A+P II Ch 26 DSM

In a person with normal blood pressure, what is the average glomerular filtration rate?

125 mL/min

Which of the following is not correct regarding a pyelogram?

A pyelogram only allows the bladder to be visualized but not the ureter or structures of the kidney.

Blood in the urine would be called _____________.

hematuria

The proximal convoluted tubule performs all of the following functions except _______________.

reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water

The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________.

trigone

Which of the following statements is not true regarding cortical nephrons?

Cortical nephrons account for approximately 15 percent of all nephrons.

What type of transport occurs when two chemical substances cross the membrane in the same direction, bound to the same carrier, in the process of reabsorption?

Cotransport

What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?

Detrusor

What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid?

Distal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

Distal convoluted tubule

What parts of the kidney make up the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

The male urethra is divided into three segments. Which of the following is the correct order that urine passes through the urethra?

Prostatic, membranous, spongy

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood?

Reabsorption

Regulation of blood volume is an important function of the urinary system. Which of the following is NOT involved with the regulation of blood volume?

Regulation of glucose levels

Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?

Renal artery

Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?

Renal fascia

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

Renal medulla

What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter?

Renal pelvis

Which of the following occurs first when there is a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate?

Renin is released from cells of the juxtaglomerular complex.

One of the functions of the urinary system is to help in the regulation of pH. How does the nephron correct an acidosis condition in the blood?

Secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-

Which process in the formation of urine removes chemicals from the blood and puts them into the urine and is not driven by blood pressure?

Secretion

Blood enters each kidney through the renal arteries. What is the order in which blood travels from the renal artery to the glomeruli?

Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?

Transitional

What is the most abundant nitrogenous waste that the kidneys remove from the blood?

Urea

Which of the following organic wastes is generated by the catabolism of amino acids?

Urea

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test?

Urea is created in the liver from the breakdown of carbohydrates.

What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Ureter

Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system?

Urethra

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?

Urinary bladder

All of the following are age-related changes in the urinary system except ________________.

an increase sensitivity to ADH leading to an increase in water and sodium retention

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____________.

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which is produced in the capillaries of the lungs

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts

The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Excretion of waste products occurs with the all of the following body systems except _________.

cardiovascular

Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.

dehydration

When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.

glucose appears in the urine

Which of the following systems is not used to excrete wastes from the body?

Lymphatic system

What are the cells found between adjacent glomerular capillaries that can change the diameter of the capillaries and adjust blood flow?

Mesangial cells

What is the name for the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, where the afferent arterioles adjust their diameter in response to blood pressure changes?

Myogenic mechanism

What is the formula for net filtration pressure?

NFP = NHP - BCOP

Which of the following is an countertransporter found in the renal tubules?

Na+ / H+

Which hormone produced by the heart increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Natriuretic peptides

In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur?

Nephron loop

Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?

Nephron loop

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for establishing a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney?

Nephron loop

What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

Nephron loop and collecting duct

What are the cells that surround the glomerular capillaries and limit filtration?

Podocytes

The average pH of normal urine is about __________.

6.0

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Adaptive immunity

Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

What effect does constricting the efferent arteriole have on the filtration process?

All of the listed responses are correct.

What is the stimulus that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Following a protein-rich meal, which of the following conditions may be noticed?

Aminoaciduria

Which of the following is correct concerning the net movement of ions?

Ammonia is secreted.

What are the forces opposing filtration at the glomerulus?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false?

Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.

Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the tubular fluid are relatively high?

Facilitated transport

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?

Filtration

What is meant by the term nephrolithiasis?

Formation of kidney stones

What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate?

Glomerular caplillaries

Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane in the kidney?

Glomerular capsule

What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerular wall?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?

Glucose

Which of the following is not properly matched regarding results from an urinalysis?

High bilirubin levels (bilirubemia) can indicate malfunctioning of the kidney.

Which of the following is the result of prolonged aldosterone stimulation?

Hypokalemia

Which of the following is not an effect of advanced age on the urinary system?

Increase in the GFR

What is the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?

Increased conservation of sodium ions and water

What is the effect of taking a diuretic?

Increased water loss in the urine

Which other body system excretes the same wastes, like urea, that the urinary system excretes?

Integumentary system

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

Which organ in the urinary system produces urine?

Kidney

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport?

Kidney cells have only one type of carrier on an individual cell.

Which part of the kidney functions as an endocrine organ to produce erythropoietin and the enzyme, renin?

The juxtaglomerular complex

Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?

The loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles

Which of the following is not accurate concerning urinary reflexes?

When urine is being stored, afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder stimulate sympathetic outflow causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincters to relax.

All of the following characteristics are true of carrier-mediated transport processes except that _______________.

a given carrier protein can typically work in both directions

Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule DCT and the collecting duct causing __________.

a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.

an elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the control of the _________.

external urethral sphincter

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________.

glomerular filtration rate

Dangerously low glomerular fitration rate (GFR), which can lead to acute kidney failure, can be caused by all the of the following except ______________.

hypertension

To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system except __________.

iron

A decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure from 50 mmHg to 40 mmHg _____________.

is devastating to kidney function since at 40 mmHg, kidney filtration stops because the net filtration pressure falls to 0 mmHg

The group of tall cells in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as either chemoreceptors or baroreceptors are the __________ cells.

macula densa

When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________ and __________.

more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.

peritubular capillaries

In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

Sixty to seventy percent of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.

renal corpuscle

The kidneys are protected by all of the following except the ______________.

renal pelvis

The plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine is called the ________________.

renal threshold

Colloid osmotic pressure is the osmotic pressure resulting from ___________.

suspended proteins in the blood

When referring to reabsorption of molecules in the kidney, Tm is the abbreviation for __________.

transport maximum, the number of available carrier proteins in the renal tubules

Contraction of the muscular bladder forces urine out of the body through the __________.

urethra

The collecting ducts perform all of the following functions except _________________.

water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide