AP Lecture - Ch 13 Brain

What are some functions of the amygdaloid body?

The amygdaloid body is a tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus. x The amygdaloid body is responsible for heightened alertness and generalized excitement or generalized lethargy and sleep. --> x The amygdaloid body plays a role in regulating heart rate, controlling the "fight or flight" response, and in linking emotions with specific memories. The amygdaloid body produces oxytocin and ADH and helps control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. The amygdaloid body plays a role in learning, especially in the storage and retrieval of long-term memories.

Describe the arbor vitae, including its makeup, location, and function

The arbor vitae is gray matter of the cerebellum that interconnects pontine nuclei with the opposite cerebellar hemisphere. The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that carries communications between the cerebellum and pons. x The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that connects the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles. The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that links the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The arbor vitae is white matter of the cerebellum that connects the cerebellum with the midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s).

two

The CNS interprets the ________ of stimulus entirely on the basis of the labeled line over which it arrives.

type

he ________ is located at the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus.

x amygdaloid body lentiform nucleus globus pallidus putamen thalamus

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

x anterior spinothalamic. --> fasciculus gracilis. posterior spinocerebellar. fasciculus cuneatus. x lateral spinothalamic.

Identify the structure labeled "10."

x arbor vitae ---> diencephalon pons x central canal corpus callosum

The superior colliculi receive visual input from the lateral geniculate nuclei via the

x optic tract. inferior colliculi. substantia nigra. cerebral peduncles. red nuclei.

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem are located in the

x pons. diencephalon. medulla oblongata. midbrain. thalamus.

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

Which structure conducts action potentials directly from a sensory receptor?

1

Which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled "6"? 1. The synapse occurs between motor neurons. 2. The sensations may be filtered out. 3. The third-order neuron projects to the primary sensory cortex. 4. The third-order neuron's axon is myelinated by oligodendrocytes

3 only x 3 and 4 1 and 3 2 only 1 and 4

The choroid plexuses produces CSF at a rate of about

50 mL/day. 1000 mL/day. 250 mL/day. 150 mL/day. x 500 mL/day.

Describe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

ALS is a progressive disorder characterized by loss of higher-order cerebral functions and is the most common cause of senile dementia. ALS is a nonprogressive loss of motor function that appears during infancy or childhood and persists throughout the person's lifetime. x ALS results when the neurons of the substantia nigra are damaged or secrete less dopamine and the basal nuclei become more active causing muscle rigidity and stiffness.---> ALS is a disease of the CNS characterized by recurrent incidents of demyelination that affects axons in the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord. x ALS is a progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the CNS, leading to muscle atrophy and eventual paralysis.

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

All the cranial nerves arise from the brainstem. (X) III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, X, XI, XII All the purely motor nerves arise from the brainstem. I and II All the purely sensory nerves arise from the brainstem.

________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.

Apraxia Dyslexia A seizure Parkinson's disease Aphasia

If the primary motor cortex is destroyed, fine control of movement will be lost, but movement may not be lost completely because the medial and lateral pathways can still provide coarse motor control.

Both parts of the statement is true

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, which of the following is not true?

Conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side. x Faces seen by the left eye cannot be identified. Objects touched by the left hand could be recognized but not verbally identified. Objects viewed by the left eye can be verbally identified. The two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

Describe the role of the corticobulbar tracts.

Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that carry information or commands from the sensory nuclei in the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. Corticobulbar tracts are descending tracts that carry motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that receive sensory information from the internal ear about the position and movement of the head. Corticobulbar tracts are ascending tracts that carry sensory information from the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. x Corticobulbar tracts are descending tracts that carry information or commands from the cerebral cortex to motor nuclei in the brainstem.

Define corticospinal tracts.

Corticospinal tracts are descending tracts that carry information or commands from the cerebral cortex to motor nuclei in the brainstem. -->

What effect would damage to the left postcentral gyrus produce?

Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with voluntary movement of the right side of the body. Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with voluntary movement of the left side of the body. x Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with sensory information awareness from the right side of the body. Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with both sensory information awareness and voluntary movement of the left side of the body. Damage to the left postcentral gyrus would interfere with sensory information awareness from the left side of the body.

Damage to the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus would interfere with what particular function?

Damage would interfere with the flow of somatic sensations and thus affect the sense of touch. Damage would interfere with the limbic system and thus affect emotional processing. Damage would interfere with the release of melatonin and thus affect circadian rhythms. Damage would interfere with the flow of auditory information and thus affect the sense of hearing. x Damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of sight.

How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?

Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream. x Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream. Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would decrease the volume of CSF in the ventricles because more CSF would reenter the bloodstream. Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would not change the volume of CSF because the amount of CSF reentering the bloodstream can accommodate for the changes.

________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated.

Descending Relaying x Decussation Coordinating Ascending

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

II and VI. II, III, and IV. III and V. I, II, and III. (x) III, IV, and VI.

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

IX XII VIII XI (x) X

What effect would increased stimulation of the motor neurons of the red nucleus have on muscle tone?

It would decrease stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby increasing their muscle tone. It would increase stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing their muscle tone. It would not affect skeletal muscle tone. It would decrease stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing their muscle tone. X It would increase stimulation of skeletal muscles, thereby increasing their muscle tone.

________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.

Proprioceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors Chemoreceptors x Baroreceptors

Describe how rabies is contracted.

Rabies is contracted by drinking water contaminated by the feces of a rabid animal. Rabies is contracted by touching a rabid animal. Rabies is contracted by breathing air that has droplets of the rabies virus in it. x Rabies is contracted by the bite of a rabid animal. Rabies is contracted by eating the meat of a rabid animal.

Define referred pain.

Referred pain is somatic pain sensations from the skin. Referred pain is when nociceptors send impulse of pain that is not actually there. x Referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. Referred pain is when thermoreceptors detect temperature extremes that cause a painful sensation. Referred pain is visceral pain sensations that can be well localized.

A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a

Ruffini corpuscle. x tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. lamellar corpuscle. tactile (Merkel) disc. root hair plexus.

A fast-adapting mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a

Ruffini corpuscle. x tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. tactile (Merkel) disc. free nerve ending. root hair plexus.

Define basal nuclei.

The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral gray matter that processes sensory information and influences emotional states. The basal nuclei play a role in regulating heart rate, controlling the "fight or flight" response, and in linking emotions with specific memories. The basal nuclei produce oxytocin and ADH and help control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. The basal nuclei are responsible for heightened alertness and generalized excitement or generalized lethargy and sleep. x The basal nuclei are masses of cerebral gray matter that function in the subconscious control of skeletal muscle activity and help coordinate learned movement patterns.

Describe the function of the caudate nucleus.

The caudate nucleus is involved with speech production. The caudate nucleus is involved with indirect modification of movement by output to the cerebral cortex. The caudate nucleus is involved with sensory input from various somatic sensory receptors. x The caudate nucleus is involved in the direct control of voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.---> x The caudate nucleus is involved with the subconscious adjustment and modification of skeletal muscle activity.

Describe the insula.

The insula is a band of commissural fibers between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The insula is a region anterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary motor cortex. x The insula is an island of cerebral cortex located medial to the lateral sulcus. The insula is posterior to the central sulcus and contains the primary somatosensory cortex. The insula is a collection of fasciculi that connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same cerebral hemisphere.

Describe the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and a decussation.

The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the spinal cord. Some of the motor fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. x The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the cerebral cortex. Some of the motor fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. x The pyramids contains tracts of motor fibers that originate at the spinal cord. All of the motor fibers stay on the same side of the medulla oblongata and that is called a decussation. --> x The pyramids contains tracts of sensory fibers that originate at the cerebral cortex. Some of the sensory fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation. --> The pyramids contains tracts of sensory fibers that originate at the spinal cord. Some of the sensory fibers cross to the opposite sides of the medulla oblongata and that crossing over is called a decussation.

Relate receptive field size to stimulus localization.

The smaller the receptive field, the harder it is to localize an area of stimulus. x The smaller the receptive field, the easier it is to localize an area of stimulus. The larger the receptive field, the easier it is to localize an area of stimulus.

Give the functions of the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi.

The superior colliculi provide subconscious control of upper limb position and background muscle tone. The inferior colliculi processes incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands automatically and helps maintain consciousness. x The superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimui. --> The superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk. x The superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The superior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the head, neck, and trunk. The inferior colliculi control the background muscle tone to the limbs.

________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors.

Thermoreceptors; three or four; cold Cold; ten; warm Warm; three or four; cold x Cold; three or four; warm Thermoreceptors; three or four; temperature

What signs and symptoms would be present in a person who has basal nuclei damage?

They would be unable to taste and smell. x They would exhibit decreased muscle tone and loss of coordinated movement. They would be unable to control autonomic functions, such as controlling heart rate and blood pressure. They would be unable to move any skeletal muscle. They would be unable to recognize sounds, such as spoken words.

________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.

Vocal Communication Frontal Terminal x Integrative

Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________.

Wilms; Meissner x Merkel; Meissner pain; pressure Meissner; Merkel Pacinian; Merkel

Only about ________ percent of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness.

X 1 10 25 50 95

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

X 97 percent 15 percent 100 percent 68 percent 25 percent

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of cranial nerve

X. II. I. IV. (x) IX.

Define somatotopy.

a functional map of the motor cortex a functional map of corticospinal tracts x a functional map of the somatosensory cortex a functional map of spinothalamic tracts a functional map of spinocerebellar tracts

Stimulation of a neuron that terminates close to the longitudinal fissure of the left postcentral gyrus would produce

a sensation in the right leg. --> x a muscle twitch in the lips. --> x both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg. --> x a muscle twitch in the right leg.--> x a sensation in the lips.

The basal nuclei

activate spinal reflexes. act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensory input. exert direct control over lower motor neurons. adjust and refine learned motor activities. x initiate conscious motor activity.-->

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid

acts as a transport medium for nutrients provides buoyant support for the brain x acts as a transport medium for waste products provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues provides ATP for impulse transmission

Which region of the limbic system is particularly important for the storage and retrieval of long-term memories?

amygdaloid body x hippocampus fornix mammillary body cingulate gyrus

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

an insatiable appetite x reduced ability to regulate body temperature production of a large volume of urine an uncontrolled sex drive an intense thirst

The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the cord is the ________ tract.

anterior corticospinal

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n)

aqueduct of midbrain. x interventricular foramen. medulla oblongata. septum pellucidum. x cerebral aqueduct.-->

The general senses

are located in specialized structures called sense organs. are limited to the skin. x are localized to specific areas of the body. ---> cannot generate action potentials. x involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure.

Sensations of burning or aching pain

are well localized. x cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. reach the CNS quickly. are carried by type A fibers. are fast adapting.

The corpus callosum is composed of

association fibers. longitudinal fasciculi. projection fibers. arcuate fibers. x commissural fibers.

The internal capsule of the cerebrum is composed of

association fibers. x projection fibers. x commissural fibers. ---> arcuate fibers. longitudinal fasciculi.

What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

auditory eye movement taste olfaction x vision-->

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.

auditory primary motor olfactory visual x primary sensory

What is the function of the nerve labeled "10"?

auditory taste vision --> olfaction eye movement

Which of the following is not one of the special senses?

balance ---> hearing taste x touch smell

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

baroreceptors. nociceptors. x proprioceptors. thermoreceptors. chemoreceptors.

Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________.

baroreceptors; nociceptors chemoreceptors; nociceptors x baroreceptors; chemoreceptors nociceptors; thermoreceptors baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

brainstem. x hypothalamus. myelencephalon. midbrain. thalamus.

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

cingulate gyrus amygdaloid body fornix x hippocampus mammillary bodies

Absorption at the arachnoid granulations returns CSF to the

central canal. X venous circulation. fourth ventricle. third ventricle. arterial circulation.

Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter.

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

cerebellum cerebrum pons x thalamus medulla oblongata

Which of the following is improperly paired?

cerebral aqueduct — slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricle corpus callosum — thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres falx cerebri — a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres x interventricular foramen - the opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle --> septum pellucidum — a thin partition that separates the two lateral ventricles

Identify the structure labeled "5."

cerebral cortex primary motor cortex x thalamus x primary sensory cortex--> x dorsal root ganglion -->

Identify the sensory nuclei contained within the corpora quadrigemina.

cerebral peduncles x superior colliculi and inferior colliculi red nuclei and substantia nigra reticular formation and red nuclei anterior colliculi and posterior colliculi

The tectum of the midbrain contains the

cerebral peduncles. x superior and inferior colliculi. red nuclei. substantia nigra. basal ganglia.

The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the

cerebrum. cerebellum. spinal cord. x medulla oblongata. midbrain. --->

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebrum. x cerebellum. midbrain. pons. medulla oblongata.

A tract of white matter found in the limbic system that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

cingulate gyrus. amygdaloid body. x fornix. hippocampus. mammillary bodies.

The ________ connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere.

commissural fibers arcuate fibers fibers of the corpus callosum fibers of the anterior commissure X longitudinal fasciculi

What is the function of the longitudinal fasciculi?

connect the cerebral cortex to the cerebellar cortex connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord connect the cerebral hemispheres connect one gyrus to another x connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere

What is the function of the longitudinal fasciculi?

connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere connect the cerebral hemispheres x connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord---> connect the cerebral cortex to the cerebellar cortex connect one gyrus to another

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

control of muscle tone. subconscious control of skeletal muscles of the upper limbs. control of breathing. regulation of body temperature. x visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the

cortex. fourth ventricle. vermis. medulla. x arbor vitae.

A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected?

corticobulbar tract

Increased production and release of acetylcholine by the neurons of the cerebral nuclei would result in

decreased activity of upper motor neurons. x spastic, uncontrolled muscle contractions. fewer action potentials along the corticospinal tracts. flaccid paralysis. muscular atrophy.

Identify the origin of the axon labeled "2."

decussation neuron second-order neuron x upper motor neuron ganglionic neuron lower motor neuron

Which region of the brain contains two ventricles?

diencephalon x cerebrum midbrain brainstem cerebellum

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

diencephalon x telencephalon myelencephalon metencephalon midbrain

Name the three primary brain vesicles

diencephalon, telencephalon, metencephalon x prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon prosencephalon, diencephalon, triencephalon mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

diencephalon. x medulla oblongata. midbrain. cerebellum. pons.

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because

different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. sensory neurons carry only one modality. of the many types of tactile receptors. x sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

dry mouth from lack of saliva loss of the sense of taste tooth pain x weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle lack of facial expression

The neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the

dura mater. meninges. x blood-brain barrier. arachnoid granulations. choroid plexuses.

The dural sinuses are located in the

dural folds

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

dural sinus falx cerebri pia mater subdural space x subarachnoid space

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal

The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except

equilibrium-related sensations. x proprioceptor information. --> x tactile sensations. ---> x gustatory information. x visual information. -->

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

facial trochlear vagus x vagus and glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

facial. glossopharyngeal. abducens. vagus. x trigeminal.

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the

falx cerebelli. x falx cerebri. arachnoid granulations. lateral aperture. tentorium cerebelli.

Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord except the

fasciculus cuneatus. x reticulospinal tract. anterior spinothalamic. fasciculus gracilis. posterior spinocerebellar.

Identify the structure labeled "5."

first-order neuron second-order neuron x ventral root upper motor neuron dorsal root

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the

first. second. third. x fourth. lateral.

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

fissures. gyri. sulci. sinuses. x lobes.

Thalamic neurons that travel to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons.

fourth-order receptor second-order first-order x third-order

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is the

frontal and parietal

The cerebellum

functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. receives input from the motor cortex and basal nuclei. compares intended movement to actual movement. if damaged, leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. x All the answers are correct.

If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________ because it is not a special sense.

hearing smell x cold balance sight

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?

hypoglossal glossopharyngeal trochlear x trigeminal facial

As the size of the receptor field gets smaller, the ability to localize a specific stimulus

improves

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. hyperactivity of the limbic system. decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. x inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. weak response of the red nuclei of the midbrain.

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

increased conciousness

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the

inferior colliculi.

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

insula. postcentral gyrus. corpus callosum. x precentral gyrus. arcuate gyrus.

The medial nuclei of the thalamus

integrate sensory information for relay to the frontal lobes. produce the hormone oxytocin. x receive sensory information from the cerebellum. --> process visual information. x are part of the limbic system. -->

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the

interventricular foramina. dural sinus. falx cerebri. cerebral aqueduct. x lateral and median apertures.

The general interpretive area

is the site of long-term memory storage. is responsible for predicting future consequences. is the speech center of the brain. x allows us to interpret what is read or heard. may be damaged by even a small stroke.

In order for a sensation to become a perception,

it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers. the individual must vocalize about it. x it must be received by the somatosensory cortex. the other senses must be silent. it must be received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.

Which is likely to be more sensitive to continuous deep pressure: a lamellar corpuscle or a bulbous corpuscle?

lamellar corpuscle x bulbous corpuscle

A fast-adapting tactile receptor that monitors movements across the body surface is a

lamellar corpuscle. tactile (Merkel) disc. Ruffini corpuscle. tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. x root hair plexus.

Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the largest motor units?

larynx tongue hands nose x lower limbs

The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone of the neck, eyes, head, and limbs is the ________ tract.

lateral corticospinal anterior corticospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal x vestibulospinal

The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the

lateral spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway. corticospinal pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. posterior column pathway. x anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway.

The superior border of the temporal lobe is marked by the

lateral sulcus

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the

left cerebral hemisphere

Which of the following is not one of the basal nuclei?

lentiform nucleus X hippocampus globus pallidus caudate nucleus putamen

A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a

light receptor. nociceptor. chemoreceptor. thermoreceptor. x tactile receptor.

The putamen and globus pallidus are considered subdivisions of the

limbic system. claustrum. corpus striatum. x lentiform nucleus. caudate nucleus.

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brainstem located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon functions in emotions, learning, and memory x functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather contains cerebral and diencephalic components

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called

lobes. x association areas. hemispheres. cortices. primary motor areas.

Which of the following is a property of the mammillary bodies?

located posterior to the pons controls feeding reflexes like swallowing and licking connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland x secretes melatonin--> x responsible for auditory reflexes -->

Which of the following kinds of information do fine-touch and light-pressure mechanoreceptors provide?

location of the stimulus shape of the stimulus texture of the stimulus movement of the stimulus x All of the answers are correct.

White matter fibers that pass from one gyrus to the adjacent gyrus are called

longitudinal fasciculi. projection fibers. association fibers. commissural fibers. x arcuate fibers.

The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the

longitudinal fibers. inferior cerebellar peduncle. obverse fibers. x middle cerebellar peduncle. superior cerebellar peduncle.

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?

loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body x loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body

The cerebellum relies on information from all of the following except

lower motor neurons. the eyes. x proprioceptive sensations. ---> x fupper motor neurons. the inner ear.

sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve.

mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Which of the following is sometimes called "prickling pain"?

mechanical damage chemicals extremes of temperature x fast pain both chemicals and fast pain

Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over all of the following except the

medial pathway. x lateral pathway. --> x corticobulbar pathway. --> x corticospinal pathway. ---> spinothalamic pathway.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

medulla oblongata. cerebellum. x cerebrum. diencephalon. corpus callosum.

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

medulla oblongata. pons. x thalamus. cerebellum. midbrain.

Which of the following is improperly paired?

mesencephalon — also called the midbrain telencephalon — will form the cerebrum x metencephalon — will form the cerebellum and pons ---> x diencephalon — becomes the ventricle myelencephalon — will form the medullar oblongata

What special names are given to axons in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres?

nerves tracts nuclei ganglia x association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain.

neurogenic somatic psychogenic x referred phantom

What is produced by the structure labeled "2"?

neurotransmitters x cerebrospinal fluid hormones white matter blood

Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.

neutralizes x decreases increases stabilizes

A receptor that responds to chemicals dissolved in solution is a

nociceptor. thermoreceptor. tactile receptor. light receptor. x chemoreceptor.

List the four types of general sensory receptors based on function, and identify the type of stimulus that excites each type.

nociceptors (temperature), thermoreceptors (pain), mechanoreceptors (physical distortion), and chemoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids) x nociceptors (pain), thermoreceptors (temperature), mechanoreceptors (physical distortion), and chemoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids) nociceptors (physical distortion), thermoreceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids), mechanoreceptors (pain), and chemoreceptors (temperature) nociceptors (chemicals dissolved in body fluids), thermoreceptors (physical distortion), mechanoreceptors (pain), and chemoreceptors (temperature) nociceptors (temperature), thermoreceptors (physical distortion), mechanoreceptors (temperature), and chemoreceptors (pain)

Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.

nociceptors; thermoreceptors

The pons contains all of the following structures except the

nuclei concerned with the control of respiration. x sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII. ---> x tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem. ---> transverse fibers that link the pons with the cerebellum. x pyramids that contain motor tracts originating in the cerebral cortex.

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

occipital lobe. x insula. parietal lobe. frontal lobe. temporal lobe.

Identify the nerve labeled "11."

oculomotor optic trochlear x trigeminal abducens

Our perception of our environment is imperfect for all of the following reasons except that

our receptors have limited sensitivity. x abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact. --> humans lack receptors for every possible stimulus. not all sensations lead to a perception. x receptors respond by producing action potentials.

Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4."

pain and crude touch sensations proprioception to the cerebral cortex fine touch to the cerebral cortex x motor commands to skeletal muscles visceral motor commands to smooth muscle

define the term general senses.

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. Receptors for those sensations are distributed throughout the body.

Which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature?

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus x preoptic area of the hypothalamus choroid plexus of the epithalamus ventral nuclei of the thalamus pineal gland

The information that is passed from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system is called a

perception x sensation. motor pathway. transducer. depolarization of a receptor.

The conversion of a sensory input to a change in membrane potential in the receptor is known as

perception. an action potential. stimulation. a labeled line. x transduction.

Identify the structure labeled "8."

pia mater ventricles dura mater corpus callosum x arachnoid granulation

Identify the structure labeled "3."

pons corpora quadrigemina diencephalon x cerebral aqueduct arbor vitae

A cortex is found on the surface of both the

pons and medullar oblongata. cerebellum and medulla oblongata. cerebral hemispheres and pons. pons and cerebellum. x cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.

Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with one's ability to

position the arms. control motor units located in the leg. x make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises. monitor body position. coordinate eating and swallowing movements.

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

postcentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum temporal lobe of the cerebrum x precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum parietal lobe of the cerebrum occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in all the following except

postcentral gyrus. red nuclei of the midbrain. x precentral gyrus. --> superior and inferior colliculi. vestibular nuclei.

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

postcentral sulcus. central sulcus. x longitudinal fissure. transverse fissure. parieto-occipital sulcus.

Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

posterior (dorsal) column

Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons.

postganglionic upper motor x lower motor somesthetic preganglionic

Upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in all the following except

precentral gyrus. x superior and inferior colliculi. --> vestibular nuclei. red nuclei of the midbrain. postcentral gyrus.

Which brain region has been affected in a stroke victim who is unable to speak?

prefrontal cortex x Broca's area primary auditory cortex Wernicke's area auditory association area

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

processing x association sensory somesthetic commissural

Describe the three classes of mechanoreceptors.

proprioceptors, which detect changes in pressure; baroreceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; and tactile receptors, which respond to the sense of touch x proprioceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; baroreceptors, which detect changes in pressure; and tactile receptors, which respond to the sense of touch proprioceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; baroreceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; and tactile receptors, which detect changes in pressure proprioceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; baroreceptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles; and tactile receptors, which detect changes in pressure proprioceptors, which respond to the sense of touch; baroreceptors, which detect changes in pressure; and tactile receptors, which monitor the positions of bones, joints, and muscles

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

proprioceptors. thermoreceptors. nociceptors. chemoreceptors. X baroreceptors.

The ________ relay(s) auditory information to the auditory cortex.

pulvinar nuclei x medial geniculate nuclei suprachiasmatic nuclei preoptic area lateral geniculate nuclei

Which of the following is incorrect?

pulvinar nuclei — integrates sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex lateral geniculate nuclei — projects visual information to primary visual cortex x suprachiasmatic nuclei — secretes ADH medial geniculate nuclei — projects auditory information to primary auditory cortex preoptic area — regulates body temperature

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a worm-shaped band of cortex called the

pyramid. cerebellar peduncles. x vermis. arbor vitae. folia.

The corticospinal system is often referred to as the

pyramidal system

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. x are part of the limbic system. secrete pituitary hormones. control feeding reflexes like licking and swallowing. secrete melatonin.

All of the following are true of a prickling pain sensation except that they

receive conscious attention. often trigger somatic reflexes. reach the CNS quickly. are carried by type A fibers. x cannot be localized to a small area.

The ________ is the area monitored by a single receptor cell.

receptive field

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to

receptor specificity.

Upper motor neuron cell bodies originate in all the following except

red nuclei of the midbrain. precentral gyrus. x postcentral gyrus. superior and inferior colliculi. vestibular nuclei.

A labeled line is a(n)

reduction in sensitivity. stimulation that produces action potentials. x link between a receptor and the CNS processing center. translation of complex sensory information. adjustment for sensitivity adaptation.

The ventral nuclei of the thalamus perform all of the following functions except

relaying input from basal ganglia to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex. x relaying input from cerebellum to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex.--> x relaying general sensory input to the primary sensory cortex. --> x projecting visual and auditory information to the visual and auditory cortices.

The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following except the

reticular formation. inferior colliculi. x mammillary bodies. superior colliculi. vestibular nuclei.

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

reticular formation. x prefrontal cerebral cortex. cerebral ganglia. occipital association cortex. temporal lobe.

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.

right temporal right frontal x left frontal left temporal occipital

The sensory neuron that carries a sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron.

second-order receptor third-order x first-order fourth-order

Which of the following hypothalamic functions is incorrect?

secrete oxytocin — paraventricular nucleus x secrete antidiuretic hormone — supra-optic nucleus --> control heart rate and blood pressure — autonomic centers control feeding reflexes — mammillary bodies x regulate lactation — preoptic region

All of the following are a function of the hypothalamus except

secreting hormones. coordinating day-night cycles of activity/inactivity. controlling autonomic centers. regulating body temperature. x projecting visual information to the visual cortex.

Damage to the somatic motor association area of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

sense the texture of velvet. understand written words. understand visual images. understand spoken words. X play the piano.

Sensory neurons that are always active are called ________ receptors.

sensory x tonic

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

sight. perception of pain. hearing. x voluntary motor activity. both perception of pain and voluntary motor activity.

Examples of sensory modalities include all of the following except

smell. x creativity. warmth. touch. vibration.

Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the

somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord. autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord. x motor nuclei of cranial nerves. nuclei in the thalamus. sensory neurons.

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

spinal accessory vagus x hypoglossal glossopharyngeal trigeminal

The medial and lateral motor pathways can modify, or direct, skeletal muscle contractions by ________ lower motor neurons.

stimulating facilitating inhibiting controlling x All of the answers are correct.

Tickle is to ________ as ache is to ________.

stretch; temperature x touch; pain pressure; heat thermoreceptors; nociceptors baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the

subarachnoid mater. subarachnoid space. arachnoid mater. x pia mater. dura mater.

Identify the structure labeled "7."

subarachnoid space ---> x dura mater lateral ventricle fourth ventricle filum terminale

What part of the midbrain influences the activity of the entire nervous system?

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi x reticular activating system (RAS), a part of the reticular formation cerebral peduncles x substantia nigra--> x red nuclei-->

A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a

tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. Ruffini corpuscle. root hair plexus. x lamellar corpuscle. tactile (Merkel) disc.

A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum basale is a

tactile (merkel) disc

Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called

tactile discs. lamellar corpuscles. root hair plexuses. Ruffini corpuscles. x tactile (Meissner) corpuscles. -->

The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following except

taste

The regions of the midbrain that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the

tecta. superior colliculi. cerebral peduncles. x red nuclei. inferior colliculi.

The midbrain contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

tectum tegmentum X reticular activating system cardiovascular control center respiratory rhythmicity center

Descending nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the midbrain are the

tegmenta. superior colliculi. corpora quadrigemina. x cerebral peduncles. inferior colliculi.

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

tentorium cerebelli. septum pellucidum. interventricular foramina. central canal. x cerebral aqueduct.

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

tentorium cerebelli. x falx cerebelli. ---> choroid plexus. dural sinus. x falx cerebri.

Which of these is mismatched with its location?

tentorium cerebelli; between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum dural venous sinuses; large collecting veins located within the dural folds x superior sagittal sinus; runs along superior edge of the corpus callosum falx cerebri; between cerebral hemispheres falx cerebelli; between cerebellar hemispheres

The basic reflex motor patterns related to eating and drinking are controlled by which region of the brain?

thalamus cerebral cortex midbrain x hypothalamus pons

All of the following help(s) to directly protect the brain except

the cranial meninges. x the neural tubes. the blood-brain barrier. the bones of the skull. the CSF.

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

the general interpretive area the putamen x the limbic system the prefrontal lobe the thalamus

All of the following can contribute to receptor specificity except

the structure of the receptor cell. accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli. x density of the receptors. accessory cells that function with the receptor. characteristics of the receptor cell membrane.

Identify the neuron labeled "1."

third-order neuron second-order neuron lower motor neuron upper motor neuron x first-order neuron

What is the function of the ascending and descending tracts in the medulla oblongata?

to relay information to the red nucleus x to relay somatic information to the thalamus --> to regulate vital autonomic functions they contain sensory and motor nuclei of five cranial nerves x to link the brain with the spinal cord

Sensory neurons that are normally inactive but can become active for a short time are called ________.

tonic receptors x phasic receptors proprioceptors myelinated nociceptors

The Roman numeral V indicates the ________ nerve.

trigeminal

The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve.

trochlear abducens X vestibulocochlear trigeminal oculomotor

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to

verbally identify an object placed in her left hand / analyze by touch an object in her right hand.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the

vermis. x arbor vitae. cerebellar peduncles. pyramid. folia

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

very smooth smaller the same size x larger more convoluted

Tracts of the lateral and medial pathways include all of the following except ________ tracts.

vestibulospinal reticulospinal x corticospinal tectospinal rubrospinal

Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts.

vestibulospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal x lateral corticospinal anterior corticospinal

Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2."

visceral motor commands to smooth muscle motor commands to skeletal muscles x pain and crude touch sensations fine touch to the cerebral cortex proprioception to the cerebral cortex

What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"?

visceral sensation and motor control x facial expression --> movement of the tongue taste vision

Which senses are affected by damage to the temporal lobes?

visual and auditory visual and gustatory olfactory and gustatory x auditory and olfactory visual and olfactory

Damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with the reflex ability to

voluntarily move the arm. maintain proper posture. x react to a bright light. react to loud noises. express rage.

The pyramidal system provides

voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle

with practice, involve little input from the brain. only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum. x require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. are largely controlled at the level of the spinal cord. usually escape notice by the cerebellum.

________ is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.

x Adaptation Transduction Integration Reception Sensation

Explain adaptation, and differentiate between peripheral adaptation and central adaptation.

x Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation reduces the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears. Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation increases the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus is enhanced. Adaptation is a decrease in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant simulation. In peripheral adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears. Central adaptation reduces the amount of information received by the CNS. Adaptation is an increase in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation increases the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus is enhanced. Adaptation is an increase in receptor sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulation. Peripheral adaptation reduces the amount of information sent to the CNS. In central adaptation, the awareness of the stimulus virtually disappears.

Somatic sensory axons enter the ventral root and usually decussate before ascending to the thalamus.

x Both parts of the statements are true. --> The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. x Both parts of the statements are false. -->

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

x Parkinson's disease. myasthenia gravis. tetanus. rabies. Alzheimer's disease.

________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation.

x Perception Integration Association Reception Stimulation

Which of the following is not a property of thermoreceptors?

x They are found in the hypothalamus. --> x Warm receptors outnumber cold receptors. They are free nerve endings. They are found in skeletal muscle. Cold receptors outnumber warm receptors.

________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

x Ventricles Lobes Nuclei Fissures Gyri

A person with a damaged visual association area may be

x able to see letters but unable to associate them into words. unable to see rows of letters. declared legally blind. unable to understand spoken words. unable to recognize letters but able to identify whole words and their meanings.

What brain tissues have tight junctions?

x astrocyte processes around the pia matter -> x Schwann cells around each neuron--> x ependymal cells of each choroid plexus x microglial cells --> x oligodendrocytes around each neuron-->

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the

x basal nuclei. auditory cortex. anterior commissures. visual cortex. motor association areas.

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

x both more complex and less crucial to visceral functions. less crucial to visceral functions. better understood. simpler. more complex.

The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts.

x corticospinal reticulospinal corticobulbar tectospinal vestibulospinal

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem?

x diencephalon medulla oblongata cerebellum midbrain pons

Which structures form the secondary brain vesicles?

x diencephalon and telencephalon x diencephalon and prosencephalon --> x metencephalon and myelencephalon --> diencephalon and triencephalon prosencephalon and rhombencephalon

As CSF circulates, ________ between it and the interstitial fluid of the CNS is unrestricted between and across the ependymal cells.

x diffusion conduction perfusion osmosis convection

Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system?

x globus pallidus hippocampus cingulate gyrus fornix amygdaloid body

Which medulla oblongata components relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus?

x gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus ascending tracts within the funiculi reticular formation inferior olivary complex descending tracts within the funiculi

Cerebrospinal fluid

x has almost the same composition as blood plasma. ---> is secreted by ependymal cells. is formed by a passive process and has almost the same composition as blood plasma. is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. is formed by a passive process.

What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"?

x hearing and balance eye movement vision taste olfaction

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the midbrain. Which nuclei accomplish this?

x inferior colliculi red nuclei substantia nigra superior colliculi tectum

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

x infundibulum brain stem thalamus mammillary body anterior commissure

The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the

x insula. occipital lobe. --> x frontal lobe. --> x temporal lobe. ---> x prefrontal cortex. -->

The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a

x labeled line. sensation. receptive field. receptor. transduction.

The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract.

x lateral corticospinal anterior corticospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal vestibulospinal

The spinal tract that normally plays a minor role in the control of the distal muscles of the arms is the ________ tract.

x lateral corticospinal --> x anterior corticospinal --> x rubrospinal reticulospinal x vestibulospinal -->

Which spinal tracts carry action potentials generated by nociceptors?

x lateral spinothalamic tracts posterior column pathway posterior spinothalamic tracts spinocerebellar pathway anterior spinothalamic tracts

Which cerebral hemisphere receives impulses conducted by the right gracile fasciculus?

x left cerebral hemisphere right cerebral hemisphere

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include all of the following areas except

x mammillary bodies. medial geniculate. lateral geniculate. pulvinar.

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve.

x mandibular branch of the trigeminal ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal maxillary branch of the trigeminal glossopharyngeal hypoglossal

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

x medulla oblongata--> cerebellum x hypothalamus pons cerebrum

Mechanoreceptors might detect all of the following sensations except

x muscle pain. muscle length. pressure. touch. vibration.

Which embryonic brain vesicle develops into the largest region of the adult brain?

x myelencephalon --> x telencephalon x mesencephalon --> x diencephalon --> x metencephalon -->

Which of the following is not found in the medulla oblongata?

x nuclei for CN V, VI, and VII. x reticular formation. --> x respiratory rhythmicity centers.--> solitary nucleus. x olivary nucleus. -->

The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the

x number of motor units in that region. number of sensory receptors in the area of the body. size of the nerves that serve the area of the body. size of the body area. distance of the body area from the brain.

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

x oculomotor abducens trochlear olfactory x optic --->

Which cranial nerves have motor functions only?

x oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves olfactory, optic, oculomotor, and trochlear nerves x oculomotor, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vagus, and accessory nerves ---> vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves trochlear, trigeminal, and facial nerves

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

x olfactory bulb. medulla. thalamus. olfactory tract. cerebral cortex.

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his

x prefrontal lobe. --> x Wernicke's area. temporal lobe. vestibulocochlear nerve. x speech center. -->

Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

x prosencephalon cerebrum pons midbrain diencephalon

The basal nuclei

x provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking. coordinate sensory information. plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity. control the secretions of the pituitary gland. control respiration and blood pressure.

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

x provides ATP for impulse transmission --> acts as a transport medium for nutrients x acts as a transport medium for waste products --> provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues provides buoyant support for the brain

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the

x reflex centers of the medulla oblongata. left cerebral hemisphere. reticular formation of the pons. arbor vitae of the cerebellum. substantia nigra of the midbrain.

Neurons from the nucleus gracilis

x relay information directly to the cerebrum. -> x relay information directly to the cerebrum and carry both crude and fine touch.--> relay sensory information to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. carry both crude and fine touch. decussate before entering the medial lemniscus.

All of the following are properly paired except

x reticular formation - located in the medulla oblongata. --> x gracile nucleus - relays somatic sensory information to the thalamus. --> cuneate nucleus - relays somatic sensory information to the thalamus. x inferior olivary complex - relays information from the red nucleus. ---> ascending tracts - carry motor information to the thalamus.

Which types of tactile receptors are located only in the dermis?

x root hair plexuses and tactile discs --> x root hair plexuses and bulbous corpuscles-> x tactile discs and Merkel cells--> x tactile corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, and bulbous corpuscles x free nerve endings and root hair plexuses-->

The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to bright lights and loud sounds is the ________ tract.

x rubrospinal --> x tectospinal lateral corticospinal x vestibulospinal --> x reticulospinal--->

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

x smell his food. smile. see. nod his head. blink his eyes.

The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the

x spinocerebellar. fasciculus gracilis. anterior spinothalamic. fasciculus cuneatus. lateral spinothalamic.

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

x stores memories --> secretes cerebrospinal fluid secretes melatonin regulates food intake x processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum

The shallow folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called

x sulci. --> gyri. ---> arbor vitae. x fissures. --> x folia.

Identify the structure labeled "1."

x thalamus --> x primary motor cortex x autonomic motor center ---> x basal nuclei --> x primary sensory cortex -->

Which brain regions control reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli that are experienced while viewing a movie?

x thalamus and midbrain basal nuclei and hypothalamus brainstem and spinal cord cerebral cortex and basal nuclei pons and medulla oblongata

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to

x the prefrontal cortex. Wernicke's area. the general interpretive area. the temporal lobe. Broca's area.

Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on

x the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. the frequency of action potentials. the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor. both the frequency of action potentials and which labeled line is active. which labeled line is active.

Identify the nerve labeled "11."

x trigeminal oculomotor abducens optic trochlear

Which cranial nerves are involved with the eye?

x trigeminal, abducens, facial, vagus, and accessory nerves ---> optic and vestibulocochlear nerves x optic, oculomotor, abducens, and troclear nerves facial, trigeminal, and accessory nerves optic, trigeminal, facial, and accessory nerves

Sensory information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus.

x type and location location speed type intensity

Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include all of the following except

x vision. mathematical computation. writing. speech. understanding spatial relationships.

Sensory pathways can receive information by all of the following except

x voluntary response. conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential. a projection over a labeled line. a change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane. a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane.