AP Human Geography Agriculture Vocabulary

Folk-Housing Regions

Areas such as New England, Middle Atlantic, and southern house styles.

Maladaptive Diffusion

When housing forms display image or practicality.

Transhumance

Periodic movement of livestock to seasonal areas. Movement of animal herds to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.

Natural Resource

Physically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to their maintenance. Examples include water, coal, and gas.

Soybeans.

Illinois and Iowa

Winter Wheat.

Kansas and Oklahoma.

Dairy.

Most ubiquitous-Wisconsin, New York, Minnesota, Michigan, and California.

Rundling

The European version of circular village.

Hamlets

The smallest cluster of houses and buildings.

Commercial Agriculture

A competitive market where farmers freely market their goods with the goal of making a profit. They produce goods and crops for sale off the farm, these crops include food crops and luxury crops. Growing food to be sold in groceries and markets. not just to be eaten by the farmers themselves.

Nonrenewable Resource

A natural resource that does not replenish itself. An example would be oil.

Renewable Resource

A natural resource that replenishes itself. An example would be oil.

Gathering Industry

A primary activity involving subsistence or commercial farming along with gathering. An example would be grain farming.

Agribusiness

A set of economic and political relationship of food production for commercial purpose. A handful of giant corporations dominate a fraction of agriculture. Has forced several traditional farmers into unemployment. They go to local farmer's markets where they can sell local produce. The transformation of farms into corporate-like units. General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of good and services that support the agricultural industry. System of food production involving everything from the development of seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.

Pastoralism

A type of agricultural activity that is based on nomadic animal husbandry. Pastoral peoples are mainly found in the dry mountains in Africa and Asia. Tending of livestock of various types.

Plantation Agriculture

A type of agriculture found in the tropics and a legacy of colonialism.

Green Revolution

Also, known as the 3rd agricultural revolution. It started in the 20th century in the America's. Currently in progress, its principal orientation is the development of Genetically Modified Organisms. Period in which agriculture became globalized and industrialized, and new technology increased the food supply.

Kraal

An African corral.

Broilers.

Found usually where the soil is poor and not used for most crops.

Hogs.

Found with high correlation in the Corn Belt.

Wool.

Australia and China.

Coffee.

Brazil and Colombia.

Sugar.

Brazil and EU15.

Bananas.

Central America (Honduras is #1).

Wheat.

China and EU15.

Rice.

China and India.

Cotton.

China and the United States.

Early Agricultural Hearths

China, Fertile Crescent, Mesoamerica, India, and East Africa.

Domestic Agriculture

Concerned with the rebuilding of diffused buildings.

Organic Agriculture

Crops produced without the use of industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers.

Cacao.

Cōte d'Ivoire and Ghana.

Von Thunen Model

Describes regional distribution of agriculture through the concept of land rent, and how the rent decreases with farther distance from the market. The rest is highest close to the urban market. 1st Ring: Central City 2nd Ring: Intensive Farming 3rd Ring: Cash Grains (corn, soybean) 4th Ring: Extensive Farming 5th Ring: Ranching, Livestock Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy; process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farmers produce goods to provide for themselves, and others in the local community, found mostly in developing countries. Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade.

Sugarcane.

Florida and Louisiana

Slash and Burn Agriculture

Form of shifting cultivation. When a field is cut down and then burned.

Cotton.

Formerly found all over the South it has moved west.

Major Food Exporting Nations

France, Canada, Australia, Argentina, and the United States.

Peanuts.

Georgia and Alabama

Primogeniture

German system--Land is passed onto eldest son.

Rice.

Grand Prairie of Arkansas and California export the crop.

Oats.

Grown in the north central U.S. used for feed and cereals.

Barley.

Grown in the northwestern part of the U.S. used for soups, liquors.

Wattle

Houses built from poles and sticks in Africa.

Potatoes.

Idaho and Washington

Second Agricultural Revolution

Improved tools, equipment, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, food storage, etc. Took place in the 17th & 18th century in Great Britain and Western Europe.

Diffusion.

Which does not belong: Cadastral, Rectangular, Township-and-Range, Long-lot, Diffusion

Tea.

India and China.

Extensive Cultivation

Involves a large expanses of land and small amounts of labor to generate a specific agricultural product. Examples are ranching, fishing, and forestry.

Intensive Cultivation

Involves a small piece of land with large labor inputs to generate a large amount of produce. Rice, wheat, and grain are grown on these small farms.

Corn.

Iowa and Illinois

Urban Subsistence Farming

Is when people grow their own food in gardens and small pastures to feed their own family and supply local markets. Over 800 million people use this type of farming around the world. It is most prevalent in Asia. Positive consequences include converting waist to a resource by reducing run-off and erosion. Also helps solid waist disposal . Negative consequences include wide spread use of untreated human waist as fertilizer which can cause local water resources to become contaminated thus limits the supply of drinking water.

Bananas.

Which does not belong: Olives, Figs, Bananas, Citrus Fruit, Dates

Major Food Importing Nations

Japan, South Korea, China, Brazil, Egypt, and Mexico.

Tropical Plantations

Land used for the growth of only one export crop (sugarcane, coffee, etc.) usually widespread in tropical climates. These plantations usually have some type of foreign control.

Land Rent

Land value that decreases and increases with distance from the central city and helps explain the Von Thunen Model.

Sugar Beets.

Minnesota and North Dakota

Tobacco.

North Carolina and Kentucky

Turkeys.

North Carolina and Minnesota.

Spring Wheat.

North Dakota and Montana.

Sorghum.

North Dakota, Minnesota, Idaho, California, Wyoming

Cadastral System

Pattern of settlement that delineates property lines.

Pineapple.

Plantation crop in Hawaii.

Boserup

Population growth which forces an increased use of technology in farming which caused farming to change from extensive to intensive. Viewed population growth as a positive force, which contrast to Malthus' views that food supply was fixed.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Practiced in Mediterranean-type climates where they grow specialty crops such as grapes, olives, and fruits. Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer, wet-winter climate prevails. Specializes in grapes, olives, figs, citrus fruit, and dates.

High Yield Variety

Refers to strains of corn, wheat, and rice. They require large amounts of fertilizer, and increased farmers cost of production.

Labor Intensive

Requires large amount of human labor. Some agricultural products must be hand picked to insure that there is no damage.

Luxury Crops

Tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

Citrus Fruit.

Texas, Florida, and California.

Township-and-Range

The Cadastral System used to survey most of the land west of the Appalachians in a rectangular system.

Dairying

The agricultural activity in raising livestock, usually cows and goats of dairy products. Ubiquitous and mostly around urban areas.

Livestock Ranching

The commercial raising of animals in semi-arid land. Wide spread throughout North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Agriculture

The deliberate growing of crops or raising of livestock. It occupies more land than any other economic or human activity. Growing plants or raising animals to produce food for sustenance or sale at the marketplace. Deliberate tending of crops and livestock.

Neolithic Revolution

The first agricultural revolution. People learned to farm and domesticate animals. Dating back 10,000 years, a time and place that achieved plant and animal domestication. Period marked by the development of seed agriculture and the use of animals in the farming process.

Commercial Grain Farming

The harvesting of wheat and grains mainly used to feed livestock. This type of farming occurs in the Great Plains and South Russia.

Domestication

The manipulation of plants or animals in procure to sustain human life.

Maximum Sustainable Yield

The maximum rate at which a replenishable, or renewable, resource can be exploited.

Extractive Industry

The mining or quarrying of nonrenewable resources.

Commercial Livestock

The raising of animals including livestock ranching and dairying.

Rubber.

United States and Thailand.

Swidden

Type of shifting cultivation found mostly in tropics.

Functional Differentiation

Use of many buildings for a variety of purposes.

Shifting Cultivation

Use of tropical forest clearing for crop production until the fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned.

Capital Intensive

Uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, or vehicles to produce large amounts of agricultural goods. This requires very little human labor. Farm that males heavy use of machinery in the farming process.

Apples.

Washington State, Michigan, and New York State.

Megalopolis.

Which does not belong: Village, Hamlet, Central City, City, Megalopolis

Tragedy of the Commons

When a resource is available to everyone and each user believes he or she is best served by exploiting the resource to the maximum, despite the consequences of eventual depletion.

Metallurgy.

Which does not belong: Agribusiness, Farming, Metallurgy, Pastoralism, Herding

Rice.

Which does not belong: Coffee, Rice, Pineapple, Bananas, Tea

Dispersed.

Which does not belong: Dispersed, Clustered, Grid, Round, Linear

First Agricultural Revolution.

Which does not belong: First Agricultural Revolution, Herbicides, Hybrid Seeds, Green Revolution, Pesticides

Commercial.

Which does not belong: Slash and Burn, Swidden, Commercial, Sedentary, Shifting

Rice.

Which does not belong: Tea, Cacao, Coffee, Tobacco, Rice