AP Human Geography

Tobler's First Law of Geography

"All things are similar, but nearby things are more similar than distant things."

Sunni

"Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead.

Third Agriculture Revolution

'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

functional dispute

(AKA boundary dispute) a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration

acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

Who was Idrisi?

-Arab geographer hired by King Roger II of Sicily to collect all known geographical information and create an accurate representation of the world -Data collection took 15 years (Roger's Book) -World map was created on a silver disc (80in.) in diameter and weighed 300 lbs.

What are some early types of maps?

-Babylonians created one of the first known "maps of the world" on a clay table; world is circular with two lines centrally drawn to represent the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers-First "city map" is believed to have been created in Mesopotamia showing the city of Lagash; carved in stone of an idol -Early Chinese maps woven on silk showed great details of towns, provinces and land features; Phei Hsiu (Fei Xiu) is known as the father of Chinese cartography -Many early cartographers placed the Earth as the center of the universe (omphalos syndrome) or objects significant to their culture -Early Geography was often influenced and altered by science, religion and philosophy

What were Strabo's contributions to Geo?

-Believed study of Geography was to "describe the several parts of the inhabited world...to write the assessment of the countries of the world [and] to treat the differences between countries." -Influential to Greek travelers and philosophers -Composed Geographia between 17 and 23 CE (AD) and included 17 vol. complied of current world knowledge -Worked in Alexandria Library; work represented sum total of western cartographical knowledge before Christian era -Observed that humans were active elements in a human-environmental partnership

What were the four distinct traditions of William D. Pattison?

-Believed that geography had foundations from other disciplines; created in 1960s-The four traditions being: earth science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition -Earth science= physical geography -Culture environment=environmental geography -Locational=analysis of spatial data through map-making -Area-analysis=regional geography

What was Varenius known for?

-Created Geographia Generalis, which stood for morethan a century as the standard treatise on systematic geography

What was Aristotle's contributions to Geography?

-Demonstrated that the Earth was spherical by observing eclipses/shadows of Earth and Moon -Believed the closer you got to the Equator the warmer the temperature (based on people's skin coloring) -Looked at natural processes

What are some overall contributions of the Greeks?

-Described river systems, explored causes of erosion,dangers of deforestation and noted other consequences of human environment interaction abuses-Greeks (and later Romans) measured using grid system of parallels and meridians -Ideas contributed to other cultures studies of Geography and seen as successful because of their ability to apply rational thought to the world

What was the significance of the Greek city of Milieus?

-Developed as a center for geographical thought and map-making-Many Greeks like Thales applied mathematical and philosophical ideals to the study of Geography

Who was Thomas Malthus?

-Englishman who published An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) -Believed that the global population was growing exponentially and the food supply arithmetically so there would be a point where the population would outgrow the food supply -Launched modern followers (Neo-Malthusians)

Who was Waldo Tobler?

-Geographer from UC Santa Barbara -Tobler's First Law of Geography states: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things"

Who was Alfred Weber?

-German economic geographer-Developed model for location of manufacturing plant -Lived from 1868-1958 -Wrote theory on the location of industries which looked at location versus cost (Least Cost Theory)

Who was Carl Ritter?

-German geographer (along with Humboldt) seen as founder of modern Geography -Lived from 1779-1859 -Looked at human activities and how they are influenced by the physical environment

Who was Friedrich Ratzel?

-German geographer considered the "father of modern human geography"... lived from 1844-1904 -Research dealt with idea that all aspects of culture are shaped/defined by physical geographical factors such as climate, physical features, resources, food/water supplies -Geopolitics: a state's power to control space/territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations (originated from Ratzel) -Defined term Lebensraum, or "living space" (later used byNazi Germany in their quest for expansion)

Who was Walter Christaller?

-German geographer credited with the development of the Central Place Theory -Holds that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange & service provisions

Who was Alexander von Humboldt?

-German scholar argued as one the founders of modern Geography -Lived from 1769-1859 CE (AD) -Naturalist and explorer -Discovered connection between Orinoco and Amazon River Systems (South America) -Studied ocean currents, climate, Earth's physical features -Made connections between a region's geography and its flora and fauna

Who was Alfred Wegener?

-German scientist who lived from 1880-1930-Theory of Pangaea (Earth was once a one super-continent that broke apart over time) Continental Drift Theory

Who was Pytheas?

-Greek navigator believed to have landed in Iceland -Correctly theorized how tides are connected to the moon

Who was Ptolemy?

-Greek-Egyptian geographer and astronomer -Laid out principles still followed in modern cartography -Created atlas based on campaigns of Roman legions -Credited with terms latitude and longitude -Oriented maps by placing North on top and East on right -Work reviewed later by Europeans during Renaissance; info. was inaccurate but accepted by Europeans for nearly 1500 years -Inaccurate size of the Earth helped convince Columbus of his shorter route to Asia -Adaptations from others helped him develop a map grid of latitude and longitude based on the division of the circle into 360; making a precise mathematical location for every recorded place -8 vol. Guide to Geography: maps, explanation on how to construct a globe

Who was Eratosthenes?

-Head librarian at Alexandria -Coined the term Geography -Created a pretty accurate computation of the Earth's circumference -Based measurement on angle of the sun at summer solstice and distance between the two Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Syene -Credited with dividing the world into meridians using known landmarks like Rhodes, and the Pillars of Hercules

Who was George Perkins Marsh?

-Lived 1801-1882 -Wrote Man and Nature or Physical Geography As Modified by Human Action -Provided one of the first descriptions of how a natural system can be effected by human actions -Warned that human destruction of environment could have disastrous consequences (Example was Fertile Crescent which was once an agricultural and urban society that transformed into desert arid area that we know today) -Seen as first modern day environmentalist

Who were the Phoenicians?

-Occupy what today is Lebanon -Began in Mediterranean region -Contributors to navigation -Developed alphabetic script from which the modern alphabet is based

What is cartography?

-Seen as a main characteristic of Geography -Deals with the art and science of map-making -Mastered by the ancients to aid in geographical study

Who were Thales & Anaximander?

-Thales: Ancient "Thomas Edison" who contributed to Geometry and Geography; influential conclusion was that the Earth was a disk floating in water -Used geometry to measure land area -Anaximander theory was based on fossils... believed life began in the sea -Believed to have drawn first scaled world map -Saw Earth as cylinder shape but his Earth unlike Thales floated freely in space/heavens

Who was Poseidonius?

-Theorized that the equatorial zone was livable and the highest temperatures are in the deserts inside the temperate zone

Rostow's 4 Stages of Modernization

1. Traditional Stage 2. Take-off Stage 3. Drive to technological maturity 4. High mass consumption

Louis Wirth

1930s social scientist who wrote that the city was a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction, and that as a result, the urban dweller experienced alienation.

time zone

24, 15 degree sections that each represent a different hour of the day

Protestants

A Christian that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation; today any member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements in which ideologies replaced religion as key cultural components.

cultural boundary

A boundary that follows the distribution of cultural characteristics.

isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

forward capital

A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.

parallel

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

mercantile city

A city in which a central square became the focus of the city flanked by royal, religious, public, and private buildings: streets leading to such squares formed the beginnings of a downtown

manufacturing city

A city overrun with factories, supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the construction of tenements for a growing labor force.

transnational corporations

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

urban area

A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

topography

A description of surface features of land.

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

specialization

A focus on a particular activity or area of study

pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

federal system

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

pampas

A grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay

race

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

trading blocs

A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs

official langugae

A language given by the country to the government for laws, reports, public places, ad objects (like road signs, currency, stamps, etc.)

lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

plantation farming

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

zoning ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

physical site characteristic

A location that includes climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, and elevation.

gravity model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

population density

A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.

megacity

A metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people according to the United Nations

peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

core-periphery

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

population pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Islam

A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.

urban empire

A nation or group of territories ruled by a single, powerful leader or emperor (Ex. Rome)

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

one child policy

A policy implemented by the Chinese government as a method of controlling the population.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

Base ratio

A ratio between workers employed in the basic sector and those employed in the nonbasic sector

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Buddhism

A religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.

universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

dispersed settlement pattern

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

exclaves

A segment of land that is apart from the mainland of its country (Hawaii and Alaska)

nation

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

culture trait

A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban

villages

A small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area, slightly larger than a hamlet

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

landlocked states

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

compact states

A state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.

multicore state

A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

elongated states

A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile)

territorial morphology

A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohesion and political viability.

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

confederal system

A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.

language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

edge cities

A term introduced by Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the CBD toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings

metes and bounds

A term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles. Metes (length or measurements) and Bounds (boundaries) description is often used when a great deal of accuracy is required.

central place theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Sunnis

Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative

assimilation

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

grid pattern

Also called a rectilinear pattern, reflects a rectangular system of land survey adopted in much of the country under the Ordinance of 1785. Streets form grids and are sometimes labeled "1st", "2nd", "3rd" streets and so on.

rectangular survey system

Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.

formal regions

Also called uniform regions, an area that has striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features.

less developed country

Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

more developed country

Also known as a relatively developed county or a developed country, a country that has progressed in relatively far along a continuum of development.

shifting cultivation

Also known as swidden agriculture; A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Idrisi

An 11th century Arab geographer that worked for the king of Sicily to collect geographical information into a remarkably accurate representation of the world. Under his direction, an academy of geographers gathered maps and went out on their own scientific expeditions.

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

variable revenue analysis

An approach to industrial location theory concerned with spatial variations in revenue. It concentrates on the demand side of the industrial location problem, as opposed to the cost side addressed in variable cost analysis.

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

regional identity

An awareness of being a part of a group of people living in a culture region.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

mixed economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.

multiplier effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

transculturation

An equal exchange of traits or influence between two culture groups occurs

Peters Projection

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.

multi-national corporations

An example of economic globalization in which the business has centers of operation in many parts of the globe.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

labor intensive industries

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

bulk-reducing industries

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

bulk-gaining industries

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

unitary state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

George Perkins Marsh

An inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action," provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.

political culture

An overall set of values widely shared within a society

city

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

micropolitan statistical area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

enclaves

Any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region

symbols

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

zone of maturity

Area close to the middle of the concentric zone model where middle class families reside, they generally maintain their homes well enough to keep them from deteriorating

winter wheat area

Area in which grain is planted in autumn, survives the winter, and ripens the following summer (Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma)

spring wheat area

Area in which winters are too severe for winter wheat (Montana, North/South Dakota)

population concentrations

Areas of the world with large population density.

Boserup Hypothesis

Based on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

monotheistic religion

Belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe

animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution

Borchert created this model in the 1960s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportation history: stage 1, the "sail wagon" era of 1790-1830; stage 2, the "iron horse" era of 1830-1870; stage 3, the "steel rail" epoch of 1870-1920; and stage 4, the current era of car and air travel that began after 1920.

world city

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Daoism

Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.

center city

Cities that provide goods and services for the surrounding area.

fossil fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

institutions

Complex social organizations such as governments, economies, and education systems

Renn's New Donut Model

Core Revitalization New Ring of Poverty

Core-periphery model

Core is the economic, political dominant center (relative center). MDCs above Brandt Line, LDCs around periphery

cereal grains

Corn, wheat, rice, and other grasses

newly industrializing country

Countries that have experienced economic growth so that they appear to be somewhere in between MDC (more developed country) and LDC ( less developed country) status.

multiple nuclei model

Created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1940s, it's a model that suggests that the CBD is losing its dominant position. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities. There are nine different zones (see image)

Ernst Ravenstein

Created the laws of migration that state that most migrants move a short distance, move to an urban area, are adults, take the process in steps, and create a migration in the opposite direction

"why of where"

Critical to geographers, the explanations for why a spatial pattern occurs

folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Von Thünen's Model of Agricultural Land Use

Developed by German geographer Johann Heinrich von Thünen, this model explains and predicts agricultural land use patterns in a theoretical state by varying transportation cost. Given the model's assumptions, the pattern that emerges predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace, and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace. These rural land use zones are divided in the model into concentric rings.

De Blij Sub-Saharan Africa City Model

Developed by Harm De Blij. A model of a city in Sub-Sahara Africa in which there are 3 Central Business Centers: Colonial CBD, Market Zone, and Traditional CBD. The Central Business Districts are encircled by ethnic neighborhoods, ethnic and mixed mining and manufacturing, and finally informal satellite townships

McGee Southeast Asian City Model

Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Developed in the 1930s by Walter Christaller, this model explains and predicts patterns of urban places across the map. In his model, Christaller analyzed the hexagonal, hierarchical pattern of cities, villages, towns, and hamlets arranged according to their varying degrees of centrality, determined by the central place functions existing in urban places and the hinterlands they serve. Assumptions: - Flat plane with uniform geography and nature - Uniform population - single mode of transportation - evolution towards the growth of cities - all persons have a similar income - all persons have similar consumption patterns

Harris-Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

Developed in the 1950s by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci (or focal nodes), many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it.

Rostow's Modernization Model (stages of economic development)

Developed in the 1950s, the model exemplifies the liberal development ideology, as opposed to structuralist theory. Under this model, all countries develop in a five-stage process. The development cycle is initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, whch sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy. Drawbacks to this model include its not identifying cultural and historic differences in development trajectories because it is based on North American and western European development histories.

Harris peripheral/galactic city

Developed in the 1960s, interstates introduced. Ring roads play key role in Harris' model; ring roads detrimental to CBD because removes advantage of CBD. CBD loses consumer services, higher income residences, decrease tax base, decrease infrastructure, decrease in education, etc. Ring roads are *bad* for cities

sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

net-migration rate

Difference between immigrants and emmigrants per 1,000 people

pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Disease vulnerability shifts in patterns similar to the DTM. In the early stages, plague and pestilence spread as a result of poor medical technology. As industrialization proceeds, diseases related to urban life spread. In later stages, diseases once thought eradicated reappear as more-developed societies come into easier contact with less-developed regions struggling with the more primitive diseases, such as smallpox and the bubonic plague. Leading causes of death in later stages are related to diseases associated with aging, such as heart disease.

market economy

Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

diasporas

Enclaves of ethnic groups settled outside of their homelands.

linear growth

Expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval.

pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location. Also called "centripetal factors"

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Durkheim's sacred and profane

French sociologist Emile Durkheim, religion is important in explaining anything that surpasses the limits of our knowledge. As human beings, we define most objects as profane, or ordinary, but we define some things as sacred, or extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence.

Immanuel Wallerstein

Geographer and dependency theorist who explained economic development in 1974 using a model of capitalist world economy. (Core-Periphery model; divided the world into three types according to how they fit into the global economy)

GIS

Geographic Information System; a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays data.

Walter Christaller

German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated Central Place Theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher and geographer in the 1700s that defined geography as the study of interrelated spatial patterns.

GPS

Global Positioning System; uses a system of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth.

monetary policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.

GDP per capita

Gross domestic product divided by the number of people in the population.

language families

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

exponential growth

Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. Also called population growth at a "geometric rate"

Hotelling's Model

Hotelling's theory asserts that an industry's locational choices are heavily influenced by the location of their chief competitors and related industries. In other words, industries do not make isolated decisions on locations without considering where other, related industries exist. location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.

public housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.

megastores

Huge stores with a variety of products designed for one-stop shopping. They are usually organized as chains, and originated in the suburbs due to the availability and low cost of land.

non-material culture

Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects

forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

heartland theory

Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.

ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

AIDS

Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise

rank-size rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

metropolitan statistical area

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

In the four stages of transition from an agricultural subsistence economy to an industrialized country, demographic patterns move from extremely high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In the process, population growth rates skyrocket and then fall again. The crude death rate first falls because of the influx of better health technology, and then the birth rate gradually falls to match the new social structure.

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil. Also called "centrifugal factors"

three pillars

Informal term denoting the main areas in which the EU has worked since the Maastricht Treaty. 1. the traditional involvement in trade and other economic matters 2. cooperation in justice and home affairs 3. the desire to create a Common Foreign and Security Policy which is the most visionary and controversial aspect of the EU today

Vance Urban Realms Model

James Vance developed this model in the 1970s to explain and predict changing urban growth patterns as the automobile became increasingly prevalent and large suburban "realms" emerged. The suburban regions were functionally tied to a mixed-use suburban downtown, or mini-CBD, with relative independence from the original CBD.

Kanto Plain

Japan's dominant region of industrialization, included Tokyo and nearby cities to form a huge metropolitan area

Homer Hoyt

Known for the "Sector Model (Theory of Axial Development)" that modified the concentric zone model of city development. Suggested that various groups expand outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries.

Indo-European language family

Language family including the Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by 50% of the world's people

pidgin

Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model

Larry Ford and Ernest Griffin created a model of the pattern of urban growth in Latin America. Their model contains elements of Latin American culture and imprints of colonization and globalization, such as a prominent plaza and heavy growth around the CBD. However, in the Latin American pattern shown in their model, residential quality decreases with distance from the CBD. The model also presents a zone of maturity, populated with services and a wealthier population; in a zone of squatter settlements, where recent urban migrants set up makeshift housing; and a zone of in situ accretion, which is a transitional zone that shows signs of transition to a zone of maturity.

smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Hecataeus

Lived in the late 6th and early 5th centuries B.E.C., a Greek scientist, he wrote a book about geography and illustrated a map of the countries and inhabitants of the known world.

site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

awareness space

Locations or places about which an individual has knowledge even without visiting all of them, includes activity space and additional areas newly encountered or about which one acquires information.

Malthus' Theory of Overpopulation

Malthus argued supply grows linearly (arithmetic), while population was growing geometrically. Also argued for humans to use "moral restraint" to avoid overpopulation

Northeast District (China)

Manchuria, earliest industrial heartland centered on the region's coal and iron deposits near the city of Shenyang.

dot maps

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

conglomerate corporations

Massive corporation operating a collection of smaller companies that provide it with specific services in its production process.

politics

Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)

emigration

Migration from a location (Exit migration)

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.

Lee's Migration Model

Model based on Lee's migration theory, that people migrate due to push and/or pull factors, and intervening obstacles are factored

concentric zone model

Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct lands using radiating out from a central core, or central business district. Developed by E.W. Burgess

"third wave" of democratization

Most recent wave of democracy which began in the 1970s; characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers from South America to Eastern Europe to some parts of Africa

immigration

Movement of individuals into a population (In migration)

demographic transition theory

Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level

endemic

Native or confined to a particular region or people

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

rimland theory

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

circular pattern

Objects that circle another object, another name for it is Centralized Pattern; For example, in an Islamic city, houses and public buildings may circle around the mosque, or house of worship.

migration selectivity

Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate

Friedrich Ratzel

Organic Theory of Nations - nations act like living organisms - must grow and will eventually decline

supranational organization

Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives. (Example U.N. or E.U.)

Islamic City Model

Owe their structure to their religious beliefs; contain mosques, open air markets; courtyards, surrounded by walls, limiting foot traffic in residential neighborhoods

refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

internal migration

Permanent Movement within a particular country.

inter-regional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

intra-regional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

toponym

Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.

geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.

physical boundary

Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers.

natural increase

Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase of a does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.

economic development

Process of improving economic/material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology

erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Robinson projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

compressed modernity

Rapid economic and political change that transformed the country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions.

minority/majority districting

Rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected

Pacific Rim

Region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability.

Baha'i

Religion founded by Baha'ullah who declared himself as a prophet of God/"the promised one". Teachings: World peace through unity of all religions, live a simple life, dedication to serving others.

suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

demography

Scientific study of human populations.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

quaternary sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

megalopolis

Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

census tract

Small county subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the U.S. Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions.

post-industrial societies

Societies where technology supports a Service-and-Information based economy

E.W. Burgess

Sociologists who created the Concentric Zone Model in 1923; it views cities as growing outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

binational or multinational state

State that contains more than one nation (example the Soviet Union)

microstates

States with very small land areas

social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area.

cultural geography

Subfield of human geography that looks at how culture varies over space

Torste Hagerstrand

Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

patriarchal system

System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government

Eastern Orthodox

The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity's schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.

sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

European Monetary Union

The agreement among the participating member states of the European Union to adopt a single hard currency and monetary system. (the euro)

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

spatial force

The breakup of a state at its margins due to distance and remoteness

Density Gradient Model

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

time-distance decay

The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

distance decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

central business district (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

gerrymandering

The drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent.

absolute location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

cultural diffusion

The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.

standard language

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

demographic equation

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

rush hours

The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

value added productivity

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

Eratosthenes

The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography."

feminization of poverty

The increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and their children

environmental geography

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.

primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

doubling rate

The length of time needed to double the population

stationary population level

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

prime meridian

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

cultural ecology

The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

physiological population density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

longitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

landscapes

The overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences

Basic sectors

The part of a settlements economy that sells their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

Nonbasic sectors

The part of a settlements economy that sells their products primarily to consumers in the community

infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

formative era

The period between about 7000 and 5000 bc which noted the beginnings of the development of states and urbanization

Balkanization

The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992.

arithmetic population density

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

primary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

location

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

cultural relativism

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards.

female infantcide

The preference to have a son is so extreme that it reduces the survival rate of baby girls

job specialization

The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time

desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture.

democratization

The process of establishing representative and accountable forms of government led by popularly elected officials.

international division of labor

The process where the assembing procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world

devolution

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

cultural landscapes

The products of complex interactions between humans and their environments.

population explosion

The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

scale

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

space-time prism

The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time.

agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.

epidemiologic transition

The shift from high death rates to low death rates in a population as a result of modern medical and sanitary developments. Also called the "mortality revolution"

capitalist world economy

The single world system, which emerged in the 16th century, committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs

activity space

The space within which daily activity occurs.

political geography

The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes.

contagious diffusion

The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place.

stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

local time

The standard time in the region that a person lives in

Meiji Restoration

The state-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort in the late 19th century that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

geopolitics

The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur.

Shari'a Laws

The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran.

independent inventions

The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other

Greenwich Mean Time

The time in that time zone ecompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

organic agriculture

The use of crop rotation, natural fertilizers such as manure, and biological pest control, as opposed to artificial fertilizers,pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, additives, and genetically modified organisms, to promote healthy vigorous crops.

disamenity sector

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Green Revolution

The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.

locational interdependence theory

Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

Roman Catholics

This branch of Christianity arose because of the Roman's split by Emperor Diocletian.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

This is Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors. Weber assumes an industry will choose its location based on the desire to minimize production costs and thus maximize profits. Drawbacks to the model include its assumption of an immobile and equal labor force.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

This model was devised in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess to predict and explain the growth patterns of North American urban spaces. Its main principle is that cities can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings; as the city grows and expands, new rings are added and old ones change character. Key elements of the model are the central business district and the peak land value intersection.

Hoyt's Sector Model

This model, conceived by Homer Hoyt, predicts and explains North American urban growth patterns in the 1930s in a pattern in which similar land uses and socioeconomic groups clustered in linear sectors radiating outward from a central business district, usually along transportation corridors.

privatization

To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.

Theraveda

Traditional and conservative branch of Buddhism focusing on merit accumulation and sharin

new international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Alfred Weber

Twentieth-century German geographer who created the least cost theory to predict the locational decisions made by industrial operations. (wrote "Theory of the Location of Industries;" explained location of industries in terms of three factors: transportation, labor, agglomeration)

labor intensive agriculture

Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.

Who was Carl Sauer?

UC Berkeley geographer; lived from 1889-1975-Linked cultural landscape (visible imprint of human activity on the landscape) as a fundamental unit in study of Geography -Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952) -Believed like geographer Robert Platt that each region had its own distinctive landscape that resulted from a unique combination of social relationships and physical processes

politicization of religion

Use of religious principles to promote political ends

Gravity Model

When applied to migration, larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places. Additionally, destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities of the same caliber.

migrant diffusion

Where the spread of cultural traits is slow enough to weaken in the place of origin by the time it reaches other areas.

metropolitan area

Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole country units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.

shatter belts

Zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who find refuge in areas of cultural tension.

Ptolemy

a Greek scholar who lived five hundred years later than Eratosthenes, recalculated the circumference of the earth to be much smaller - by about 9000 miles. He was wrong, but his mistake was taken as truth for hundreds of years. Despite his famous miscalculations, his Guide to Geography included many rough maps of landmasses and bodies of water, and he developed a global grid system that was a forerunner to our modern system of latitude and longitude.

Universalizing Religion

a belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work.

human geography

a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface

distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

linguistic fragmentation

a condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people

zero population growth

a condition in which the population of a country does not grow but remains stable. This condition comes about when the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration.

physical city

a continuous development that contains a central city and many nearby cities, towns, and suburbs

extensive agriculture

a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy

population geography

a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population.

Jihad

a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

urban elite

a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and sometimes the lives of others

colonies

a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

stateless nation

a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own

creole

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

break-of-bulk

a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

geographic region

a location based on locational and environmental circumstances as well as cultural properties.

location theory

a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated

Tantrayana

a major branch in Buddhism; located mainly in western China (Tibet) and Mongolia.

Mercator projection

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder

Shiite

a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders

export-oriented industrialization

a mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market

dependency theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

modernization model

a model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption

town

a nucleated settlement that contains a CBD but that is small and less functionally complex than a city

nucleated

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (e.g., Asian longhouse)

random pattern

a pattern that exists if no regular distribution can be seen

Confucianism

a philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.

W.W. Rostow

a pioneering advocate in the 1950's that created the 5 stage model of development (Modernization Theory)

irredentism

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

culture region

a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics

U.S. Census Bureau

a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

traditional religion

a religion that has originality and is not modernized, also known as "indigenous," "animism," "primal" or "tribal"

Ethnic Religion

a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.

fragmented states

a state that is not continuous but rather separated parts.

perforated states

a state whose territory is interrupted by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders

Religion

a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities

culture complex

a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group

hierarchy of central places

according to CPT (Central Place Theory) larger market areas are based in larger settlements, fewer in number, and farther apart; hierarchy of settlements = city, town, village, hamlet

behaviors

actions that people take

Shiites

adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam.... represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ai

median-line principle

an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.

meridian

an arc drawn between North and South poles that measures longitude

urban influence zone

an area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city

folk culture region

an area where many people who live in a land space share at least some traditions or customs

equator

an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

European Constitution

an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the EU

agricultural hearths

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates

functional (nodal) regions

areas organized around cores, or nodes

solar time

based on the position of the sun in the sky as the day progresses

Polytheistic Religion

belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe

Monotheistic Religion

belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe

Indigenous Religions

belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group

Interfaith Boundaries

boundaries between the world's major faiths

Intrafaith Boundaries

boundaries within a single major faith

consequent boundaries

boundary that coincides with a particular cultural divide (such as religion, language, or ethnicity); a.k.a. cultural boundaries

economic force

centrifugal forces associated with economic inequalities that lead to the break up of a state

ethnic force

centrifugal forces associated with ethnic differences (language & religion) which can cause the break up of a state

situation

characteristic that refers to relative location

special-function cities

cities are dominated by one activity such as mining, manufacturing or recreation and serving national and international markets.

transportation centers

cities where major routes converge (roads, railroads, sea traffic, and air transportation)

extensive subsistence agriculture

consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre

Councils of government

cooperative agencies consisting of representatives from local governments in the region

states

countries with defined boundaries and sovereignty to control what happens within those borders

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull (not the British rock band), it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Harris and Ullman

developed multiple nuclei model explaining that large cities developed by spreading from several places of growth, not just one

territorial disputes

disagreement between states over the control of surface area

resource dispute

disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds

long-lot survey system

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

fragmentation

divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity

Religious denominations

divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body

Second Agricultural Revolution

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.

vegetative planting

earliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots

Carl Sauer

early 20th century geographer from California, shaped the field of Human Geography by arguing that cultural landscapes (products of interactions between humans and their environments) should be the main focus of geographic study. His study is basic to environmental geography, a field that centers on the interaction of human and physical geography.

von Thunen's model

explains and predicts agricultural land use. more INTENSIVE land uses closer to the market place. more EXTENSIVE land farther from the market place. Inner ring is (City), 2nd (Intensive Agriculture), 3rd (Forest resources), 4th (Grain Farming), 5th (Livestock farming

enclosure

fencing or hedging large blocks of land for experiments with new techniques of farming

urban geography

focuses on how cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them

Diaspora

from the Greek "to disperse," a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.

popular culture

general mass of people primarily urban based, constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever-changing common modes of behavior and fads of material and nonmaterial culture

Special Economic Zones

government-designated areas in China where foreign investment is allowed and capitalistic ventures are encouraged

language sub-family

group of languages with more commonality than a language family (indicates they have branched off more recently in history)

neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

in the 19th century, E.G. Ravenstein used data from England to outline a series of "laws" explaining patterns of migration. His laws state that migration is impacted by push and pull factors. Unfavorable conditions, such as oppression and high taxes, push people out of a place, whereas attractive opportunities, called pull factors, cause them to migrate into regions. Ravenstein's laws state that better economic opportunities are the chief cause for migration; that migration occurs in multiple stages, rather than one move; that the majority of people move short distances and that those who migrate longer distances choose big-city destinations; that urban residents are less migratory than rural residents; that for every migration stream, there is a counterstream; and factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence a person's likelihood to migrate. Keep in mind that his "laws" applied to the timeframe and context of his analysis.

Oligarchs (Japan)

industrial and military leaders that came to political power, Japan modernized industries, organized armed forces, and transformed education and transportation systems to follow the western model. (see Meiji Restoration)

footloose industry

industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms

industrial agriculture

intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production

boundary

invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

positional disputes

involve the disagreement over interpretation of position of the boundary line; occur most often with physical boundaries

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

frontiers

lands just beyond the border of a country

symbolic landscape

landscapes that express values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture.

Religious branches

large and basic division within a religion

restrictive population policies

laws which discourage or punish people for having large families. (anti-natal policies)

single market manufacturers

located near the market--save money on transportation, aka products sold primary in one location

maquiladora district

manufacturing zone created in the 1960s in northern Mexico just south of the border with the US; workers in the district have produced goods primarily for consumers in the U.S.

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

mixed crop and livestock farming

most common form of commercial agriculture in the US west of the Appalachia Mtns. Farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land spread, with most of the crops fed to animals rather than people. Income comes from the sale of animal products, such as beef, milk, and eggs.

voluntary migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

zone in transition

name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing

artifacts

object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced

spatial perspective

observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

Hinduism

one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.

Eastern Orthodox Church (eoc)

one of the three major branches of Christianity, the EOC, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the EOC, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.

Roman Catholic Church (rcc)

one of the three major branches of Christianity, the RCC, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions; two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the EOC and the RCC split.

physical geography

one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.

Protestant

one of three major branches of Christianity (together with the EOC and the RCC). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CE, many adherents to the RCC began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the RCC.

spatial organization

organization according to location, position, or direction

dislocation

people forced from their home due to ethnic strife, war, or natural disasters

hunters and gatherers

people who survive by eating animals that they have caught or plants they have gathered

internal boundaries

physical, cultural, or geometric boundaries within a country (such as provinces or states)

Sacred Sites

place or space people infuse with religious meaning

perceptual (vernacular) regions

places that people believe to exist as a part of their cultural identity

seed agriculture

planting with seeds, starting during the first agricultural revolution, diffused from Southwest Asia across Europe and through North Africa. It also diffused eastward to India from Southwest Asia. Another hearth is southern Mexico and northern Peru, and diffused through the Western Hemisphere.

wattle

poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud. Many African houses are constructed with this way with a thick thatched roof.

arithmetic growth

population growth where population increases by the same amount over each time interval

deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

separatist movement

refers to the social movements for a particular group of people to separate from the dominant political institution under which they suffer

Religious sects

relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations

Christianity

religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan

Taoism

religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.

Buddhism

religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.

Shintoism

religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. .... focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Judaism

religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews.

Religious Extremism

religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Religious Fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

milkshed

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

cartography

science or art of making maps

city-state

self-governing communities that include the nearby countryside. First established in the area around the eastern Mediterranean Sea about 2500 years ago by the forerunners of the ancient Greeks.

nucleated settlement pattern

settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church. Nucleation is fostered by defense considerations, localized water supply, the incidence of flooding, or rich soils so that farmers can easily get to their smaller, productive fields while continuing to live in the village.

culture system

sharing enough cultural traits and complexes to be recognized as a distinctive cultural entity

Bid Rent Curve

shows the variations in rent different users are willing to pay for land at different distances from some peak point of accessibility and visibility in the market, often the CBD. Because transportation costs increase as you move away from the market (often the CBD), rents usually decrease as distance increases from the market. Importantly, different types of land use (commercial retail, industrial, agriculture, housing) generate different bid-rent curves. explain the series of concentric rings of land use found in the concentric zone model.

hamlets

smallest of urban settlements with counted population

multilingualism

societies in which two or more languages are in common use

beliefs

specific statements that people hold to be true, almost always based on values

substitution principle

suggests that business owners can juggle expenses, as long as labor, land rents, transportation, and other costs don't all go up at one time.

material culture

tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies

commercial agriculture

term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology

Hajj

the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad

integration

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

cultural hearths

the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

pattern

the arrangement of objects on earth's surface in relation to other objects

Infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Animistic Religion

the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth

cultural determinism

the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits.

economic geography

the branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic variation of economic activities over the surface of the earth

folk life

the composite culture, both material and non-material, that shapes the lives of folk societies

horticulture

the cultivation of plants for subsistence through non-intensive use of land and labor

critical distance

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Bosnywash

the heavily populated area extending from Boston to Washington and including New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.

Secularism

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of deity and promise of a comfortable afterlife.

friction of distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

government

the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country

complementary regions

the merging of two regions for benefit

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places

Zionism

the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land

core area

the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology

regionalization

the organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas

periphery

the outer boundary of a region; Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic periphery includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia.

settlement geography

the patterns of settlement on the earth's surface

site

the physical and human-transformed characteristics of a place

space

the physical gap or distance between two objects

daylight savings time

the practice of temporarily advancing clocks during the summertime so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

cultural transmission

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

deglomeration

the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation

export activities

the process of exporting goods from a region

space time compression

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

Activity Space

the space within which daily activity occurs

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Caste System

the strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation

toponymy

the study of place names of a region, or toponyms

linguistic geography

the study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and language

electoral geography

the study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections

Gross Domestic Policy (GDP)

the sum total of the value of all goods and services produced in a nation.

Ethnic Cleansing

the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation

ethnonationalism

the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.

marketization

the term that describes the state's recreation of a market in which property, labor, good, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.

in-migration

the total number of immigrants who arrive in a country in a given time period

out-migration

the total number of immigrants who leave a country in a given time period

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.

Islam

the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book.

demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Minarets

tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer

shamanism

tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world

wet (lowland) rice

type of intensive subsistence farming found in the large population concentrations of East and South Asia. The crop requires a great deal of time and attention, but under ideal conditions it can provide large amounts of food per unit of land.

ghettos

undesirable neighborhoods, associated with dilapidated housing, high crime rates, and inadequate schools

Pilgrimage

voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site

linear pattern

when the pattern in along straight lines, like rivers, streets, or railroad tracks.

in situ accretion

where less expensive homes and businesses seem to be in a chronic state of ongoing construction and renovation.