A+P LAB QUIZ 3

Connective Tissue

-anchors, packages, and supports body organs -derived from mesenchyme -consists of cells with an extracellular matrix -most widespread tissue in the body

stratum basale

-epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division -location of melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

Epithelium

-lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface -forms endocrine and exocrine glands -classified based on the shape and arrangement of the cells

Muscle

-pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat -major function is to contract

Smooth muscle

-spindle-shaped cells -involuntary -one nucleus -in wall of bladder and stomach

Cardiac muscle

-striated -branching cells -involuntary -one nucleus -intercalated discs -forms heart walls

Skeletal muscle

-striated -cylindrical cells -voluntary -many nuclei -attached to bones

Nervous tissue

-transmits electric signals -forms nerves and the brain

stratum corneum

-two layers containing dead cells -layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

Describe 5 general characteristics of epithelial tissue

1. The cells fit closely together, forming sheetlike membranes 2. Little intercellular material between the cells 3. Avascular 4. Membrane has a free edge 5. generally has a high regenerative capacity

Describe two integumentary system mechanisms that help regulate body temperature.

1. When capillary blood flow to the skin is enhanced, heat radiates from the skin surface; restriction of blood flow conserves body heat 2. activity of sweat glands (i.e. when sweat evaporates from the skin surface, heat is lost).

Four protective functions of skin are?

1. insulates and cushions underlying tissue 2. protects boy from abrasion 3. protects the body from harmful chemicals 4. prevents water loss from internal reserves

Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, "it is better to break a bone than it is to tear a tendon or ligament." Based on your understanding on theses two types of connective tissue, explain why that would be true.

Bone is very well vascularized and therefore heals and repairs more quickly than the large avascular, slow growing, dense regular connective tissue that makes up the tendons and ligaments.

What are 3 general characteristics of connective tissues?

Common origin of connective tissue from the mesenchyme; varied degrees of vascularity; and a large amount of extracellular matrix that varies with tissue type

The deeper region tissue is the _____, composed of connective tissue.

Dermis

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless glands; they produce hormones, which are liberated into the extracellular fluid to enter the blood. Exocrine glads maintain their ducts and manufacture secretions of various types, which are ducted to the body (or membrane) surface.

List the sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin.

Free nerve endings (for pain temperature), tactical corpuscles (for touch in hairless skin), lamella corpuscles (for pressure.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body

Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body. This is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions

Tactile corpuscles are located in the _______ _______.

Papillary layer

What functions are performed by connective tissue?

Protection, support, and the binding together of other body tissues. Transportation of substances within the body.

When cardiac muscle tissue dies in adults, it is replaced with scar tissue composed of dense connective tissue. Explain how the function of the scar tissue would differ from the function of the cardiac muscle tissue.

The scar tissue would be less elastic and would have no contractile ability

How does the structural difference of transitional epithelium support its function?

The surface cells have the ability to slide over one another, increasing the internal volume of the organ (ex. bladder) as it fills and maintains an intact lining whether it is stretched or contracted

In what ways are neurons structurally different?

Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes

What structural feature do epithelia that provide for protection have in common?

They are all stratified

In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?

They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles

What substance is manufactured in the skin and plays a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

Vitamin D

How does transitional epithelium differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia?

When stretched, its top layers are squamous, but when it is not stretched they are pillow-shaped.

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

Wide variety of structures and wide variety of functions. The large amount of non-living matrix seen provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out normal functions of the body.

stratum spinosum

area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear

Dense regular connective tissue

attaches bones to bones and muscles to muscles

List the following in order from least complex to most complex: organ, cell, tissue, and organ system

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Areolar connective tissue

composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with jellylike matrix

reticular dermis

deep layer of the dermis

______ or ________ are epidermal cells that play a role in the immune response

dendritic or langerhans cells

papillary dermis

dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

The superficial region of the skin is the _______, composed of ________ tissue.

epidermis; stratified squamous epithelial

Dense irregular connective tissue

forms the fibrous joint capsule

Hyaline cartilage (connective tissue)

forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton

Elastic connective tissue

forms the walls of the large arteries

Adipose connective tissue

insulates against heat loss

What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons?

irritability and conductivity

The most numerous cell of the epidermis is the _______

keratinocytes

Avascular

lack of blood vessels

________ corpuscles are located deep in the dermis.

lamellar

stratum granulosum

layer named for the numerous granules present

Stratum lucidum

layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

sweat gland-apocrine

less numerous type of sweat-producing gland; found mainly in the pubic and axillary regions

Name 3 common fingerprint patterns

loops, arches, and whorls

Fibrocartilage (connective tissue)

makes up the intervertebral discs

What organ system controls the activity of the eccrine sweat glands?

nervous system (sympathetic diffusion)

The two primary layers of the dermis are the ______ dermis, composed of the areolar connective tissue, and the ________ dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

papillary; reticular

hair and nails

primarily dead/keratinized cells

Elastic cartilage (connective tissue)

provides a flexible framework for the external ear

Osseous tissue (connective tissue)

provides levers for muscles to act on

Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the _______ glands.

sebaceous oil

sebaceous gland

secretes a lubricant for hair and skin

hair follicle

sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues

For this function, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function: secretion

simple columnar epithelium - glandular cells

For this function, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function: absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium - cells living in the digestive tract

For this function, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function: filtration

simple cuboidal epithelium - kidney tubule cells

For this function, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function: diffusion

simple squamous epithelium - lungs

cutaneous receptors

specialized nerve endings that respond to temperature, touch, etc.

For this function, name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for that function: protection

stratified squamous epithelium - skin

sweat gland-eccrine

sweat gland with a role in temperature control

Histology

the study of the microscopic structures of cells and tissues of plants and animals

arrector pilli

tiny muscles, attached to hair follicles, that pull the hair upright during fright or cold

Smoking impairs cilia because the toxins paralyze and can destroy the cilia. Based on the loss of function, explain which types of infections smokers would be more susceptible to.

Smokers are more susceptible to both upper and lower respiratory infections as the cilia are not there to sweep the mucous and trapped pathogens up and out of the airway.

A buccal swab procedure removes stratified squamous cells to obtain the DNA profile of an individual. Explain why a buccal swab shouldn't cause bleeding.

Stratified squamous epithelium that lives in the cheek is avascular