AP human geo ch. 10

Coffee from Ethiopia, tea from china, potatoes from Peru, and corn and potatoes from mexico diffused to the united states

How did the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions result in the global spread of various plants and animals

slash and burn, clear land, burn debris, leave fallow

Methods of agriculture: shifting cultivation

Long growing season, accessible to large markets, specialty farming

Methods of gardening and fruit farming

Human consumption, large amount of space, sell output to manufacturers, heavily mechanized, wheat for flour

Methods of grain farming

Roaming fields, decreased because of irrigation and sedentary ag

Methods of livestock ranching

Crops feed animals, distributed workload, fields require less attention in winter, livestock require year long attention

Methods of mixed crop and livestock

Specializes in one or two crops, operated in ldcs, owned by mdcs, cash crops

Methods of plantation farming

Plant on dry land and move to flooded fields, terraces, double cropping, canals, harvest each stalk by hand

Methods of wet rice dominant

Human powers, crop rotation

Methods of wet rice not dominant

Urban areas close to market because milk is perishable, milkshed, refrigerated transportation

Methods related with dairy farming

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

township and range

A form of land division in the Midwest and Great Plains in which land is divided into rectangular squares

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

organic agriculture

Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

Green Revolution

the recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs

Lack of food access: high in rural areas- no grocery stores, poor communities lack nutritious food because stores want to maximize profit, therefore will open in more wealthy places Distribution systems: lack of transportation, not distributed evenly Adverse weather: natural disasters- hinders distribution Land use: building homes and selling farms for houses

what are the challenges of feeding a global population

Fertile crescent (southwest Asia)- barley, wheat, lentil, and olives Southeast Asia- mango, coconut, chicken Central america- horse, goat, sheep, yacho

what are the major hearths of domestication of plants and animals

Napa valley, border of Mediterranean Sea, southwestern Australia, south africa

Where does Mediterranean ag occur

Northeast US, Southeast Canada, northwest Europe, south and east Asia, india

Where does dairy farming occur

Southeast US, California, New England

Where does gardening and fruit farming occur

Winter wheat belt (Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado), spring wheat belt (dakotas, Montana, southern Saskatchewan) Palouse region of washington

Where does grain farming occur

Southwest US, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, uraguay, pampas, New Zealand, South Africa, middle east

Where does livestock ranching occur

The US, West if the Appalachians, France to Russia

Where does mixed crop and livestock occur

Interior of India, northeastern China

Where does not wet rice occur

Gobi, Sahara, Kalahari deserts, Saudi Arabia, central and southwest Asia, north and east africa

Where does pastoral nomadism occur

Latin America, Africa, Asia

Where does plantation farming occur

South America, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Central Africa, West Africa

Where does shifting cultivation occur

Southeastern China, east India, southern China, Taiwan

Where does wet rice dominant ag occur

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

commodity chain

The process that food goes through to get from the primary sector of the economy to tertiary. The in between players include the transportation systems and two three or more sellers before the consumer has the opportunity to purchase the item

Green Revolution

a term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice

Extensive commercial

What type of ag is grain farming

Extensive commercial

What type of ag is livestock ranching

intensive commercial

What type of ag is mixed crop and livestock

intensive subsistence

What type of ag is not wet rice dominant

Extensive subsistence

What type of ag is pastoral nomadism

extensive subsistence

What type of ag is shifting cultivation

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Von Thunen Model

A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

long lots

A system of farming established by the french in which lots up to half a mile or more extend from a river which farmers use to haul their products to the market

Metes and bounds

A traditional English system of measuring that uses the lands physical features to describe ownership claims

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Currently in progress, It has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Mixed crop/ livestock- the interaction of cash crops and livestock Extensive cultivation - agricultural practice with large land area and small amounts of labor Shifting cultivation- clear land by axes or machines, slash and burn, farm for 2-3 years and then move, relocate to another plot of land Nomadic herding- animals are not consumed its used for milk Livestock Ranching- commercial grazing of livestock, extensive area and fed by roaming

Extensive farming practices (shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching)

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

suitcase farm

Farms where no one resides permanently and migrant workers provide the majority of manual labor cheaply

double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Clustered: LDCs performing agriculture by hand, not as much mechanization Dispersed: MDCs doing more work with less labor, farms are larger and spread out

How are rural settlement patterns dispersed

Terraces: slows or prevents the rapid surface runoff of irrigation water Irrigation: runoff in drinking water Deforestation: destroying forests- the habitats and ecosystem Draining wetlands: destroys the ecosystem and habitats

How do agricultural practices alter the landscape

Explains rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation associated with distance from the market, uses rings to show each type of agricultural activity, the farther away from the market the more extensive the type of ag

How is the von thunen model used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales

Dry summer, cool moist winter

In what climate does Mediterranean ag occur

Humid

In what climate does gardening and fruit farming occur

Dry

In what climate does grain farming occur

Low rainfall, harsh winters

In what climate does not wet rice dominant occur

Tropical and subtropical

In what climate does plantation farming occur

Arid or semiarid

In what type of climate does livestock ranching occur

Dry

In what type of climate does pastoral nomadism occur

Tropical with high temp and rainfall

In what type of climate does shifting cultivation occur

warm winters, flat land, flooded fields (sawahs)

In what type of climate does wet rice dominant occur

Intensive farming -agriculture practice makes large amount of labor on small plots of land (strawberries, rice, milk) Market gardening- growing of fruits and vegetable in a humid + warm climate (horticulture) Plantation- large form that specializes in 1 or 2 crops

Intensive farming practices (market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock)

Milk

Products related to dairy farming

Long lots- divides land into narrow lots or rectangle (French) EX: Louisiana, Township and range- grid pattern to identify land and using a grid system (Given by the US, Squares) Metes and bounds- property/ surrey lens uses physical feature walong with a direction and distance (13 colonies)

Rural survey methods (long lots, metes and bounds, township and range)

primary: extracting raw materials from the earth secondary: manufacturing primary products tertiary: financial, business, transportation, services quaternary: government, managers, information processing and resources quinary: bosses and ceos

Sectors of the economy

Ridge Tillage

System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

intensive subsistence agriculture

What type of ag is intensive subsistence wet rice dominant

Intensive commercial

What type of ag are plantations

Animals for milk, grain for consumption

What ag products are related to pastoral nomadism

Intensive commercial

What type of ag is Mediterranean ag

GMOs Positive consequences: increased food production, relative reduction in hunger Negative consequences: environmental damage- chemicals in the water, cost of technology, irrigation, LDCs are reliant on MDCs

What are the effects of the Green revolution

We industrialized and urbanized, so more people are working in factories Led into the second stage of the demographic transition model Mechinization- farms to factories, less labor needed/exerted

What are the effects of the second agricultural revolution

Pollution: air, water, solid- exhaust, methane, manure, water from runoff Land cover change: urbanization, building homes, deforestation, habitat loss Desertification: near deserts, livestock ranching Soil salinization: water evaporates and leaves salty residue in soil Conservation efforts: management of the environment and its resources

What are the environmental effects of agricultural land use

women are now running farms and getting into agribusiness women used to only do the farming/ planting

What are the societal effects of agricultural practices

Land costs are higher closer to the marker because transportation cost is lower Intensive is practiced closer to the market and extensive is practiced farthest from the market

What is the bid-rent theory

intensive commercial

What type of ag is commercial gardening and fruit farming

Intensive commercial

What type of ag is dairy farming

agricultural regions are influenced by climate, soil, and landforms Populations alter the landscape to increase food production Terraces, irrigation , deforestation, draining wetlands

What is the relationship between agricultural production regions and bioclimatic zones (Whittlesey's agricultural regions theory)

Millet, oats, sorghum, soybeans, kaoliang

What products are related to wet rice not dominant

grapes and olives

What products are related with Mediterranean ag

Peppers, mushrooms, peaches, strawberries, apples, oranges, blueberries

What products are related with gardening and fruit farming

Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet

What products are related with grain farming

Wet rice, wheat, barley

What products are related with intensive subsistence wet rice dominant

Meat, beef, wool, lamb

What products are related with livestock ranching

Clean and soybeans

What products are related with mixed crop and livestock

Coffee, rubber, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton

What products are related with plantations

Upland rice, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum

What products fare related with shifting cultivation

genetically modified organisms

crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

Koppen climate classification system

developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

Second Agricultural Revolution

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial revolution, it witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.

Climate is the determining factor of what type of crops you can grow and what type of agriculture you practice. Certain climates are fit for certain crops/types of ag Mediterranean- grapes and olives Tropical- plantations and shifting cultivation

how are agricultural practices influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates

There is a lot of interdependence- issues can affect the cycle One fault in the cycle can affect the whole chain- corona in china

how are food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain

As we become more mechanized, we don't need as many farms, and we sell them for suburbanization

how are large-scale commercial agricultural operations replacing small family farms

Processed food consumptions have increased in the last 20-30 years Urban Farming - Take places in cities Community-supported agriculture - doesn't have to take place in the city EX. farm to table restaurants Dietary Shifts - Changes in diet, EX: Veganism, vegetarianism Value-added specialty crops - Takes a product and add changes to sell for more, make more of a profit by adding more ingredients. EX: Strawberries to jam, Apples to applesauce

how are patterns of food production and consumption influenced by movements relating to individual food choices, such as urban farming, community-supported agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements, and dietary shifts

Dependent on demand for cocoa in the 70s affected the price of it. Most of Africa is reliant on the export of coffee

how can some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities

Depends on political relationships- if they do or do not buy your products The more developed you are the better infrastructure you have- bad infrastructure affects food distribution- we make enough food to feed everyone but we can't distribute it effectively We produce enough food for the world but is problematic to transport to it everyone because of the lack of infrastructure in other areas of the world.

how can the main elements of global food distribution networks be affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade

Economies of scale: the more of a product that is produced the less the product costs to produce Government policies: substudies: give farmers money so that farming is profitable because otherwise, they would lose money Food processing facilities are close to urban areas to have lower transportation cost and the profits would, therefore, be higher.

how do the location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies all have economic effects on food-production practices

There are many steps to a the selling of a product. First, the raw materials have to be extracted, or farmed, then they have to be transported, the manufactured, then sold either domestically or globally to people for consumption. All these steps together make up a complex commodity chain.

how does a complex commodity chains link the production and consumption of agricultural products

MDC's: the role has changed from actually farming to having higher-level jobs like owning farms, etc LDC's: women mainly still farm but their role is beginning to change a little, more women involved in agriculture (not as much mechanization)

how does the role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption vary in many places depending on the type of production involved

Through new technology and mechanization, we are able to farm with less labor being exerted, therefore, small farms can be sold to build houses, which allows the carrying capacity to go up as there are more residential areas for people to live in.

how has technology increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of the land

Reduction of Biodiversity - areas of Brazil because of deforestation. Also using irrigation because of the transport of water to other areas of the world. EX: taking water from lakes/rivers.

how have agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, and aquaculture been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water usage, reductions in biodiversity, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use

Transhumance, herding, moving in search for food

method of ag: pastoral nomadism

Von Thunen Model

model developed by johann Heinrich von thunen, German economist and landowner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization

maximum sustainable yield

the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished

Boserup thesis

the view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive and intensive subsistence agriculture