ap human unit 2 & 3 questions
In the United States and Canada, which areal unit best approximates a city neighborhood in size? A A census tract BA county C A municipality D A congressional district E A metropolitan area
A
The image shows a squatter settlement at the edge of a city in South Africa. What information regarding causes and effects does the image convey? A The image shows the living conditions of people in the squatter settlement, who are unable to acquire permanent housing within the city. B The image shows the location of the squatter settlement relative to the central business district where wealthy people live. C The image shows the size of the squatter settlement and the need for additional land. D The image shows the cultural beliefs and values of the people living in the squatter settlement. E The image can be used to determine the number of people who live in the squatter settlement
A
The increasing percentage of urban dwellers in more-developed countries is best explained by A greater access to job opportunities, resources, and facilities B a critical need for workers in the primary economic sector C an abundance of arable land for agricultural use D a desire for more living space and a slower lifestyle E inadequate health care and few educational resources
A
The map shows urbanized areas. Which of the following additional types of quantitative data will be most helpful to a geographer analyzing expansion of the urbanized areas shown on the map? A A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period B A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in household incomes over a ten-year period C A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the average age from the most recent ten-year census D A county map of each state showing total population from the most recent ten-year census E A county map of each state showing the change in average number of people per household from the most recent ten-year census
A
Which of the following best identifies the data for the Eastern Great Rift Valley, shown on the map? A High arithmetic density B Low arithmetic density C Low carrying capacity D High total fertility rate E Low total fertility rate
A
Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand? A Low population-growth rates B Primate urban systems C High infant-mortality rates D Membership in the European Union (EU) E More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming
A
Locational advantages important to the development of the earliest cities included Aavailability of good harbors for large ships B productive agricultural land and defensible sites C temperate climate and proximity to coal mines D good connections by road and canal E proximity to manufacturing areas
B
Which of the following groups of cities contains the best examples of central places with large hinterlands? A San Diego, Milwaukee, and New Haven B Atlanta, Denver, and Calgary C Baltimore, Ottawa, and Duluth D Las Vegas, Victoria, and Buffalo E Miami, Philadelphia, and Quebec City
B
Which of the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure? A The concentric zone model does not have a transitional area. B The sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns. C The central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model. D The multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core. E The interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model.
B
Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities? A Multiplier effect B Urban hierarchy CBasic-nonbasic ratio D Threshold ratio E The Sector model
B
Which of the following types of countries are most likely challenged with the problems associated with a large youth-dependent population, such as providing public primary education for all children? A More developed countries B Less developed countries C Free market countries D Landlocked countries E Island countries
B
According to the sector model of North American city structure, members of low-income groups tend to live in which of the following places? A The inner city only B Peripheral temporary settlements C Linear residential areas radiating from the center city outward D Evenly dispersed throughout the urban area E The suburbs and rural areas only
C
As migrants from rural areas continue to move to cities for jobs, cities face a variety of economic and social challenges. Which of the following economic or social challenges is best illustrated by the photograph shown of Mumbai, India? A. The city's infrastructure cannot support the high population density in the central business district. B. A large number of unemployed people live in the city. C. There is a significant income gap between residents on the periphery of the city and residents in the city center. D. The city's economic status in the global market is declining. E. There is a high level of homelessness in the city's central business district.
C
Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A? A Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas. B Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas. C Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases. D Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters. E Suburban house construction declines as elderly population downsize and seek to be closer to urban amenities.
C
Squatter settlements exist in cities of less-developed countries because A city governments set aside vacant areas for new migrants B people want to live near the center of the city, where jobs are located C affordable housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants to the city D new migrants prefer to live in squatter settlements with other recent migrants Enew migrants need to be isolated from other city residents until they adjust to urban life
C
Which of the following best explains the importance of stock exchanges in the cities of Mumbai, India and Shanghai, China? A These cities have a large manufacturing labor force. B These cities function as global economic centers in the core. C These cities function as global economic centers in the semiperiphery. D These edge cities have a large number of high-technology companies. E These edge cities are built at the intersection of transportation routes.
C
Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China's antinatalist one-child policy? A A dramatic reduction of the birth rate and a decline of the rate of natural increase rate, resulting in lower population growth. B Agricultural families were forced to relocate to the nearest city to search for employment, resulting in increased urban population. C A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people. D Decreased spending on childhood expenses, such as education and nursery supplies results in a drop in domestic economic productivity. E A decreased emphasis on education due to the decreasing numbers of school-age children results in a loss of international competitiveness.
C
Which of the following statements explains the cost and distance relationship illustrated in the model in relation to the urban area's residential patterns? A Since land is more expensive in the suburbs, wealthier families build larger single-family homes in zone 5 in areas that provide amenities such as private schools for their children. B Land is cheaper near the central business district (CBD), resulting in the construction of low-income apartments and giving low-income residents access to the amenities of the CBD. C The lower cost of land farther from the CBD makes it affordable to build single-family homes in zones 4 and 5 for middle-income and high-income residents who desire to move into less crowded areas. D People do not live in the CBD because of the traffic congestion, high cost of land, and lack of amenities such as museums and restaurants. E Population density increases with the distance from the CBD as land prices decrease, allowing residents of all income levels to move farther away from zone 2.
C
A refugee enters the European Union in Italy and is temporarily housed in Germany. He is then granted asylum and is permanently settled in Sweden. Which of the following describes this type of migration that is facilitated by the European Union's open border policies? A Chain migration within the refugee's family and social network B Guest worker migration based upon the free movement of labor C As an internally displaced person within a single state D Step migration across member states to a final destination E As a rural-to-urban migrant seeking employment opportunities
D
An example of an important physical site characteristic is a A major airport B grid street pattern C major central park D natural harbor E public sports facility
D
Based on the data provided, which of the following best describes how changing roles for women influence patterns of social values? A Similar birth rates shown in the table for France, Russia, Brazil, and China indicate that women in these countries have access to similar levels of education. B High death rates shown in the table for Nigeria and Russia reveal a similar lack of women's rights and access to health care in these countries. C Women living in France choose to have less children but die at higher rates than in Egypt due to greater pollution in industrialized countries such as France. D Higher birth rates in African countries suggest that women in African countries have less access to education and employment than European women. E All women in developing countries have higher fertility rates due to the lack of medical care and political rights.
D
Prior to 1850 the location of all major North American cities was related, chiefly, to the presence of A transcontinental highways B defensive sites C railroad junctions D navigable waterways E water power
D
Since 1960 Brazil, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Tanzania have relocated their capital cities . Which of the following statements about the new locations is true for all five countries? A A militarily strategic location was chosen . B An isolated location was chosen . C An ethnically mixed location was chosen . D A more central location was chosen . E A coastal location was chosen .
D
The map above shows percent change in population for counties in Texas from the 2000 to the 2010 census. The three largest metropolitan areas are Dallas-Fort Worth (Tarrant and Dallas Counties), Houston (Harris County), and San Antonio (Bexar County). Which of the following statements best explains urban growth in the period from 2000 to 2010 ? A Population in the extreme western counties in Texas remained stable with little growth or decline during the 2000-2010 period, indicating a low birth rate. B The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in locations in central Texas during the 2000-2010 period, indicating a trend of city residents moving to rural areas. C All of the counties surrounding the major metropolitan areas experienced negative growth in the 2000-2010 period, indicating the process of deindustrialization. D The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in counties adjacent to the three largest metropolitan areas, indicating continued suburbanization. E There has been a steady increase in population growth for all counties in the extreme southeastern coastal area, indicating the popularity of coastal living.
D
The multiple-nuclei model of city structure tends to be most applicable to A small cities B traditional cities C Latin American cities D newer, fast-growing cities E cities with homogeneous land use
D
The photograph above shows high-density residential housing built in the early 2000s in Henderson, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, developed to accommodate large increases in population in the area. Which of the following best explains the growth in population and housing shown in the image and the census data? A The growth brought on by resource extraction and industrialization B The impacts of deindustrialization in other Sun Belt-region cities C A period of immigration from southern Europe and eastern Europe DA cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment E A phase of water-resource and hydroelectric-power development
D
Today, most of the United States and Canadian population lives in which of the following? A Farming areas B Rural nonfarming areas C Central cities D Metropolitan areas E Small towns
D
Which of the following best explains a geographic characteristic shared by megacities in the global periphery? A. Megacities developed due to major investments in high-speed railways and subway systems. B. Abundant job opportunities in megacities lead to low unemployment rates. C. Deindustrialization is causing megacity populations to decline. D. Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements. E. Megacities were built in strategic defensive locations and maintain a strong military presence.
D
Which of the following best explains what the central business district data indicate? A Business owners want to have fast Internet available for their consumers in order to improve online ratings for local services and generate return customers. B Consumers demand that the fastest Internet service available before they will consider visiting a city or selecting a hotel for work or business trips. C Politicians and activists have made Internet connectivity a basic right of urban residents and feel that governments should provide services to increase the connectivity of citizens. D Government policy makers and business partners have focused infrastructure efforts on creating a downtown work environment that is positive for economic development. E Communications companies expect that increasing Internet speeds will lead to increased number of subscribers to their networks.
D
Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States? AIts status as a primate city BThe rank-size rule CThe gravity model DCentral place theory E The Burgess concentric zone model
D
Which of the following exemplifies a smart-growth approach to urban planning? A Construction of wider highways in an effort to lessen congestion B Conversion of farmland to housing to encourage migration to suburbs C Creation of zoning laws that separate retail space from housing developments D Creation of walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use land and access to public transportation E Construction of affordable housing in suburban neighborhoods
D
Based on the data shown, which of the following describes the most likely population context for the countries listed? A High youth dependency ratio and a lack of economic resources to provide for large families B Rapid population growth in cities as people migrate from rural to urban areas for industrial jobs C Shortage of arable land on which to raise crops and other food products to support the population D Unstable food supply due to a rapidly growing population E Stage five of the demographic transition model due to very low birth rates
E
In 2018, a large number of migrants from Afghanistan and Iraq applied for asylum in the European Union. Which of the following is a pull factor that explains this migration? A A high rate of natural increase in the Middle East, leading to overpopulation B Armed conflict, driving many people from their home regions in the Middle East C Drought and food shortages in the Middle East, leading many people to search for food security DImmigration reforms and fenced borders around Europe, controlling the flow of migrant workers E Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers
E
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in A the informal sector B regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used C the field, close to the sources of agricultural production Dnational capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state E major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
E
In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the demographic transition in Europe was best characterized by A a shift in the composition of national populations toward greater ethnic balance B a net population decline resulting from an excess of deaths over births C migration between European countries D large-scale population movements following periods of war or widespread civil unrest E urbanization and falling birth rates
E
The international Syrian refugee crisis that started in 2011 is best explained by which of the following migration factors? AAn economic pull factor from the European Union, where jobs and housing are available in cities BA demographic push factor from Syria, where the total fertility rate is high C A political pull factor from the United States, where there is a history of Syrian immigration D A political pull factor from Turkey, where there are free and open elections E A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety
E
The model above represents zones that are present in many American cities. Which of the following design concepts of urban development is likely to have the most significant impact on the reduction of urban sprawl? A Transformation of warehouse space in zone 2 of the model into high-income rental properties BConstruction of a large single-family housing development in zone 4 of the model C Gentrification of older housing in selected neighborhoods in zone 3 of the model D Construction of a large shopping mall in zone 1 of the model E Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model
E
