AP Human Geography: Chapter 18

Dual economy

Economy where there are 2 distinct divisions of economic activity across the economic sectors. *i.e. large population working in agriculture but also a relatively big population holding secondary/tertiary jobs.

Geothermal energy

Energy from hot water or steam.

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from burning wood, plant material, and animal waste

Buy-back centers

Recyclables can be purchased from the general public or accepted for a small fee

Recycling vs. Remanufacturing

Recycling is the collection of unwanted materials. Remanufacturing is the manufacturing of a product using these unwanted materials.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Why would manufacturers use ships to deliver their products to the market?

Ships may be selected by a manufacturer because the cost per kilometer is low, and they are a better mode of transportation to deliver the final product to a market that is across the ocean (trucks and trains can't drive on water!).

Fission

The splitting of uranium atoms to release energy

Potential reserve

The supply in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist.

Proven reserve

The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered

Consumptive water usage

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid (i.e. You water your plants. The plants use up this water to grow. There is now no excess water.)

Non-consumptive water usage

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid. (i.e. You wash your hands with water from the sink. The excess water goes into the sewers and is eventually discharged into lakes and streams)

Why would manufacturers use trains to deliver their products to the market?

Trains may be selected by a manufacturer because they don't need to make daily rest stops and they are better able to deliver the final product across the country than trucks.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Why would manufacturers use trucks to deliver their products to the market?

Trucks may be selected by a manufacturer because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply; and if the market is only a short distance away.

Greenhouse effect

Warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

Examples of footloose industries?

- Diamond cutting - computer chip manufacturing - Finance - Insurance - Real Estate - Technology

What are the 5 economic sectors?

1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary 5. Quinary

2 other major characteristics of footloose industry?

1. Spatially fixed costs - This means that the costs of the products do not change, no matter where it is produced. 2. Inputs/outputs are usually small, light, and transportable

Cottage industries

A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home. *this was common before the Industrial Revolution

Industrial park

A collection of manufacturing facilities.

Ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Compared with more-developed countries, which of the following statements is true of less developed countries? A) A higher percent of the labor force is engaged in food production. B) The population pyramids exhibit narrower bases. C) The per capita consumption of energy is higher. D) The natural increase of the population is lower. E) Fertility rates are lower.

A) A higher percent of the labor force is engaged in food production.

Quaternary economic activities are those that A) extract natural resources from the environment B) transform raw materials into finished products C) involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information D) involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services E) involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets

C) involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information

Which of the following explains the spatial patterns of economic development for most countries in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam? A) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the semiperiphery because of the extensive growth of the secondary economic sector. B) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the semiperiphery because of the dominance of the primary economic sector. C) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the periphery because of the dominance of the tertiary economic sector. D) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the periphery because of the dominance of the secondary economic sector. E) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the core because of the dominance of the tertiary economic sector.

A) Most Southeast Asian countries are considered to be part of the semiperiphery because of the extensive growth of the secondary economic sector.

Which of the following best explains the relationship between GDP per capita and world system theory? A) There is an uneven distribution of economic development and geographical division of labor in the world. B) There is an even distribution of economic development and geographical division of labor in the world. C) The countries with the highest GDP are also those with primary economic activities. D) The countries with the lowest GDP are those with tertiary economic activities. E) The peripheral countries have higher levels of both GDP and primary economic activities.

A) There is an uneven distribution of economic development and geographical division of labor in the world.

Which of the following modes of transportation is characterized by low terminal cost, high line cost, and high route flexibility? A) Truck B) Train C) Ship D) Pipeline E) Airplane

A) Truck It's relatively easy to load a truck, and not very expensive --> low terminal cost You have to constantly gas up --> high line cost You can go on a multitude of roads or highways to get to your destination --> high route flexibility

The reason for the concentration of copper smelters, refineries, and foundries close to Arizona's copper mines is that copper production is A) a bulk-reducing industry B) a bulk-gaining industry C) dependent on dry climate conditions D) attracted to low-cost migrant labor E) oriented to the large Southern California market

A) a bulk-reducing industry

Post-Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Why would manufacturers use planes to deliver their products to the market?

Although they are one of the most expensive modes of transportation, manufacturers will resort to airplanes if they need to deliver small-bulk, high-value final products to markets far away.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

Postindustrial economy

An economy marked by extremely low primary sector employment, relatively low secondary sector employment, and predominant tertiary sector employment, with a rising share of quaternary and quinary jobs

Fossil fuel

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

Nonrenewable energy source

An energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the raw materials. *i.e. bulky chunks of ore are turned into little bundles of copper wire

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the raw materials. *i.e. small parts are put together to make a large car

Footloose industry

An industry that can be located at any location and is unfazed by factors like natural resources, land, labor, and capital.

Compare the two images (first = train, second = ship). What do the technologies shown demonstrate about the Industrial Revolution? A) The dependence on large quantities of steel has limited industrial growth to areas with high concentration of coal and iron. B) The increased transportation technology has enabled the diffusion and expansion of industrial activities. C) Industrial centers must be built along rivers or waterways to facilitate the transportation of raw materials and finished goods. D) The initial take-off stages of the Industrial Revolution focused solely on heavy, material-oriented industries. E) Due to the cost of such large-scale industrial projects, industrialization has been unable to diffuse to developing countries.

B) The increased transportation technology has enabled the diffusion and expansion of industrial activities.

The port of Los Angeles is the busiest port in the United States and a major break-of-bulk point. Which of the following statements correctly explains why Los Angeles is a break-of-bulk point? A) The robotic systems at the port results in fewer workers being required to unload container ships. B) The port can accommodate large container ships that can be unloaded quickly so that containers can be transferred onto carriers that use California's highway and rail systems. C) The massive warehouses located at the port allow goods from container ships to be stored easily for long periods of time. D) Goods can be transferred to other container ships going to the port of San Francisco. E) Los Angeles is on the Pacific Ocean allowing for more trade with countries in Asia.

B) The port can accommodate large container ships that can be unloaded quickly so that containers can be transferred onto carriers that use California's highway and rail systems.

Which of the following modes of transportation is characterized by high terminal cost, low line cost, and low route flexibility? A) Truck B) Train C) Ship D) Pipeline E) Airplane

B) Train It's hard to load a train --> high terminal cost You don't have to stop to get coal. The only time trains will stop is when they get to their destination --> low line cost Trains are literally attached to a railroad can't go off it --> low route flexibility

Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by A) production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw material production B) strong unions and localized involvement in all facets of the production process C) spatial disaggregation of the production process D) reliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production process E) production facilities located close to railroads

C) spatial disaggregation of the production process

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, China

Which of the following industries will most likely locate closest to its raw material sources? A) Soft-drink bottling B) Brewing C) Nickel smelting D) Baking E) Automobile assembly

C) Nickel smelting

Which of the following modes of transportation is characterized by high terminal cost, low line cost, and high route flexibility? A) Truck B) Train C) Ship D) Pipeline E) Airplane

C) Ship Hard to load a ship --> high terminal cost The cost per kilometer is low --> low line cost Ships have the entire sea to work with and operate in --> high route flexibility

The two images (first one = 1 train, second one = numerous trains) illustrate advancements in technology resulting from the Industrial Revolution. Comparing the images, which of the following statements best illustrates an impact of the Industrial Revolution on society? A) Industrialization technologies were applied to agriculture and to the transportation of agricultural products to widespread markets that led to greater food supplies and a surge in the population. B) One major unintended change that came with industrialization was the standardization of time in order to provide nationwide schedules that were an aid to improving the efficiency of train travel in the United States. C) The invention of the steam engine and the construction of steel bridges to carry trains across various physical features led to ever-increasing demand for the materials and labor to build more trains and tracks. D) The Industrial Revolution was largely a change in economic activity that brought wealth to industrialists but did not significantly alter the landscape. E) Improvements in technology effectively shrank transportation times, but intervening obstacles such as rivers and canyons lessened the efficiencies of travel by rail.

C) The invention of the steam engine and the construction of steel bridges to carry trains across various physical features led to ever-increasing demand for the materials and labor to build more trains and tracks.

What are the three basic components of urban air pollution?

Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates.

Economic sectors

Collections of similar economic activities based on the creation of raw materials, the production of goods, the provision of services, or other activities

Deposit/refund programs

Consumers pay a small amount of money upfront, and then are reimbursed once they bring a container of recyclables back.

What happens to costs at break-of-bulk points?

Costs rise each time these inputs or raw materials are transferred from one mode to another.

List 4 ways recyclables are collected.

Curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back centers, and deposit/refund programs.

Environmental laws, labor availability, and access to markets are major factors affecting which of the following? A) Political affiliation B) Gross domestic product C) Property tax rates D) Manufacturing locations E) Transportation costs

D) Manufacturing locations

What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol manufacturing plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? A) Near a large university to facilitate the recruitment highly trained chemists B) Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation C) Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets D) Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials E) Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market

D) Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials

In the context of industrialization, how does the use of stone in bridges compare to the use of metal in bridges? A) The change from stone to iron bridges had no impact on industrialization because stone was readily available and stronger than iron. B) The change from stone to iron bridges created a great demand by Europeans for bridges because iron bridges were less expensive to build. C) The scarcity in stone for building bridges facilitated the need to import new materials such as iron, leading to globalization and the rise of industrialization in Europe. D) The development of the metals industry led to the construction of higher and longer bridges, a reduced need for stone as a building material, and rapid industrialization. E) Bridges of stone were not constructed in Europe until modern times because the use of iron as a building material developed in the United States and did not diffuse to Europe until the early twentieth century.

D) The development of the metals industry led to the construction of higher and longer bridges, a reduced need for stone as a building material, and rapid industrialization.

Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called A) subsistence activities B) organic activities C) secondary economic activities D) primary economic activities E) tertiary economic activities

D) primary economic activities

Which of the following modes of transportation is characterized by high terminal cost, high line cost, and high route flexibility? A) Truck B) Train C) Ship D) Pipeline E) Airplane

E) Airplane Hard to load a plane --> high terminal cost Trains have to stop to gas up and be worked on --> high line cost Have the entire sky to work with --> high route flexibility

The early stages of the core-periphery model describe the A) relationship between the outward appearance of a place and its internal functioning B) ways that suburban workers commute to urban workplaces C) relationship between the underlying structure of a society and its outward expressions D) social and cultural differences between urban and rural people E) relationship of power and the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas.

E) relationship of power and the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas.

Outsourcing

Hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs

Curbside program

Households can leave their recyclable waste on their curb and the trucks will collect it and deliver it to a recycling plant to be processed for reuse

Second Industrial Revolution

Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries, as well as the rise of mass production.

What are the 3 site factors that are related to the location of a factory?

Labor, capital, and land

Right-to-work laws

Legislation that prohibits employees from being required to join a union as a condition of employment.

What are some characteristics of the textile industry?

Less skilled labor, low-cost workers, labor-intensive...

What are maquiladoras?

Located in Mexico along the US border, these factories are owned by American corporations who take advantage of the cheap labor.

Break-of-bulk points

Locations where transfer among transportation modes is possible + where raw materials can be broken down into smaller units before shipping them further *Examples include seaports, airports, etc.

Specialized manufacturing

Manufacturing of products that are designed to be sold primarily in one or two markers, normally located close to the industry they created parts for. (i.e. Zippers locating close to clothing industry)

Least-cost theory

Model developed by Alfred Weber that proposes that the location of factories is determined by 3 factors: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

Where are bulk-gaining industries located?

Near the market *This is to reduce the costs of transporting bulky final products to the market.

Where are bulk-reducing industries located?

Near the raw materials *This is to reduce the costs of transporting bulky raw materials to the factory.

Drop-off center

People can drive to these places and leave their recycled waste here so that it can be processed for reuse

Point-source pollution

Pollution that comes from a specific site *an example is pollution from factory water pipe into a stream.

Nonpoint-source pollution

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area *an example is fertilizer runoff

animate power

Power supplied by people or animals.

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Why was the Southern US slow to industrialize?

The Southern US had less capital than the North and not as may skilled workers. Rather, there was initially a focus on agriculture and slave labor. However, after the civil war, without slaves, agriculture became much less economical, forcing the South to finally industrialize and catch up with the Northern half of the US.

Route flexibility

The ability of a mode of transportation to alter its path to a location. (The higher the flexibility, the more able it's able to change the route)

Terminal cost

The cost of loading and unloading freight

Line cost

The cost of transporting goods over a route. (May include labor, fuel, weight)

Landfill

The disposal of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil

First Industrial Revolution

The first period of industrialization in Europe consisting of mechanization of agriculture, textile manufacturing, and a revolution in power, including steamships and railroads.

Quinary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with high-level decision making for large corporations, high-level scientific research, or high-level decision making for countries.

Secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Quaternary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. *Examples include FIRE: - Finance - Insurance - Real Estate As well as technology (think Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and other companies which collect data).

Primary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.

Tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the provision of services to people in exchange for payment.

Agglomeration

The process by which companies in the same or similar industries will locate near each other in order to take advantage of specialized labor, materials, and services.

What are the situation factors that are related to the location of a factory?

The proximity to markets, proximity to raw materials, proximity to energy sources, and transportation costs, be it moving raw materials to the factory or final products to the market.

Supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

Inputs

The raw materials or energy sources used to make a product. This can range from bulky ores or car parts to coal and petroleum.

Third Industrial Revolution

The shift towards relying on electricity for power and automating production of consumer goods.

Renewable energy source

a source of energy that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time

Industry

any economic activity that uses machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into finished goods

Capital

funds needed to create and operate a business enterprise

Raw materials

metal, wood, plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make goods intended for sale to customers

Air pollution

the contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources

Industrialization

the process by which the interaction of social and economic factors leads to the development of industries across a community, region, or country.

Demand

the quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's citizens & companies within the country in a year