A+P / Lecture > 07 Bone Tissue
comminuted
A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.
hematoma
A ____________ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.
D
A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system. A) fracture involving the growth plate B) erosion of the articular cartilage C) tear of the anterior cruciate ligament D) ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
fracture
Any break in a bone is called a ____________ and repair is done in stages by the body.
increase
As a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to ____________ blood calcium levels.
reabsorption
At the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by increasing ____________ from the kidney tubules.
D
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? A) 18 months old B) 10 years old C) 18 years old D) 50 years old
at different rates
Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow __________.
calcitriol
Calcidiol returns to the blood once again where transport to the kidneys then allows the final conversion to ____________ .
callus
Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into a soft ____________ .
osteoblasts
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.
D
Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening? A) Inability to maintain the resting membrane potential B) Declining neuronal communication C) Decreased blood clotting ability D) A deficit of appositional bone growth
intersitial
Elongation of bones is accomplished via ____________ growth.
their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.
length
Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the ____________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.
collagen
If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.
osteoblasts
Inhibition of ____________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix.
flat bones of the skull
Intramembranous ossification produces the __________.
calcium, phosphate
Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.
increase, kidneys
Now in the most active form, calcitriol acts to ____________ blood calcium by acting on three target organs: 1) small intestine 2) skeleton, and 3) ____________ .
collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.
estrogen, osteoclast activity
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ____________ and greater rates of bone resorption.
calcidiol to calcitriol
Parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of ____________ , which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood.
7-dehydrocholesterol
Sunlight contacting the epidermis converts ____________ to vitamin D₃, otherwise known as cholecalciferol.
calcitriol
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.
osteoclasts, mineral resorption
The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.
epiphyseal plate
The ____________ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side.
epiphyseal line
The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the ____________ .
osteoclasts, osteocytes
The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
remodeling
The process finishes with bone ____________ converting spongy to compact bone.
lacunae, osteocytes
The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________, and they contain __________.
cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid
To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is that it __________.
cholecalciferol
Transported via the blood to the liver, ____________ is converted to calcidiol.
False (suppressing the effects of PTH)
True/False: Fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal may be treated with electrical stimulation, which accelerates repair by amplifying the effects of parathyroid hormone.
True
True/False: Hip fractures are usually pinned and early ambulation (walking) is encouraged because it promotes blood circulation and healing.
True
True/False: Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system.
False (closed reduction)
True/False: Most fractures are set by open reduction.
True
True/False: Open reduction involves the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments.
False
True/False: Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.
False (only in children)
True/False: Traction is used to treat fractures of the femur in adults because it aids in the alignment of the bone fragments by overriding the force of the strong thigh muscles.
decrease
When levels of blood calcium ____________ , parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid.
close
When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates ____________ and the bone can get no longer.
calcium
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
D
Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia? A) Lactation B) Pregnancy C) Removal of the parathyroid glands D) Removal of the thyroid gland E) Lack of exposure to UV radiation
C
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A) Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys B) Stimulate osteoclast activity C) Lower blood calcium D) Promote calcitriol synthesis E) Inhibit osteoblast activity
A
Which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue? A) A Vitamin C deficiency B) The overproduction of white blood cells, as in leukemia C) The malformation of dense regular connective tissue D) The erosion of articulated cartilage E) A disorder affecting fibroblasts
central canals
__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
osteoblasts
____________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.
articular cartilage
blank #1
red bone marrow
blank #2
epiphyseal line
blank #3
marrow cavity
blank #4
yellow bone marrow
blank #5
nutrient foramen
blank #6
periosteum
blank #7 (last one)
stage 2 of intramembranous ossification
calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes
osteogenesis imperfecta
defect of collagen deposition that renders the bones exceptionally brittle
stage 1 of intramembranous ossification
deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme
stage 4 of intramembranous ossification
filling of space to form compact bone at surfaces, leaving spongy bone in the middle
stage 3 of intramembranous ossification
honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum
osteomyelitis
inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection
osteitis deformans (Paget's disease)
involves excessive proliferation of osteoclasts, leading to rapid, disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones
osteosarcoma
most common and deadly form of bone cancer
osteoporosis
most common bone disease; results in severe bone density loss
