who speak Flemish as their first language also speak French, but few people who speak French as their first language also speak Flemish.

Which of the following elements of the cultural landscape are shown in the images?

Moorish Islamic art, architecture, and script

Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability?

Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable.

Immigration of asylum applicants from Africa to the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland increased from approximately 50,000 in 2010 to approximately 200,000 in 2016. In 2017, there were approximately 175,000 asylum applicants. Which of the following best explains the trend in asylum seekers from African countries to Europe since 2010?

Political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term has led to an increase in asylum seekers.

For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape?

Possibilism

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use, which of the following explains the location of agricultural practice A or B relative to the market?

Practice A represents intensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and can afford higher land costs found closer to the market.

The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries?

Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

Which of the following concepts best explains the differences among the values shown in the table?

Scale of analysis

Which of the following best explains why the countries shown in the table experienced increases in economic productivity?

Self-determination following decline of communism and admission as member states to the European Union

The photograph was taken in Singapore. Which of the following statements best describes how the buildings shown in the photograph represent the culture of Singapore?

The Buddhist temple represents the value of traditional religion in the culture of modern Singapore.

Which of the following patterns is evident on the map of population density?

The Great Plains are less densely populated than the Midwest.

The photograph shows guards at the Truce Village of Panmunjom within the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that divides the Korea Peninsula into North Korea and South Korea. The DMZ border was agreed upon as part of Korean Armistice Agreement at the end of the Korean War in 1953. Which of the following best explains the effect of the DMZ on the Korean Peninsula as a culture region?

The Korean people are divided into a multistate nation that has a common heritage and ethnicity.

The map shows the Taiwan Strait. Which of the following best explains the global geopolitical significance of the Taiwan Strait?

The Taiwan Strait is a militarily strategic chokepoint that China and Taiwan claim as territory.

The two images show an agricultural transition that occurred in the twentieth century. Which of the following best explains how this transition helped meet a challenge of contemporary agriculture?

The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population.

Which of the following best describes the settlement patterns shown in the images?

The long-lot system results in population clustered along a waterway, whereas the metes-and-bounds system results in a random, dispersed population pattern.

Which spatial patterns on the maps shown would be most helpful to someone selecting the location for a new coffee shop?

The map of the Borough of Manhattan, because it shows both population density and the pattern of streets.

Which of the following best explains an effect of migration within the United States between 1950 and 2010 ?

The mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate.

A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results?

The new technologies would reduce positive checks on population.

Which statement best explains an environmental impact of China's population distribution?

The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.

Which of the following patterns is indicated by the population pyramid shown?

The population has a high total fertility rate.

Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire?

While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

The event shown in the image is best explained as

a combination of traditional, indigenous, and European beliefs in Mexico

Using information from the image, which of the following can be described as identifiable signs and symbols of a Chinese cultural landscape in San Francisco?

Chinese-language signs and Chinese lamps

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?

Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

Which of the following describes forced migration?

British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries

The geopolitical setting of which of the following countries can be explained by its membership in the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War and its location along the European shatterbelt?

Bulgaria

Which of the following statements accurately compares the processes of devolution and supranationalism that challenge the sovereignty of Canada?

Centrifugal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico challenges the Canadian government's independence on a national level.

Which of the following explains a reason why education and employment rates for women are lower in less developed compared to more developed countries?

Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern?

France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges?

Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide?

Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of adult literacy rates presented in the map?

It provides a perspective on each country's level of social development.

The map shows the world's newest country, South Sudan, formerly part of Sudan, and the Islamic region of Darfur, which is seeking some level of political autonomy within Sudan. In comparison with the east-west divide between Darfur and the rest of Sudan, which of the following centrifugal forces led South Sudan to seek independence from Sudan?

Sudan and South Sudan's border is a transition zone between Africa's Islamic northern region and the Christian and animist regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

Residents of Maryland's Third District could legally challenge the redistricting of the area shown on the map because they identify it as being

a gerrymandered boundary that guarantees a political party's seat within the United States House of Representatives