AP Human Geography Chapter 4

When did Pop music originate?

As we know it, Popular Music originated around 1900.

Which of the following statements about folk sports is NOT true?

Australian rules football grew out of American football culture.

Custom

A repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the *group*, such as many students typically wearing jeans to class Habitat widely adopted by a group of people Custom can denote a specific element of material culture like wearing jeans; culture refers to a group of an entire collection of customs

Habit

A repetitive act that a particular *individual* performs, such as wearing jeans to class every day. Unlike custom, habit does not imply that the act has been adopted by most of the society's population

Which of the following is an example of how regional politics have affected the sales of popular foods around the world?

After the fall of the Soviet Union, many citizens in ex-Soviet states switched to drinking Coca-Cola.

Pattern with diffusion of electronic communications

America starts by accounting for huge source of users in early years. Over time w more diffusion, US worldwide users decline or are overtaken by some new electronic communication

What is one challenge to Amish folk culture today?

An influx of tourists from nearby metropolitan areas or urban areas who gawk at Amish culture

Animist art

Animist from Myanmar and elsewhere in Southeast Asia who have migrated to eastern region of the study area, paint symbols and designs that derive from their religion rather than from the local enviro.

Governments may choose to limit their citizens' access to particular types of electronic media for greater control over their population. Where is access to the Internet most censored?

Asia , especially China

What did King Henry II do because of disrupted football

Banned game from England later 12th century. Not legalized until king James I. At this point football was folk rather than global popular

Which statement is the best argument for continued use of the Muslim veil or head covering in public?

Banning the veil infringes upon women's religious freedom and rights.

Folk music

Chinese legend says music invented in 2697 BC when bamboo piles were cut matching Phoenix call. However folk music usually originate anonymous and transmit verbal Songs may modify through generations but content is often from daily lives most people are familiar w. As people travel folk music travels w them They tell dories and convey info about life cycle events or environmental features (death, marriage etc; climate etc). Vietnam most people are subsistence farmers, so info about agricultural tech shown through folk song. Can provide advise between difference between planting seeds in winter and summer. Vietnam festivals feature music in locally meaningful enviro settings like rivers or hills. Singers in traditional clothes sing about daily life When folk songs are written out, similar themes emerge even if enviro info displayed is different.

According to Chinese legend, when was music invented?

Chinese legend states that music originated in 2697 B.C. when Emperor Huang Ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that produced a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird. Although, folk music is usually created anonymously and transmitted orally.

Sex Tours and prostitution

Contact w popular culture has also negatively impacted Developing countries. Prostitution increasing in developing countries w more men from other countries coming for sex tours. These sex tours, primarily from Japan and Northern Europe (especially Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands), includes airfare hotels and predetermined number of women. Leading destinations include Phillipines, Thailand, and North Korea. International prostitution encouraged as major source of foreign currency. Popular culture may regard this international relation of women as equal at home but as objects in foreign folk

2 waves of amish immigrants to US

First group primarily from Palantine and Bern, settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700's enticed by William Penns offer of cheap land. Because of low land prices, the second group from Alsace settled in Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa in the US, and Ontario and Canada in early 1800's. From these core areas the Amish diffused to other areas w cheap land

Exporting of association football

First to continental Europe than other countries like Netherlands - returning Dutch students to the U.K. were first to play in continental Europe late 1870. Spain - miner in Bilbao adopted sport in 1893 after seeing it played by English engineers working there. Russia - English manager of textile factory near Moscow organized teams at factory in 1887 and advertised in London for workers who could play. After Russian revolution both factory and its football team were absorbed into soviet electric trade unit. The team renamed dynamo became countries first famous football team British further diffused through British empire, and later through radio and tv. World Cup shows popularity (plays every four years. Thank to tv each final breaks records for more views if any event ever)

Diffusion

Folk is translated one to another slower and on a smaller scale through relocation diffusion. Spread of popular follows hierarchical usually diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths or modes of innovation w help of modern communications American popular music worldwide began in 1940's when armed forces radio network broadcast music to soldiers and citizens where Americans were stationed fighter in WWII. In late twentieth western dance diffused rapidly from US to Europe like Detroit's techno (influenced by soul gospel and ultimately Africa folk music) and Chicago's home music (influenced by hip hop emerging in NY and other urban areas which diffused from drunk jazz and again African folk music

What do Folk songs convey?

Folk songs tell a story or convey information about daily activities (ex. farming, life-cycle events like birth, death, etc.) or mysterious activities like storms and earthquakes. Folk culture is not made for everyone, but to a certain group of people who will understand what the song is talking about.

Hearths of house types- US folk housing

Fred Kniffen identified 3 major hearths of housing folk forms in US... -*middle Atlantic*- principle house known as I house (usually two full stories, one room deep and two rooms wide). Middle Atlantic migrants carried house type southwest along Appalachian trails. -*lower Chesapeake/Tidewater*- one story, steep roof, chimney at either end. Migrants spread these from Chesapeake bay/tidewater, Virginia, areas along the southeast coast. Wet areas on coast have house raised on peers or brick foundations. -*new England*- box shaped w central hall. found in great lakes as far west as Wisconsin bc area settled primarily by new England settlers. folk housing still seen in US in older surviving houses from 19th century

Where are popular musicians attracted to increasingly

Large clusters To have better access to agencies that book live performances which become increasingly important compared to recording. Nearly all of musical festivals that attract the high attendance are in Europe and US

entertainment of cultural imperialism

Leaders of many developing countries view TV control by developed (especially in US) as new method of economic and cultural imperialism American TV show American beliefs and social forms like upward social mobility, relative women freedom, glorification of youth, and stylizing violence. These attractive themes may conflict w and drive out folk to avoid offending folk, many developing countries block offending networks like MTV. They are replaced by emphasizing fam values and avoid controversial of edgy cultural, economic, and political content.

Origin and diffusion of popular sports : soccer

Like many sports, it arises as a folk custom and were diffused through migration of immigrants (originated as a folk custom in England during eleventh century) Transformed into a part of global popular culture beginning in 19th century

Isolation and continued Amish diffusion

Living in rural areas made the Amish more isolated from others allowing them to retain customs even w European immigrants to the US adopted new ones. Amish customs can be found in southeastern Pennsylvania, northeast Ohio, and east central Iowa. These isolated from each other but still share customs. Amish slowing diffusing through interregional in US. Recently many Amish sold farms in Lancaster Pennsylvania (oldest and largest Amish community) and migrated to Christian and Todd communities in Southwest Kentucky. Custom to give farmland to sons when adults and fertile farmland in Lancaster is hard to find and expensive while Kentucky is 1/5 less than in Lancaster. Selling Lancaster house can give enough money to provide farmland to future adult sons. Also, migrating from Lancaster because it has a lot of tourists gawking at their culture from nearby metropolitan ares.

Which of the following statements is the best description of the development of folk housing?

Local customs and environmental factors play the major roles in the development of folk housing.

news coverage and press freedom

Many African and Asian govt officials criticize western concept of freedom of press. Argue that american news organizations reflect american values and don;t provide balanced and accurate views of other countries. US news gathering places more interested in covering natural disasters than meaningful but less visual and dramatic domestic stories (like birth control programs and construction of new roads)

The distribution of golf courses is not uniform across the American landscape, with more courses per capita in the North than the South. What factor best explains why parts of the south in Florida and Arizona have high concentrations of golf courses?

Many golf-playing northerners either migrate to or vacation in these locations.

4 surviving folk sports

Most other sports diffused less than soccer. Cultural groups have own preferred sports often unknown to others elsewhere. Like... Cricket- popular in U.K. and previous British colonies (especially in South Asia, South Pacific, and Caribbean islands) Wushu- martial art of kicking and jumping w combat like striking and wrestling are China's most popular sports Baseball- once confined to NA became popular in Japan after introduced to American soldiers who occupied japan after WWII Australia rules football- sports district from soccer and football played in NA. distinctive soccer developed in Australia and US and Canada bc of lack of interaction among sporting nations during 1800's

Folk housing styles in the United States have been linked to three distinct hearths or nodes. Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the nodes of U.S. folk housing culture? Middle Atlantic, the "I" house that is typically two stories New England, box-shaped with a central hall New England, two rooms deep with central fireplaces Lower Chesapeake, one story with chimneys at either end Lower Chesapeake, raised on piers or brick foundations

New England, two rooms deep with central fireplaces

manufacturing- materials are manufactured into new products for markets to use. Important inputs includes..

Paper- most paper can be recycled (rate at which is growing). Increase in virgin paper pulp allowed construction of more paper recycle plants. Key is to collect a lot of clean and well sorted, dry paper plastic- different plastics must not be mixed as even a small amount of difference could ruin melt. Impossible to tell from sight, it is usually marked w triangles (type 1 and 2 most commonly recycles) glass- reuse w no quantity loss and 100% recyclable. Creating new glass from old has no waste or unwanted by products. Unbroken glass valuable, mixed color glass is worthless, and broken is hard to sort aluminum- in beverage containers. Replaced bottles in 1950's and soft drinks in 60's. Alum scrap is ready for recycling although other metals are rarely accepted.

2 main series of recycling activites

Pick up and processing Manufacturing regardless of recycle method recycles are sent to recovery factory to be sorted and repaired for manufacturing. Recycles bought and sold like any commodity (prices and materials fluctuate w the market)

Sustainability challenges for popular culture

Pop culture can greatly change and control the environment. May be imposed on the environment rather than spring forth from it, as with many folk customs. For many pop customs the environment is used to enhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote sale of a product. Even in resulting enviro looks natural, it deliberately created by people in pursuit of pop social customs diffusion of pop customs can adversely impact enviro in 2 ways: 1. pollution of landscape 2. depletion of scarce natural resources

Distribution

Pop culture distributed widely with little regard for physical (influenced by ability of people to access material). Principle obstacle is lack of income to purchase material Folk is a combo of local physical and cultural factors influencing distinction distributions Ex) study of artistic customs in Himalayas show distinctive views of physical environments emerge among neighboring groups that are isolated. Tibetan Buddhist in north, Hindus in south, Muslim in west and southeast Asian animists in east. Despite spatial proximity limited interaction between them makes distinctive folk cultures. Choices of subjects of painting in each group mirrors religion and I social views of groups environment Distribution of artistic subjects in Himalayas show folk are influenced by cultural institutions like religion and enviro like climate Landforms and vegetation. These groups show similar uniqueness in dance music and crafts and architecture

rapid diffusion of popular clothing styles

Popular clothing habits have little regard for the climate or topography of an area. popular clothing habits reflect -occupation (lawyer for ex have darker suits and necktie, while factory worker wears jeans and a work shirt. Lawyer more likely to dress like a lawyer in cali than a factory worker in NY) -income (women's clothes change on year to the next. Color, shape, design, of dresses change to intimate pieces made by clothing designers. People w high income may update wardrobe frequently) improved communication allowed rapid clothing diffusion. (something created in Milan, Paris, or NY are reproduced in large amounts at factories in NA and Europe chain stores. Speed essential for copying dresses because fashion taste change so fast) Years could elapse from time of original dress to be displayed, to the time inexpensive products are available in stores. Now time lag is only few weeks because of tech. Buyers can place orders online, and sketches can be sent from Europe designers to American HQ's and then Asian factories

Diffusion of soccer

Popular culture Transformation from folk to popular began in 1800's where football and other teams were founded in U.K. frequently by churches to provide leisure hours to factory workers. Sports became a taught subject in school Increase leisure time permit people to view and ya. High income could have people pay for first class events. Football hired pros to meet demand and British clubs formed association in 1863 standardizing rules (marks transition to popular)

Landscape Pollution

Popular culture can pollute the landscape and modifying it with little regard for local environmental conditions (like climate and soil). To create uniform landscapes hills can be flattened and valleys filled in. Some materials may be employed regardless of location. Golf courses for example use large amounts of water and land and many grasses (non-native) and fertilizers were used to make it look suitable for a game

Popular culture and folk culture have different relationships to the environment. What is the main difference between the two?

Popular culture is imposed on the environment, while folk culture emerges from the environment.

Which statement best describes popular music?

Popular music is written by individuals, who sell or use the music in public performances.

Governments may choose to censor access to the internet in a variety of ways. Of the following, which is NOT a way that OpenNet Initiative has identified as a means of limiting Internet access?

Preventing access to video or photo sharing services

Regional folk housing in the United States stemmed from three nodes in New England, the Middle Atlantic, and the Lower Chesapeake. Today regional housing has diminished in popularity. Which two factors have been the causes of this decline?

Rapid communication and corporate-built housing

limiting access to TV

Satellite dishes enable people to access information that would otherwise be censored by their governments. Governments have had little success in shutting down satellite technology despite the threat of heavy fines, several hundred thousand Chinese still own satellite dishes. changing tech made TV a force for political change rather than stability. Delivery of programs in future likely to be closely integrated w other internet services (facilitating different countries to watch same stuff) small size of dishes dished making smuggling into country easy. Expensive, but Chinese workers for example have many neighbors share cost and hook up all TV sets to it

external threat: developed countries control media

Since media outlets are largely Western (especially television programming), their content may present values or beliefs in conflict with those of a particular place receiving those broadcasts. Government may perceive this Western control as a threat to their national systems and attempt to restrict the programming available to the populace 3 countries dominate TV in developing: Japan UK US (also major exporters of programs) entertainment of social imperialism news- fair or biased news coverage and freedom

US popular housing

Since the mid 20th century Regional distinctiveness has diminished because rapid communication and transportation systems provide people throughout the country with knowledge of alternative styles most don't build houses they live in. Usually mass produced houses houses show influence of shapes, materials, detailing, and other features of architectural style in vogue at any one point in time. After WWII, most houses were modern. Since 1960, style that architects call neoeclectic have predominated

What is the world's most popular sport? Why do think so?

Soccer, or Football (outside of North America), is the most popular sport world wide. one reason that soccer is very popular is because it is a sport that does not require a lot of resources or expenses to be made for things such as equipment and clothing, so countries and people who cannot afford expensive training or stadiums can also participate in the sport.

Where do social customs originate?

Social customs originate at a hearth, a center of innovation. Some customs may have multiple hearths.

Eluding control: new technologies and social media

Social media start to play big role in breaking monopoly of govt control over diffusion of info. As hard as it is to block dish, its even harder to block social media. Popular uprising against undemocratic govt in Egypt, Libya, and other in Southwest Asia and north Africa in 2011 relied on individuals sending stuff through social media.

limiting internet access

W TV, govt try to limit internet content. Countries limit access to 4 types of internet content: 1. political content that expresses views in opposition to those of the current govt or that is related to human rights, freedom of expression, minority rights, and religious movements. 2. Social content related to sexuality, gambling, and illegal drugs and alcohol as well as other topics that may be socially sensitive or perceived as offensive. 3. Security conflict related to armed conflicts, border disputes, separatist movements, and militant groups 4. internet tools like email, internet hosting, and searching

New types of popular music clusters

W globalization musicians less tied to culture of particular places and more clustered in communities where other creative artist reside regardless of style (ex NYC and LA bringing a lot of wife variety of singers). Nashville also leading musician center like country and gospel. They have concentration of musicians when the number is compared to smaller pops than in NYC and LA

news- fair or biased

developing fear threat of news gathering capability of media even more than entertainment function. News in most developing are dominated by got when runs radio and tv as well as news gathering agencies dont have funds to have individual news service. Instead they buy rights to use dispatched of main organizations. Info in newspaper dominated by AP (Associated Press) and Reuters (also supply most TV news). World's 25 largest media companies are all based in developed counties (15 in US, 4 in UK, and 2 each for France, Germany and Japan)

sacred places in houses

distinction form of folk houses may derive from religious values or beliefs rather than enviro. Houses may have sacred walls or corners (Java for example has from door always facing south, the direction of south sea goddess). (Eastern wall in Fiji is sacred; same w northwest wall in china) (sacred corners in middle east, India, and africa) Madagascar has main door west which is seen as most important direction and the northeast corner is sacred. north wall is for worshiping ancestors. Important guests enter a room from the north and are seared against the northern wall. The bed places against eastern wall, head facing north lao people arrange bed perpendicular to center of house. People sleep so heads will be opposite to neighbors heads and feet will be match with feet bc head is noble and feet is vulgar (exception: child who builds house next door to his or her parents sleep with their head towards parents feet as sign of obeying) lao don't orient house same as people in nearby thailand. Yuan and Shan ignore position of neighbors and all sleep w heads east (Buddhist see it as best direction). Staircase must not face west (the worst direction) bc its death and evil.

increase in dowries: pop culture hurting India

dowry is a gift (cash cars etc; important source of income for groom's family) from one fam to another (used to be man to females family but has reversed and women are now required to do so.) Anti-Dowry laws came but never followed. If bride unable to pay dowry then cast out on streets and her family may refuse to take her back. 90k torture cases and thousands of women deaths come from angry inlaws about sizes of dowries "Angry Brides" online game at Shaadi.com to raise awareness for dowry abuses.

food taboos

everything in nature shows a distinctive characteristics based on appearance and natural props. People may desire or avoid certain foods in response to perceived good or bad natural traits. people refuse certain foods thought to have negative forces in enviro (this restriction imposed by social custom is food taboo). Other social customs like sexual preferences carry prohibitions, but taboos very strong in food. Some folk cultures establish these taboos bc of enviro concern. These taboos could help w endangered species (only few high rankers can hunt while majority make crops) or scarce natural resources.

Folk food customs and the environment

folk preferences effected by availability of products, but people do not simply eat what is available in their enviro. Food preferences strongly influenced bu culture traditions. What is eaten establishes social, religious, and ethnic memberships. food habits embedded strongly in enviro. Human eat mostly plants and animals. People living in a region must consider soil, climate, and other things of enviro in deciding to produce particular foods.

Which recyclable product is always 100 percent recyclable with no loss in quality?

glass

Wine production cultural factors (popular)

grapes can be grown in a lot of places, but production is based on cultural values (both from past and today). Wine distribution shows diffusion of popular customs depends less on distinctive enviro than on presence of beliefs, institutions and material traits conducive to accepting those customs. Wine made more in places good at making it, where people can afford it, and wear people drink it more.

Jean Brunhes

he was a major contributor to cultural landscape tradition viewed housing as being essential facts of human geo. It is a product of both cultural tradition and natural conditions. Fred Kniffen considered house to be a good refection of cultural heritage, fashion, needs, and enviro impact French geographer, claimed housing is the essential fact of Human Geography

clothing preferences

in folk, people usually wear traditional clothes in response to distinction agricultural practices and conditions. Popular clothing usually reflects occupations rather than specific environments people wear folk for variety of enviro and cultural reasons. folk in Netherlands wearing wooden shoes have practical wet climate use. in arctic, fur line boots help snow (don't sink in). Warm climates not need any footwear if heavy rain and time spend in water discourages show use. Religious belief can also influence clothing preferences

popular food culture: differences among countries

in pop in america, food preferences seem far removed from folk traditions. Popular food preferences more influenced more by culture values than enviro, but still some regional variations can be observed and enviro influences remain important in select areas. Coke and Pepsi are similar yet some prefer one over the other. Coke accounts for more than one half of world soda shares and pepsi is 1/4. Cola is sales leader in most western hemisphere (principle exception is canada where pepsi is preferred bc of advertising uniquely tied to them). Cola preferences influenced by politics in russia. (w communism govt officials made a deal w pepsi to allow that cola be sold in soviet union). w breakup of soviet union and end of commi, cola entered russia market and quickly switched so they wouldn't be associated w past commi preferences. In southwest asia, religion influenced cola preferences (Muslim boycotted products sold in Jewish Israel). Since coke but not pepsi was sold in Israel, in most of Israel's neighbors, Pepsi was preferred.

travel and clothing preferences

increased travel and media movement exposed NA and Europe to other clothes, like people in other parts of world have come in contact with western dress. Ex) poncho from south america, dashiki from Nigeria, and aleut parka have been adopted by people around the world The continued use of folk customs in some part of the world may not persist bc of distinctive enviro conditions or traditions but to preserve past memories or to attract tourists

Soccer (football) is an example of a folk sport that has become a popular sport. All of the following are ways that soccer has diffused around the world EXCEPT __________.

indigenous populations spreading soccer among towns as a means of meeting one another

2000-2011 internet diffusion

internet usage continued to increase rapid in US to 77 percent of US pop. Increase more modest than in rest of the world, and the share of worlds internet users found in US continued to decline to 10 percent in 2011 so US still increasing fast, but not as much as other countries so its international percentage is lowering diffusion to TV took half a century, and internet took only a decade. Given history of TV the Internet likely to diffuse rapidly further in the years

kashgar, turpan, yincuan, dunhuand

kashgar- second floor open air patios where breezes can be felt. popular plants planted around house bc village has a river that is constantly flowing rather than seasonal as in this case in much of china's dry lands. Trees provide shade in summer and sun openings in winter turpan- small open courtyards for social. Situated deep in valley w little open land (much used for raisons). Second story patio, use less land, but are avoided because of strong winds yincuan- houses built around large, open air courtyards w trees providing shade. most are Muslims who see courtyards as private. Adobe bricks are square and not rectangles. dunhuand- housed have walled central courtyards covered w grape arbors. Free air movement but shade from direct sun. sloped roof for rain runoff (influenced by their closeness to pop centers in eastern china which also have sloped roofs)

What is the main obstacle to the diffusion of popular culture today?

lack of access to electronic media

golf courses

large example of imposing pop culture to the environment. Late 20th century brought big amount of these spawned in the US. John Rooney thought this to come w more leisure especially w retired people and young people w flexible hours. Slowed in 21st w recession. distribution of courses not even distribute. Greatest in northern states w long traditions of playing golf and social clubs golf more limited in south and Cali w much urbanization (not enough land). Certain southern and western states have a lot of golf w large number of northern arrivals. designed partially because of local conditions. The grass must thrive and be suitable for golf. Existing trees are kept if possible but many golf must remake the enviro. Ironically, golf originated at folk

elements of folk and pop culture face challenges in

maintaining identities sustainable into the future. For folk, challenges are to maintain unique local landscapes in age of globalization for pop, challenges come from sustainability of practices designed to promote uniform landscapes many fear loss of folk culture, especially bc risking incomes can fuel demand for possessions typical of pop culture. When turning from folk, they also turn from traditions. And diffusion of popular culture from developed countries can lead to dominance of western perspectives. for folk, increased connection w pop culture makes hard to maintain age old practices. Amish in US and marriage in India are examples

roman empire influence on modern wine

social custom of win in mucho of france and italy extends back at least to roman empire. Wine consumption declined after fall of rome where many vineyards were destroyed. Medieval Europe preserved the traditions. Wine became very popular again in recent centuries as well as in western hemisphere which was colonized by Europeans. Vineyards now usually owned privately by people or corps rather than religious. wine production discouraged in regions dominated by christians, hindus and muslims. This wine production is low in middle east (not israel) and southern asia bc of culture values (religion)

Pollution of the landscape is one negative aspect of the spread of popular culture. In what way is pollution most visible on the landscape?

solids such as plastics

how social media diffused like TV

started in US and diffused far fast

What is one positive change for women that may accompany the loss of folk culture?

subordination of women challenged

environmental capacity

the environment can accept and assimilate some levels of waste from human activities. waste discharges most in solid form without being recycled. As more popular customs are adopted worldwide this problem grows. folk can also hurt enviro especially when ignoring natural processes. Widespread belief exists that indigenous people practiced natural agriculture before European arrival (burning leaves, cutting forests, hunting to extinction etc. Caused soil erosion in central american from the practices of folk cultures.

topography of wine production

vineyards are planted on hillsides if possible to max sunlight exposure to facilitate drainage. A sit near lake or river is desirable bc water can temper extremes of temp

climate in wine production

vineyards best cultivated in climates of moderate cold and rain winters and long hot summers. Hot sunny weather is necessary in summer for fruit to properly mature where winter is preferred season for rain bc plant diseases cause fruit to rot more in active hot, humid weather.

All of the following are unintended consequences of the changing nature of the dowry in India EXCEPT __________.

violence by men against women over dowries has substantially increased Brides may be cast out onto the streets if families cannot pay the dowries the Indian government's enactment of anti-dowry laws dowries have become a substantial source of income for the groom's family **the divorce rate in India has been lowered substantially**

Olympic sports

To be included in summer olympics, must be widely done but at least 75 countries and on four continents. 2016 Olympic has 28 sports. Two leading teams in US (American football and baseball) are not included

Popular Culture

Found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. The scale of pop culture is usually much larger that hat of a folk culture.

What contrasts Pop music from Folk music?

Pop music is often written by a known individual for the purpose of being sold or listened to by a big audience or large group of people.

foods to crave or avoid (folk)

in folk, certain foods are eaten because of natural properties are perceived to enhance qualities considered desirable by society -adipone in Paraguay eat jaguars and bulls to be strong and brave. They believe eating hens or tortoises make them cowards -ainu in japan don't eat otters because they think they are forgetful animals -mbum kpau women in chad do not eat chicken or got before pregnant (abstaining from eating these thought to help escape child pain and abnormalities. Also avoid antelopes to avoid deformities of children)

wine production environmental factors (popular)

spatial distribution of wine demonstrates enviro effecting distribution of popular food customs. Distinctive character of a wine derives from a vineyard terroir (unique combo of *soil, climate, and other physical characteristics* where grapes grow)

Transit maps of Popular music

subway lines represent styles of popular music and interchanges represent individuals who cross over between two styles Ex Kanye west places at interchange of hip hop and soul

Controversy of tradition clothing in popular culture country

wearing tradition in popular, and wearing popular in folk regions can be controversial. Especially difficult has been the existence of the loose fitting combo body, head, and veil traditionally worn by women in southwest asia and north africa with causal western style w popular women clothing (like open neck blouses, tight slacks, and revealing skirts) loose fitting combo garmet called things like burqa and chador is typically worn by women following traditional folk customs in Southwest Asia and North Africa. Women here discourage adopting western clothes, while men many prefer western suits, especially if they occupy positions of leadership European countries like France and Beligium, prohibit women from wearing burqa in public. Some leaders here have argued traditional clothes hide face and body which show unacceptable treatment of women as second class

Which of the following scenarios best describes folk culture?

woman performing dance learned from mother (not kids playing a game of soccer together)

Origin of socket

Folk culture Soccer origin obscure like other folk. Earliest document in England in 11th century. After danish invasion of England between 1018 and 1042 where workers digging a building site found a danish head and they kicked it (one got idea of using inflated cow bladder) Early football games resembled mob scenes. Winning side was one that kicked ball into center of rival village. 12 century started w standardized rules, name of football, and smaller vacant areas.

How is Folk Culture spread or diffused throughout other areas?

Folk culture is mainly spread through physical movement or migration of an individual.

Which of the following is NOT an example of the development of a folk clothing style?

Fur-lined parkas in a Mediterranean climate

US folk housing

older US housed show folk culture traditions. These housings show popular custom very more in time than place. IN contrast, w folk housing of 1800's, newer housing in US was built to reflect rapid changing fashion w most suitable house form when fams migrated west in 17 and 1800's they cut trees to clear fields for planting and use woods. The style of home reflected whatever style was prevailing at the place on east coast from which they migrated.

For a sport to be considered a Summer Olympic sport, all of the following criteria must be met EXCEPT a __________. sport must not have any other worldwide tournaments women's sport must be practiced in at least 50 countries sport can have both women's and men's teams men's sport must be practiced in at least 75 countries sport must be widely practiced on at least four continents

sport must not have any other worldwide tournaments

What type of culture is more widespread than the other?

Popular Culture is much more widespread than Folk Culture.

wood

if available it is usually preferred bc it is easy to be built with. IN past, pioneers built log cabins for themselves. Today, people in developed buy lumber that has been cut by machine into needed shapes (cut lumber used to erect frame and sheets of wood are attached)

Foods and the Environment (folk)

people adapt food preferences on enviro conditions. In asia, rice is grown in milder more moist regions. wheat thrives in cold and dry. in Europe, traditional preferences for quick frying food in italy resulted from fuel shortages. Northern europe, has a lot of wood to encourage slow stewing and roasting over fire (also giving home warmth in cold regions). soybeans (excellent protein source), are widely grown in asia. Raw they are toxic and uneatable. Lengthy cooks makes them edible, but fuel is scarse is asia. Asians have adapted to enviro challenge by deriving from soybeans foods not needed a lot of cooking and fuel. (bean sprouts, soy sauce, etc)

Which of the following likely would NOT be a theme found in a traditional folk song?

the expansion of a country's territory

Where and when did Soccer originate?

Soccer originated in eleventh century England.

Buddhist art subjects

North Buddhists Paint idealized divine figures like monks and saints. Some look terrifying reflecting inhospitable enviro

soil of wine production

grapes can grow in variety of soils but best wine comes from well drain and course soils (not really fertile for other crops)

4 stages of TV diffusion

*Early 20th century: Multiple Hearths* TV tech simultaneously started in UK, France, Germany, Japan, and Soviet Union, and also US (though early broadcasting the US held a near monopoly) *Mid 20th century: US dominates* 1954 first year UN published data on the subject (US has 86% of world tv sets) *Late 20th century: Diffusion to Europe* Share in world's sets owned in US declined to 1/4. . Still in 1970's half of world countries like in Africa and Asia had little to no TV *Early 21st century: Near universal access* 2005, ownership climbed sharply in developed diminishing international differences

What became the international language for Poplar music?

English. Often foreign artists from places such as Japan, Europe, and Russia perform in English.

Folk clothing consists of traditional garments worn in individual societies. What is the most common barrier of access to popular clothing?

Individuals need a high level of income to wear popular clothing.

Soccer work origination

Name started after 1863 when supported former football association (association shorted to assoc and became twisted to soccer). Soccer and association football helped distinguish game from rugby which allows kicking (originated in 1823 when football players picked up balls and ran w them)

How are folk foods different from popular foods?

Terroir is taken into consideration in the growing of folk foods, unlike popular foods.

When did American Pop music first diffuse to the world?

The diffusion of American Pop music world wide began in earnest of World War II, when the Armed Forces Radio Network broadcast music to American Soldiers and to citizens of the places where the American Soldiers were stationed or fighting.

Folk Culture

Traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas. Usually covers a smaller area than pop culture. Each social custom has a unique spatial distribution but in general distribution is more extensive for popular culture than folk.

Which of the following is true regarding the consumption of ethnic foods?

What a person eats is highly related to the social, religious, and cultural groups to which they belong.

Popular music

Written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people. Frequently displays high technical skill through use of electronic equipment Popular musicians have more connections w singers of similar styles no matter where they live than w people who had diff styles who are closer Popular music is a world map. Types represented by countries and musicians as places within. 'Countries' closer have similar styles. Most important musicians shown on world map where zooming in shows less important musicians in 'countries' Musicians cluster in particular places according to shared interest in particular styles (country in Nashville, etc)

hindu taboos (folk)

against consuming cattle can also be enviro explained. Cows are source of oxen, the traditional choice for plowing and carts. A large supply of oxen maintain india fields in which religious sanctions kept india's cattle pop large as form of insurance against loss of oxen and increasing pop not only enviro among these people but also social values influence values bc people in similar climates and with similar income consume diff foods. Biblical food taboos established to set Hebrew people apart from others. Christians ignoring bible food reflects their want to be different from Jews. As a universal religion, Christianity is less tied to taboos that originated in the Middle East

bible and muslim food taboos

ancient hebrews in bible prohibited from eating a lot of food like animals that don't chew cud or have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales. These taboos kinda bc enviro concern by hebrews who lived in nomad lands. The pig for ex is prohibited bc its meat spoils in their hot enviro's. These biblical taboos developed through oral traditions by rabis into kosher laws seen today Muslims embrace taboos against pork bc pigs are unsuited for dry lands where they live. Pigs would compete w humans for resources. Widespread pig raising would be an ecological disaster

foods from a garden: the bostans of istanbul (folk)

bostans (small gardens in istanbul, turkey) has been supplying cities w fresh things for hundreds of years (almost 1000 bostans run primarily by immigrants in Cide). Bostan farmers are able to max yields from their plots of land through efficient use of space, seasons, and resources. 15 to 20 diff types of vegetables planted diff times of year, where choice varies year to year to reduce damage from poor weather. Most work done by older men who operate motor equipment. Women weed and both men and women harvest

3 important necessities in material culture

clothing food and shelter With leisure, culture usually have unknown origins and slow diffusion through relocation. Popular vary more in time than in place. Origin with invention of person or corp, and they diffuse rapid in a variety of enviro. Access depends on income to acquire some regional differences in food, clothing, and shelter persist in popular culture, but differences are less than in the past. Neighborhood in Oregon for example, all have same looking houses and clothes etc.

All of the following are reasons why folk clothing is still commonly worn today EXCEPT to __________.

connect w other societies (NOT to attract tourists- this is true)

food and place: the concept of terroir (folk)

contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to way food tastes is terroir similar English meaning to 'grounded' or 'sense of place'. terroir is sum of effects on a particular food item of soil, climate, and other features of local enviro

The American practice of shaking hands when first meeting someone is an example of which of the following?

custom

Primary mode of popular culture diffusion

electronic media latest fashions can be seen by anyone in the world. Electronics increases pop culture access for people who embrace folk and at the same time increase access to folk culture for people who are part of pop culture.

varying of folk houses

even w similar weather and resources, folk housing vary bc of minor enviro features. McColl compared housing types in four villages situated in dry lands of northern and western china. All use similar materials and timber and they all share similar objective (protection from very hot summers and very cold winters) McColl observed differences and attributed it to local cultural preferences: kashgar, turpan, yincuan, dunhuand

environmental influences on folk houses

folk customs vary widely one place to another, even among nearby places pitched roof is important for runoff and reducing weight. Windows may face south in cold to take advantage of sun heat. In hot, windows may be smaller to protect from heat of sun. type of building used to construct folk housing is influenced partially by resources available in enviro. Stone, grass, sod, and skins may be used by two most common are *wood and brick*

Chinese legend suggests that folk music was created in 2697 B.C. by a subject of Emperor Huang Ti who wanted to mimic the sounds of a phoenix. How does this legend differ from the reality of the creation of folk music?

folk is created anonymously and spread orally

brick

hot, dry climates like southwest, mexico etc bricks are made by baking wet mud in sun. Stone used to build houses in part of Europe and South america and as decoration on the outside of brick or wood houses in other countries.

Principle obstacle to popular culture

lack of electronic media lack of income, electricity, cell service, etc

Whether a person practices popular or folk culture often depends on access, location, and scale. Which of the following statements about culture and scale is most accurate?

popular culture is dominant on a global scale

Recycling of resources

developed countries that produce tons of products for pop culture have created enviro damage and tried to control it. Commitment of time and money is needed to control it tho. Amount of solid waste generated by Americans increased 50 million tons between 1900 and 2010 but 50 million was recycles so same amount went into incinerators. 63% of paper and 58% of yard waste recycled compared to 8 and 3 in plastic and food scraps

What must be taken into consideration when building a folk house?

The compass directions associated with various deities

why TV remains important for pop culture

1. most important leisure activity in the world. Avg human 3.1 hours per day, and average american 4.6 hours 2. TV most important mechanism in which pop culture like pro sport, rapidly diffuse across Earth

ways tech is delivered to viewers has changed

2006-2013 share of viewers around the world receiving programs through air declined 44-33 percent. cable increased from 33-37 percent, satellite increased 20-26 percent,and internet increased from 1-5 percent So air declined cable increase satellite increase internet increase

1995 internet diffusion

40 mil internet worldwide, (25 mil in US and internet not yet reached most countries) *all of internet diffusion similar to TV diffusion a generation earlier, but much more rapidly*

challenges in accessing electronic media

developed who embrace folk are challenged by diffusion of pop through electronic media. On one hand they are open to view Olympics and other fashion stuff. On other hand, increased availability of electronics pose threats to future folk threat of folk can be external (most content diffused through electronics originating in a handful of countries) or internal (social media enable people in developing to originate content themselves as long as they can afford cost)

Two components of culture focused in this chapter

Daily necessities: Food clothing and shelter. All people must consume food wear clothing and find shelter but different cultural groups do so in different ways Leisure activities: Art and recreation. Each cultural group has its own definition of art and stimulating recreation Observed distributions can be seen by comparing these things. Habit distinguished from custom shows how culture influences behavior

Pro sports and modern pop culture

Despite diversity in distribution of sports and anonymous origin of some, organized spectators today are part of popular culture. Common element in pro sports is willingness of people throughout world to pay for privilege if viewing, in person or TV, events played by pros

Culture definition and elements of culture focused on this chapter

Culture is the body of material traits, customary beliefs, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people Ch4 focuses on the material traits of culture - visible elements a group possesses and leaves behind for the future (collection of social customs produce a groups material culture)

Origin

Culture originated at hearth (center of innovation) Folk usually anonymous hearths and sources (also may have many hearths originating independent in isolated locations) Popular usually developed (NA and Europe). Typically tradable to certain person or Corp in particular place. Ex) popular music originated about 1900. Europe and NA at the time big into the a variety show (musical entertainment) called music hall in U.K. and vaudeville in the US. Music industry called tin pan valley made in NY to provide songs to these musical shows Popular music and other elements of pop culture like food and clothes come from combo of advance in industrial tech and increases leisure time. Industrial tech permit large scale production of a lot of leisure time objects. Increase widespread change in labor force from agriculture to service and manufacturing jobs.

Where and when did Hip Hop music originate?

Hip Hop is a more recent form of Pop music that originated in South Bronx, New York during the 1970s.

Which of the following statements regarding the spread of television across the globe is true?

In 1954, the United States held 86 percent of the world's 37 million television sets.

Which is true Unselected In 1995, the Internet quickly spread from the United States to Eastern Europe. Unselected In 2000 the entire population of the United States had access to the Internet. Unselected In 2012, the United States still had a majority of the world's Internet users, about two-thirds. Unselected In 2000, the Internet was widespread throughout all of Southwest Asia. Unselected In 2012, Internet users from the United States made up only one-tenth of all Internet users.

In 2012, Internet users from the United States made up only one-tenth of all Internet users.

Internet Threat: Social Media

In some places around the globe residents have sought out Western programming otherwise not available through the use of satellite dishes. Governments around the world are also trying to limit the Internet content in their countries. Social media has started to play an even more significant role in breaking the monopoly of government control over the diffusion of information Orwell 1984 thought TV could control lives. Many govt view TV as a tool for fostering cultural integration. It could exploit leaders or the accomplishments of political system. People turned on their TV sets and watched what govt wants them to see. blocking foreign programming was easy for govt when TV only had few channels. Bc over the air TV signals weaken w distance so most totally dependent on what their own govt preferred to broadcast

1995-200 internet diffusion

Internet usage increase rapid in US from 9 to 44 percent worldwide increase much greater: 40 mil users to 361 mil in 2000. As it diffused rapidly, US percentage shares continually declined from 62 to 31 percent

regional differences within the US (popular)

Some leading franchised fast food shows regional variations. Ex) dunkin popular in northeast and krispy kreme in the south east, white castle in the Midwest and in and out burger in the southwest. Americans can choose specific things bc of preference for what is produced, grown, or imported locally like.... -wine high in cali where more of the US production is and beer is low here. Beer and spirits drinking is higher in upper Midwest where much of the grain is grown. Consumption of wine low here, bc of few grapes -southerners prefer pork rinds bc more hogs are raised there and northerners may prefer popcorn bc of more corn there also cultural backgrounds affect amount and types of alcohol and snack consumption -utah has low alcohol bc of Mormons. Nevada however next door has high alcohol consumption bc of heavy concentrations of gambling and other activities. Alcohol relates to religious backgrounds and partially to income and advertising. -Texans prefer tortilla chips bc of large Hispanics there. Westerners prefer multigrain chips bc of greater concern for nutrition *geographers can't explain most of regional food variations. Variations in US are less significant that differences between the US and developed countries in Africa and Asia*

Hindus art

South Hindus Crate scenes of everyday life and familiar local scenes. Sometimes show diety in a domestic scene and frequently represent the regions violent and extreme climatic conditions

most important media format

TV (notably radio and telegraph during 20th century). 21st century other formats became popular but not yet seen worldwide TV has diffused from NA and Europe to other world regions

What is true of TV

TV most popular leisure activity in the world

The Amish Preserving Cultural Identity

The Amish are an example of a group in the United States that shuns any mechanical or electrical power. The globalization of popular culture represents to many people in folk cultural societies a loss of traditional values. Many fear the loss of folk culture, especially because of the rising demand for possessions of a popular culture. For folk culture, increased connection with popular culture can make it difficult to maintain centuries-old practices. Folk societies are trying hard to maintain their unique culture in an age of globalization. only quarter million of Amish but still in 19 states. Many distinctive cultural traditions. Distribution across the US can be seen through diffusion Jakob Ammann was a Swiss bishop who gathered a group of people forming the Amish in regions of Switzerland, France and Germany. Migration to other other areas with the Amish cultures began in the 1700's where they moved throughout the Northwestern region of Europe. This diffusion in Europe did not result in development of more unique customs like language, however their culture started to blend with the local churches there. There were two waves of Amish relocation diffusion to the America's (one coming from Bern and the Palatine into Pennsylvania; the second coming from Alsace into Iowa, Ohio, and Illinois). Over time, there was some more relocation diffusion in the 1800's to places where cheap land could be obtained. These rural areas separated the Amish from other areas, which allowed them to develop their folk culture.

Popular music is often created by individuals in developed countries in recording studios owned by music corporations. Which of the following statements regarding the locations of popular music production in the United States and Canada is true?

The United States has large centers of popular music creation in some smaller, regional cities because of historic music trends.

Uniform Landscapes The distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more what? In fact, promoters of popular culture want a uniform culture appearance to what? The diffusion of what is a good example of uniformity? The success of fast food restaurants depends on what?

The distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more what? *tends to produce more uniform landscapes* (spatial expression of pop culture in one regions would be similar to others) In fact, promoters of popular culture want a uniform culture appearance to what? *generate 'product recognition' and greater consumption* The diffusion of what is a good example of uniformity? *Fast Food restaurants usually organized as franchises* (company agreement w business people in a local area to promote that companies product). Franchise agreements let local outlets use their symbols, trademarks, etc. Uniform sign usually shown to allow for immediate recognition of buildings by people The success of fast food restaurants depends on what? Much attraction of fast foods come from convenience of product and the use of the building as low cost stabilizing location for teens or fams w young kids. *Success, at the same time, depends on large scale mobility: people who travel immediately recognize familiar places; they know what to expect*

Marriage in India: Challenging Cultural Values

The global diffusion of popular culture has challenged the subservience of women that is embedded in some folk cultures (women usually doing chores, raising babies, and obtaining food through agriculture or trading). This has been both a good thing and a bad thing for women in developing countries (increase in dowries) The family of the bride in India is sometimes expected to provide the groom with a dowry. Some women in India have actually been killed because their family did not pay a large enough dowry to the groom. Rapid changes in cultural values can cause violence and instability in a society (making cultures hard to conserve).

Popular culture has increased the demand for animal products worldwide. Which of the following is NOT a side effect from the increased demand for animal products?

The loss of cropland for cultivating non-animal products such as grain

What is one concern that some have over the loss of folk culture?

The loss of folk culture may lead to the dominance of Western values.

diffusion of youtube

US accounted for 30 percent of worldwide views in early years. Seventeen other countries mostly in Europe accounted for remainder in 2010. Most countries of world didn't have you tube viewers as of 2011.

diffusion of twitter

US source of 1/3 of all twitter messages in 2011. Another 1/3 found in 6 other countries (India, Japan, Germany, UK, Brazil, and Canada) Second leading twitter country is world's poorest, India. may be a preview of future trends in which electronic communication advances diffuse rapidly to not only developed but developing US sources dominate popular twitter posting (in 2010 most pop posts were from US except for UK's coldplay)

How culture follows migration discussions

Two locations have similar culture beliefs, objects and institution because people bring culture when they migrate. Differences emerge when two groups have limited interactions Ex a group living in one mountainous area may have little connection w people living in mountains like Himalayas

country w most TV today

US average american male 7 hours leisure time on weekend in 2010, and TV watching hours took up 51 percent of the time. Women spend 6 hours leisure watching tv 49 percent of the time not all countries watch the same sports; sports most pop program in NA; reality shows in most Europe and China, fiction in South Asia, and news in Russia.

Muslims art

Western Muslims Show beautiful plants and flowers because Muslim faith prohibits displaying animate objects in art. In contrast with nudist and Hindu paintings, these paintings don't depict harsh climatic conditions.

demand for animal products

a large supply of certain animals, resulting in depletion or even extinction of some species animals being killed for skins (used for fashion to point where animals are endangered. Folk also use skin but smaller than pop) increased meat consumption is pop culture has Not caused extinction of cattle and poultry- we simply raise more. W large percent of world un fed, some think grain should be consumed directly instead of it being consumed in great amounts by things we eat, eat. Animal consumption not effective way for getting calories (cows and chickens eat more grain than the food they provide, that could be eaten directly in larger amounts) increased demand for products of pop culture (that demand a lot of resources like animals) can strain capcity on enviro.

fast food restaurants originally developed to attract peole who

arrived by car Bright and attracting colors. Sign for establishment usually standing alone from the building just in case the business fails. This uniformity of appearance is seen throughout US w gas stations, markets, etc. Made so people know what the establishment is for, even without knowing the name This physical expression of uniformity in op culture has diffused from NA to other parts of the world. These places appear to locals, and tourists alike

Pick up and processing- things usually thrown away collected and sorted in 4 ways

curbside programs- recyclables placed at curbs separate from normal trash; trash collector usually supplies homes w specially marked containers drop off centers- large containers placed at central location for recycles to be left. Separate container for each type of recycle material and are periodically emptied Buy back centers- sometimes pay customers for recyclable materials (usually not processed at buy back centers) Deposit programs- glass and aluminum containers can sometimes be returned to retailers. Retailer refunds what the buyer deposit would be for the drink

What is unique about the diffusion of Twitter compared to other electronic media?

second largest usage is in India which is developing

4 manufacturing sectors accounted for..

more than half of recycle activity - paper and steel mills iron and steel foundries. Common household items w recyclable- newspaper and soft towels. drink containers. detergent bottles etc Recycled materials also used as recovered glass in roadway asphalt and recovered plastic in carpet, benches, and pedestrian bridges.

Diffusion of Facebook

people based in US have dominated the uses of social media. In future will USA dominance be reduced and maybe disappear altogether , as occurred in 20th century w TV? Fb founded in 2004 at Harvard began rapid diffuse. In beginning, again US started far more than other countries w FB users. For years after the founding of FB, US had 1/3 of worldwide users. As more diffusion, gone to 1/5 in 2011. In future, FB likely to either diffuse to other parts of world or be overtaken by other social media and be relegated to footnote in continuous repeating pattern of diffusing tech.