AP Human Geo Unit 5

A country with a high percentage of people engaged in agriculture is likely to be in which stage of the DTM?

stage 2

Land Inheritance historically in Asia, North Africa, Southern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Europe, and Natives left land

to all children = equitable (small land plots)

It is estimated that _____ of the world's population is seriously malnourished.

1/6

Which of the following statements best explains fair trade agriculture as shown for the products on the map?

A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions

The two images each show a different form of beef production. Which of the following statements explains a primary difference between the agricultural practices?

Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?

The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice?

Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries?

Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Which of the following best explains the differences between countries with higher and lower percentages of women working in agriculture?

Countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries?

Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits?

Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States?

Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons

The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images?

Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.

Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown?

Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges?

Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Based on the map above, which of the following best explains the production of lettuce in the United States?

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown.

Central Mexico was a hearth for

Maize (Corn)

Wheat was probably first domesticated in

Southwest Asia

The two images show an agricultural transition that occurred in the twentieth century. Which of the following best explains how this transition helped meet a challenge of contemporary agriculture?

The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population.

Which of the following best describes the settlement patterns shown in the images?

The long-lot system results in population clustered along a waterway, whereas the metes-and-bounds system results in a random, dispersed population pattern.

Which of the following best describes the survey system used in both locations shown?

Township and range: unit-block field patterns with dispersed farmsteads and occasional villages

All of the following are true of truck farming except

Truck farmers' harvest are usually intended for distant markets.

In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain?

United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire?

While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

The focus of the Green Revolution was

reducing starvation in less-developed countries

Typically, swidden (slash and burn) agriculture leads to

shifting cultivation

Second Agricultural Revolution

technological advancements: metal plow, cotton gin (Whitney), reaper (McCormick), seed drill

Where in the US can you find the largest number of concentrated feedlots?

the Midwest

Metes and bounds

use physical or cultural features that create irregular shapes

Grain raised in the US is used today primarily for

Animal feed

Agricultural settlement patterns are partly determined by the survey system used to organize landownership. Which of the following best describes the survey methods used to delineate agricultural land and the associated settlement patterns shown in the two images?

The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa?

Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

After learning about environmental consequences of agribusiness, you are fed up. You decide to start your own organic farm. Where is the US would you make the most money?

California

Settlement patterns: Linear/Chain Village/Ribbon Development

buildings are in lines often next to geo. feature (shoreline/river)

Settlement patterns: Isolated

cut off from others, ex. frontier

Which is not a form of commercial agriculture?

pastoral nomadism

Dairy farming

dairy farmers sell products to wholesaler to distribute to retailers

Commercial Agriculture (Derwent Whittlesey)

developed countries, avg 5% of farmers, large farms (avg = 418 acres)

Subsistence agriculture (Derwent Whittlesey)

developing countries, avg 44% of farmers, small farms (avg = 2.5 acres)

Long lot systems

farmland along rivers that create long rectangular plots of land (Lousiana)

Settlement patterns: dispersed

houses are spread out over a wide area, ex. Midwest

Which of the following explains a reason why education and employment rates for women are lower in less developed compared to more developed countries?

Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.

Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model?

Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use, which of the following explains the location of agricultural practice A or B relative to the market?

Practice A represents intensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and can afford higher land costs found closer to the market.

First Agricultural Revolution (8000 BCE)

first hearth believed to be Mesopotamia SW Asia - barley, wheat, lentils, olives East Asia - rice, millet Sub-Saharan Asia - sorghum, coffee, yams, millet, rice Latin America - beans, cotton, potato, corn

The Second Agricultural Revolution developed at the same time as

growing urban markets were demanding increased food production.

Pastoral Nomadism (Derwent Whittlesey)

herding of domesticated animals w/sedentary agriculture, mostly in N. Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia

Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures?

Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer.

Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America?

Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?

Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture

Who would agree the most with the following statement: agriculture caused an unequal balance of wealth that is still in effect today.

Diamond

More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources?

Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture?

Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

What type of agriculture uses the largest percentage of the world's land area?

shifting cultivation

Shifting Cultivation (Derwent Whittlesey)

slash and burn (swidden) or crop rotation, mostly in tropical rainforest, occupies the largest percent of worlds land

Modern agribusiness is not typically associated with

subsistence agriculture

Von Thunen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use?

transportation

Using the data shown, which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women's roles in food production and food preparation?

In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

Which of the following correctly compares the significance of the different technologies shown in the images?

Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.

The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries?

Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

The images shown illustrate the differences in scale of production for two methods of producing thread. Which of the following best describes advances in the production of textiles during the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution?

The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.

Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions?

The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication?

Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Settlement patterns: nucleated/clustered

horses are grouped closely together around a central feature (church, marketplace, green space), ex. Western Europe and New England

Grain Farming

human consumption, worldwide, example: wheat

Farming that requires lots of labor and/or capital investment is

intensive agriculture

Intensive Subsistence (Derwent Whittlesey)

intensive work (by hand), mostly SE Asia, E. India,

Township and range

land is divided into 6m^2 townships

Plantations (Derwent Whittlesey)

large scale mono-cropping, mostly in tropical lowlands

Mixed crop and livestock farming

mostly crops to feed to animals (80% is cattle and pigs), mostly corn and grain for cattle

All of the following crops were a part of the Columbian Exchange except

oranges in Florida

Which of the following is a negative consequence of the Green Revolution?

over-irrigation cost of technology increased chemical use

Land Inheritance historically in Western Europe, New Zealand, Americas, South Africa, and Australia left land to

the eldest son (large land plots)

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

truck farming- sells fruit and vegetables, developed Countries (Southeastern United States), example: Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Lettuce, Mushrooms, Potatoes

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange?

Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.