Ap lit

Sonnet

A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having 10 syllables per line. Joy Davidman, in her poem Prayer before daybreak writes till there is only vast and lightless nothing and the heart of it not even I. I love let the shadows flee. O line sun, living God, incarnate sword of edged reality let me be hurt but let me be alive enough to die (Davidman 34-39) Function: this is a snoot in the rhyming Davidman uses. And her lines contain 10 syllables

Hyperbole (n)

Hyperbole: A hyperbole is "exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally"(Dictionary.com). Example: J.K. Rowling, in her book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, wrote ' Harry was reminded of Uncle Vernon pacing the living room a million years ago" (Rowling 45). Function: This is an example of a hyperbole because it is impossible for Uncle Vernon to have been alive a million years ago. The fact that Rowling narrates as if he was literally pacing a million years ago is an example of an over exaggeration.

Rythm

Rhythm: Rhythm is "the number of metrical feel in a line of poetry" (Majeski the e Magnificent).

Ballad

A ballad is "a form of poetry alternating lines of 4 and 3 metrical feet arranged in quatrains with a rhyme scheme abab"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example:"Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright;/The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light,/And somewhere men are laughing, and somewhere children shout;/But there is no joy in Mudville—mighty Casey has struck out"(Thayer 1-4). Function: This is an example of a ballad in the fact that the rhyme scheme is abab. The words"bright" and "light" and "shout" and "out" rhyme, but they are not next to each other. This ballad is in lines of 3 and 4 metrical feet, or in 3 or 4 pairs of stressed and unstressed syllables. The stressed and unstressed meter to the poem and are what makes a poem sound like such. The tragic part of this ballad is that Casey has struck out, and the author set the dramatic tone by narrating of "somewhere"(Thayer 1), which reminds the reader of heaven. It describes places that are not Mudville as happier, because Casey has just failed to hit the ball. This story is told in a ballad in order to add drama to it.

Blank verse

A blank verse is "a verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter"(Dictionary.com). Example: William Shakespeare, in the play Macbeth, writes "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day"(Shakespeare Act 5 Scene 5). Function: This is an example of a blank verse because it does not rhyme. Shakespeare is famous for his use of iambic pentameter which is apparent in this speech Macbeth gives with the emphasis on " toMORow AND toMORow AND toMORow"(Shakesphere act 5 scene 5) . He writes about the weariness of life, and how it is not flowing fast enough for him. Macbeth says this in response to Lady Macbeth's death, stating the meaninglessness of life.

Metaphor

A comparison of two things sworn out like or as Example: we are clay

Simile

A simile is "a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind"( Dictionary.com). The use of the words 'like' or 'as' are what makes a comparison a simile and not a metaphor. Example: Lemony Snicket, in his book The Slippery Slope, writes "Fate is like a strange, unpopular restaurant filled with odd little waiters who bring you things you never asked for and don't always like"(Snicket 27). Function: This is an example of a smile in the way Snicket compares life to a e restaurant. It should be noticed that he used the word like. He describes the e hardships in life as a food option one did not order. This smile is a little strange at first, but it actually function well as a comparison to provide a deeper meaning about life.

Allegory

Allegory: An allegory is a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning"(Dictionary.com). Example: George Orwell, in his book Animal Farm, writes "All animals are equal but a few are more equal than others"(Orwell 54). Function: This is an example of an allegory in the way that the Pigs in the book Animal Farm represent the leadership during the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The pigs are not just prideful tyrants at their farm, but they are also direct examples of the forceful takeover, which ended up putting Russia in a worser place than before. The term "more equal than others"(Orwell 54) is speaking about the faults of communism. While communism is a beautifully idealistic idea, it does not hold up to the problems with the Christian idea of human's inherent sinful nature. This was proven in the book animal farm, where the pigs reveal the hidden meaning of Orwell disgust with the leaders of the Bolsheviks.

alliteration

Alliteration: Alliteration is "the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words"(Dictionary.com). Example: Crescent Dragonwagon, in her book All the Awake Animals are Almost Asleep, writes "baby bison has bedded down beside her brother by the e barn"(Dragonwagon 5). Function: eeeee This is an example of alliteration in the repetition of the "b" sound in " Baby Bison had Bedded down Beside her Brother by the Barn" (Dragonwagon 5). I decided to choose a children's book because alliteration is a common theme in children's books. Dragonwagon (which is hopefully a pen name) empathized the fact that the bison was a baby, was near her brother, and was by a barn by using the words which start with the letter b. This was an effective literary device.

Allusion

An allusion is "an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly"(Dictionary.com). Example: J.K. Rowlturning, in her book Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, wrote dialogue between two characters, James Potter and Remus Lupin, "D'you think you managed to get all the signs?" said James in tones of mock concern."Think I did," said Lupin seriously, as they joined the crowd thronging around the front doors eager to get out into the sunlit grounds. "One: He's sitting on my chair. Two: He's wearing my clothes. Three: His name's Remus Lupin"( Rowling 127). Function: This is an example of an allusion in the name Remus Lupin. James Potter and Remus Lupin are discussing the signs of a werewolf. This is ironic because Remus Lupin is a werewolf. He shares his name with a Remus, a founder of Rome, who was said to be raised by wolves. The name Remus is a direct allusion to Roman mythology.

Elegy

An elegy is a poem of serious reflection typically a mallet for the dead. Henry Taylor, in his elegy fiot William Sayggird writes" I though the steady books my mind casts back and fourth and says as you once said " so long I look foreword to seeing you everywhere"

Analogy

Analogy: An analogy is "a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification"(Dictionary.com). Example: William Shakespeare, in his play Romeo and Juliet, writes "What is in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"(Shakespeare II ii 47-48). Function: William Shakespeare compares a rose and a human name. Juliet makes this comparison in order to explain that it is foolhardy to judge a book by its cover This is important to explain because of the feuding between the house of Capulet and of Montague. In this comparison Juliet says she is in love with Romeo even though his family is hated by hers, and that names don't really matter. Shakespeare uses this analogy in order to explain Juliet's acceptance of this forbidden romance.

Anapestic

Anapestic: meter is "unstressed, unstressed, and stressed syllables "(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: eeeee Clement Clarke Moore, in his poem "The Night Before Christmas," writes, " Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house,/not a creature was stirung, not even mouse" (Moore 1-2). Function: this is an example of anapestic meter in the pattern in " Twas the night before Christmas when all through the house,/not a creature was stirring, not even mouse " (Moore 1-2). Dactylic: eeeeeeeDactylic meter is " a pattern of stressed, unstressed, and unstressed syllables" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: eeeeeeRobert Browning, in his poem "The Lost Leader," writes Just for a handful of eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesilver he left us,/Just for a riband to stick in his coat" (Browning 1-2). Function: eeeeeeeeeThis is an example fo dactylic meter in the pattern of stressed, unstressed, eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeand unstressed syllables in th

Aphorism

Aphorism: An aphorism is, "a pithy observation that contains a general truth"(Dictionary.com). Example: Harper Lee, in her book To Kill a Mockingbird, writes " "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view - until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (Lee 115). Function: This is an aphorism because it is a short saying that contains a truth. Scout's father, Atticus, teaches his daughter a life lesson. He describes the importance of empathy in relationships with others. This aphorism is now a famous one, and I have heard this specific quote repeated in many different environments.

Apostrope

Apostrophe: An apostrophe is when the writer "speaks directly to someone who is not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object"(Literary Devices.net). Example: Billy Collins, in his book A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, writes "Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race" (Collins 229). Function: This is an apostrophe because Collins speaks directly to life itself. Life is not a person, but is an idea. In this quote Collins welcomes life. He is trying to create an identity for his people, which is rather blunt, as he is already Irish. Collins wants to make a new identity from his own soul. He welcomes life in order to represent his idea of this season of rebirth and new ideas in his culture.

Syntax

Arrangement of words Ex: Harper Lee, in To Kill a Mockingbird, writes "People generally see what they look for, and hear what they listen for"(Lee). Function: to make the sentence make sense.

Assonance

Assonance: Assonance is "the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words"(YourDictionary.com). Example: Dylan Thomas, in his poem "Do Not Go Gentle into the Good Night," writes "Do not go gentle into that good night,/Old age should burn and rave at close of day/; Rage, rage, against the dying of the light"(Thomas 1-3). Function: This is an example of assonance in the repetition of "o" and "a" sounds that Thomas uses in these three lines. The "o" sound in the words "dO nOt gO gentle intO that gOOd night" (Thomas 1) empathizes Thomas's command to not let the nasty things in life take over. The "a" sounds in "rAge rAge Against the dying of the light"(Thomas 3), shows Thomas's plea for the readers to fight for their right to life, love, and some sort of happiness and satisfaction.

Caesura

Caesura: A caesura is "a break between words within a metrical foot" ( Dictionary.com). Example: eeeeeee Elizabeth Barrett, in her poem Mother and Poet, writes "What art is she good at, || but hurting her breast/With the milk-teeth of babes, || and a smile at the pain"(Barrett 5-8). Function: This is an example of a caesura in the double lines which represent the pauses or censuras in the poem. This is an effective literary device because the pause adds extra effect to the following phrase. Barrett is empathizing the fact that women are often only deemed worthy in their capacity for childbearing. She describes this giving of life as art, but also describes the women as smiling " at the pain"(Barrett 8), as the women have no other choice but to do so.

Colloquial diction

Colloquial Diction is "informal language used in everyday speech" (web). It is the use of slang and casual words in order for a sentence to resemble a normal conversation. Example told you to do?" Lennie raised up on his elbow. His face contorted with thought. Then his eyes moved sadly to George's face. "If I get in any trouble, you ain't gonna let me tend the rabbits." The function of this sentence is to resemble abnormal conversation.

Connotation

Connotation is "something suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather than being explicitly named or described" (Dictionary.com). Connotation deals with the feeling behind the word rather than the literal meaning. Example: Robert Frost, in his poem "Fire and Ice", writes " Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice"(Frost 1-2). Function: This is an example of connotation in the deeper meaning of the words Frost uses. While discussing the apocalypse, Frost considers the different ideals of how it will take place. The first idea is in fire. The connotation behind fire is anger, rage, aggression, and hell itself. This idea is not that the world will literally burn, but that violence is what will eventually destroy us. The second idea is Ice. The connotation behind ice is apathy. This speaks that the apocalypse will come through humanity's lack of caring. Frost uses the connotation behind these words to speak to the hypothetical meaning rather than the physical end of the world

Consonance

Consonance: Consonance is repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase (Literary Devices.com). Example: Robert Frost, in his poem " Birches," writes "It's when I'm weary of considerations, And life is too much like a pathless wood"(Frost 1-2). Function: This is an example of consonance in the repetition of vowels that Frost uses. He repeats the "w" sound in "When I'm Weary of considerations" (Frost 1), and "pathless wood"(Frost 2). This empathizes the fact that Frost feels weary in the world. Consonance is effective in the impact of repetition.

Cosmic Irony

Cosmic Irony: Cosmic Irony "the idea that the fate, destiny, or the Gods control and toy with human hopes and expectations" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Thomas Hardy, in his book Tess of the d'Urbervilles, writes ""Which do we live - a splendid one or a blighted one? "A blighted one"" (Hardy 90). Function: This is an example of Cosmic Irony in the fact that immortals are playing with Tess's circumstance. She describes the word as blighted, because she is upset on her situation, which was only in effect because of outside forces, and not her own choice.

Dactylic

Dactylic: meter is " a pattern of stressed, unstressed, and unstressed syllables" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Robert Browning, in his poem "The Lost Leader," writes Just for a handful of he left us,/Just for a riband to stick in his coat" (Browning 1-2). Function: this is an example fo dactylic meter in the pattern of stressed, unstressed, unstressed syllables in the line, "Just for a handful of silver he left ,/Just for a riband to stick in his coat" (Browning 1-2).

Denotation

Denotation: Denotation is "the explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression, as distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated with it"(Dictionary.com). Denotation is the literal meaning of the word and not the feeling behind it. Example: Santiago, the main character in Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist, describes himself by saying ""I'm an adventurer, looking for treasure""(Coelho 43). Function: This is an example of denotation in the literal way Santiago is talking. While this book is very metaphorical, Santiago has made the literal decision to sell his sheep and seek his "personal legend"(Coehlo 14). He was given a dream about treasure in a land far away and has decided to set out on the journey to find it. He is not looking for the meaning of life, though much of the book is spent pondering it, but riches. The denotation in this sentence is used to show the authentic journey that Santiago has set upon.

Dramatic Irony

Dramatic Irony: Dramatic irony is "where in literature or situations in drama or literature the audience or readers understand something the characters do not" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: William Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, writes "There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face: He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust"(Shakespeare I, IV). Function:This is an example of dramatic irony, in the fact that Duncan says that he trusts Macbeth. The audience knows that Macbeth is planning to get rid of Duncan to gain the throne. The fact that the audience knows is what makes it ironic.

Dramatic Monologue

Dramatic Monologue: A dramatic monologue is "a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events"(Dictionary.com). Example: T.S Elliot, in his poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," writes, "And indeed there will be time/ To wonder, 'Do I dare?' and, 'Do I dare?'/Time to turn back and descend the stair,/With a bald spot in the middle of my hair"(Elliot 45-49). Function: This is an example of a dramatic monologue in the fact that T.S. Elliot is narrating a young man who is afraid to go to a party. He overthinks that his presence at the party will impact the course of the world. The listeners hear the entirety of the psyche of this young man, including his overeducation and trouble with emotional connections. The fact that the different aspects of the person are revealed is what makes this a dramatic monologue.

Dramatic poetry

Dramatic poetry:m dramatic poetry is "poetry in which the poet creates the voice of an invented character"(Majeski the Magnificent). It is when an author creates a character to narrate an idea. Example: Daniella Michallen in her poem Persephone Speaks, writes " I asked him for it/For the blood, for the rust/ for the sin"(Michallen 1-3). Function: This is an example of dramatic poetry in the way Michallen created an alternate point of view for Persephone. While the original story is that Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, this poem has Persephone blatantly stating that " I (Persephone) asked him for it" (Michallen 1). Michallen has Persephone in total control of her situation. The author uses dramatic poetry in order to illustrate an alternate take on a traditional myth.

Epithet

Epithet: Epithet is "name calling, harsh invective, insulting, or critical language"(Majeski the Magnificent).

Euphemism

Euphemism: A euphemism is "a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing"(Dictionary.com). Example: George Orwell, in his book Animal Farm, writes "For the time being," he necessary to make a readjustment of rations"(Orwell 60). Function: This is an example of a euphemism in the word readjustment. The word readjustment does not hold a negative connotation, except that would accompany the human fear of change. What was really happening at the farm, was the animals were not going to be given as much food, as the projects andleadership of the farm were not working well.

Farce

Farce: A farce is "a comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations"(Dictionary.com). Example: Oscar Wilde, in his book, The Importance of Being Earnest, writes, ""If I am occasionally a little over-dressed, I make up for it by being always immensely over-educated"" (Wilde 47). Function: This is an example of a farce in the fact that Wilde mocks society ideals of proper clothes for different situations. The main character states he will be overeducated to match his overdressed manor. This book contains all of the necessities of a farce: mistaken identities, physical humor, and absurdity

Flashback

Flashback: A flashback is "a scene in a movie, novel, etc., set in a time earlier than the main story"(Dictionary.com). Example: J.K Rowling, in her book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, writes, "Dumbledore watched her fly away, and as her silvery glow faded he turned back to Snape, and his eyes were full of tears."After all this time?""Always," said Snape"(Rowling 432). Function: This is a very powerful example of a flashback. In this book, the flashback scene is stored in a tear, and it is watched magically by Harry after Snape's death. The readers find out about Snape's enduring love for Harry's mother, Lily, and much of his actions are explained with this information. While watching this memory, Harry discovers that Snape was actually not a Death Eater, and that his actions, while shady at times, were for a good cause. This flashback gives an important piece of information, needed by Harry for his ultimate purpose.

Flat Character

Flat Character: "Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work (Britannica.com). Example: J.K Rowling, in her book Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, writes '"Which way did they go, Peeves?" Filch was saying. "Quick, tell me""( Rowling 221). Function: This is an example of a flat character. J.K Rowling writes Filch as a caretaker of Hogwarts. Filch stays in the books, and, even through all of Harry's adventures and a War, only cares weather the children are up and out of bed or making a mess. The events around him never change his grumpy disposition or cleanly priorities. Filch does not change as a character, and that fact alone makes him flat.

Formal diction

Formal diction: Formal Diction " contains language that creates and elevated tone"(Web).It is using complicated words and literary devices in order to acquire a academic timbre. http://www.mysurveylit.com/uploads/9/5/8/9/9589822/levels_of_diction.pdf Example: Jane Austen opens her novel Pride and Prejudice with the phrase "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife" (Austen 5). Hi Function: This is an example of formal diction in the way it portrays a higher thought and formal setting or time period.

Free verse

Free Verse: A free verse is "poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter"(Dictionary.com). Example: Keaton James , in his poem "Dream," writes " I find the angel Gabriel on the bank/ he offers me a fresh cut daisy to replace what has been stolen from/ me, my spine is softer now but still strong"(James 6-9). Function: This is an example of a free verse in the way it does not meter. Normally poems contain rhymes or a measured number of sentences in order to add structure, and for the words to sound good in the reader's mind. James does not use any of these in his free verse poem. Instead he just writes what sounds like a story for this poem.

Heroic Couplet

Heroic Couplet: A heroic couplet is "typically used in epic poetry, and a rhyming pair of lines in iambic pentameter"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Alexander Pope, in his book An Essay on Criticism, writes "A little learning is a dangerous thing;/Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring:/There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,/And drinking largely sobers us again" (Pope 1-4). Function: This is an example of a heroic couplet in the fact that "thing" and "spring" and "brain" and "again" all rhyme. The fact that the words "a LITle LEARNing is A DANGerous THING"(Pope 1) shows that this is in iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter was favored by Shakespeare and is defined as "a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable" (Dictionary.com). The stressing of the different syllables adds tone and meter to the writing. Pope is describing the fact that when people gain a little knowledge, they think they have gained a lot. The words "and drinking largely sobers us again"(Pope 4) shows the well known fact that the more one knows, the more one realizes how much he/she does not know. This heroic couplet is effective in describing Pope's idea.

Hexameter

Hexameter: Hexameter is "6 metrical feet per line" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Alexander Pope, in his writing "An Essay on Criticism" writes " That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along" (Pope 4). Function: This is an example of hexameter in the fact that there are 6 metrical lines in l the line, "That like/ a wound/ed snake/ drags its/ slow length/ along" (Pope 4).

High Comedy

High Comedy: High comedy is " comedy employing sophisticated wit and often satirizing the upper classes" (Dictionary.com). Example: JK Rowling, in her book Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, writes ""Listening to the news! Again?" "Well, it changes every day, you see," said Harry" (Rowling 13). Function: This is an example of high comedy in Harry's mocking of the Dursleys. Harry makes an intelligent joke, insulting his aunt and uncle's repulsion at him and his hobbies. Harry comically points out that the news changes everyday. The intelligence behind Harry's sarcasm is what makes this high comedy.

Imagery

Imagery: Imagery is "visually descriptive or figurative language"(Dictionary.com). Imagery is using diction to paint a strong image in the reader's mind. Example:Scott Westerfeld, in his book Uglies, writes " The early summer sky was the color of cat vomit"(Westerfeld 3). Function: The imagery Westerfeld created does not contain a positive connotation. He describes the sky as "early" and similar to cat barf. This creates a mental image of a yellow/pink morning sky, with the pale light of the early hours. While his imagery is strange, it creatively paints a picture of the opening scene in his book.

Irony

Irony: Irony is "the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite than its literal meaning"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: O. Henry, in his book The Gift of the Magi, writes "There was clearly nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating"( Henry 1). Function: This story is an example of Irony in the fact that husband sold his watch in order to buy a comb for his wife, and the wife sold her hair in order to buy a watch chain for her husband. Their well-meant gifts ended up useless, as they each sold their prized possession to pay for a gift for the other. This is ironic.

Dramatic Aside

Lit Terms #11 Dramatic Aside: A dramatic aside is "a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience. By convention the audience is to realize that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage"(Dictionary.com). Example: Arthur Miller, in his play Crucible, writes " He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him"(Miller IV I 45). Function: This is an example of a dramatic aside in the fact that the Elizabeth is not speaking to a particular person, but she is making a comment for the audience to hear. Elizabeth has decided not to leave husband that cheated on her, because he has repented. She states that she sees goodness in him and has decided to forgive him, as not doing so would be taking away his goodness.

literal language

Literal Language: Literal Language is using "words exactly according to their proper meanings"(Dictionary.com). Literal language uses word's precise definitions to convey a clear idea. Example: JRR Tolkien, in his book The Hobbit, opens the story with the direct line "in a hole in the ground lived a hobbit." Function: This is a clear example of literal language in the clarity of what Tolkien is stating. The hobbit is not in figurative darkness or depression, but he is in a literal hole or underground house. While the species of hobbit is imaginary and may be a symbol in some cases, this sentence is literal language because it explains where the hobbit is and nothing further. Tolkien uses literal language in this sentence to set the reader up for this fantasy novel.

Low Comedy

Low Comedy: Low Comedy is "comedy in which the subject and the treatment border on farce"( Dictionary.com). Example: Mark Twain, in his book 1601, writes "Nay tis not I [who has] brought forth this rich o'emastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seek ye further"(Twain 45). Function: This is an example of low comedy, in the fact that it is a fart joke. Twain uses the agelessness of flatulence humor, in order to make a joke. Fart jokes are juvenile and silly, as they are a sign of a healthy digestive system. Twain's use of this fart reference is one dimensional, and that makes this low comedy.

Lyrical Poetry

Lyrical Poetry: lyrical poetry is "poetry in which the poet expresses what he/she feels perceives or thinks"(Majeski the Magnificent). It is poetry which the author describes his/her own thoughts. Example: Keaton James, in his poem Marrow, writes "I don't know what the word body means these days. I keep waiting/ for Jesus to turn me from ordinary blood into rich wine into/scalding unbearable light"(James 1-3). Function: This is an example of lyrical poetry, because Keaton James is describing his own feelings. He states he is confused at the physical world of reality in the line "I don't know what the word body means theses days"(James 1). James then goes on to describe his longing for holiness and for more than what the world has given him as he is "waiting for jesus" (James 2) to make him from blood to wine to light. Keaton James uses lyrical poetry to describe his feelings of disappointment of the world and longing for the divine.

Mentonomy

Mentonomy: A mentonomy is " a figure of speech in which a closely related abstract item is substituted for another object or idea" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Margaret Mitchell, in her book Gone with the Wind, writes "I'm mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes or it would have ruined the Christmas parties" (Mitchell 189). Function: This is an example of a mentonomy, because the speaker in this says Georgia while actually meaning the people and state government of Georgia. The term "Georgia" is an abstract concept. There is no such thing as a Georgia, but it represents the people there and their land. The fact that Georgia, an abstract item, is substituted for the people is what makes this a mentonomy.

Meter

Meter: Meter is " the recurring pattern of sounds in a poem. This is determined by the number of syllables in a line of poetry"(Majeski the Magnificent).

Iambic Meter

Meter: Meter is " the recurring pattern of sounds in a poem. This is determined by the number of syllables in a line of poetry"(Majeski the Magnificent). Iambic Meter: An iambic meter is " a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Emily Dickinson, in her poem "Because I could not stop for Death" wrote "Because I could not stop for Death/ He kindly stopped for me/The Carriage held but just Ourselves/ And Immortality"(Dickinson 1-4). Function: This is an example of an iambic meter because the pattern is stressed and m unstressed syllables in the line, "Because I could not stop for Death/ He kindly stopped for me" (Dickinson 1-2).

Motif

Motif: A motif is "an image, sound, action, or other figure that has a symbolic significance, and contributes toward the development of a theme" (LiteraryDevices.net). Example: William Shakespeare, in his play Macbeth, writes the witches as saying "When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?" ( Shakespeare 1 1-2). Function: This is an example of a commonly used motif in literature, because the evil witches are shown discussing when they will meet again. Their options are "thunder, lightning, or in and rain"(Shakespeare 1 2). Evil or misfortune often follows or comes with bad weather; therefore, the audience would know that the witches are evil (despite the fact that all magic was of the devil in the 16th and 17th centuries) because of the storm that they accompany. This adds to the theme of fate vs free will. The audience wonders if Macbeth had any freewill in his prophecy, or if he was only acting as a pawn, controlled by the witches magic

Novel of Character

Novel of Character: A novel of character is "when the primary of interest is on the protagonist's thoughts, feelings, motives, and character development"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: C.S. Lewis, in his book Till we have Faces, writes "I was with book, like woman is with child"( Lewis 125). Function: This is an example of a Novel of Character in the fact that the main character's development, demonstrated in her belief of the gods, is the main interest. In this quote, the protagonist, Orual, is in need of a catharsis of a writing session. She believes she has been wronged by the gods, and she tries to prove it by writing her life story. While this book also narrates the events of Orual's life, her ponderings of the divine take center stage. After taking a metaphysical journey to the land of the dead, Orual decided that knowledge of the gods is answer enough to her questions of injustice.

Novel of Incident

Novel of Incident: A novel of incident is "when the cause and focus is on the course of the plot"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: C.S Lewis, in his book The Great Divorce, writes ""That is what mortals misunderstand. They say of some temporal suffering, "No future bliss can make up for it" not knowing that Heaven, once attained, will work backwards and turn even that agony into a glory"(Lewis 49). Function: This is an example of a Novel of Incident because Lewis does not focus on the protagonist, which is narrated as himself. He hardly mentions his own story, or his journey on earth and the the spiritual realm, instead he focuses on narrating the goings on in heaven. He is deeply involved in the cause and effect of the misgivings of the other characters who are foolishly trying to navigate heaven, while remaining neutral. C.S. Lewis writes himself as a character, but, instead, the book is focused on the lessons to be found on his trip to heaven. This quote describes one such lessons, by stating once someone has attained a relationship with God, the hardships in his/her life will prove to be used for good, heavenly, kingdom work. Novel of Character: A novel of character is "when the primary of interest is on the protagonist's thoughts, feelings, motives, and character development"(Majeski the Magnificent).

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named" (Dictionary.com). Example: JK Rowling, in her book Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, writes "Gasping and spluttering, Mundungus seized his fallen case, then - CRACK - he " (Rowling 246). Function: This is an example of an onomatopoeia in Rowling's word choice. She uses "CRACK" in order to give readers a sense of what disapparating would sound like. Rowling capitalized the letters in "crack" to provide more empathises to the sound. This onomatopoeia adds flavor and excitement to Rowling's writing, as well as giving the reader a better understanding of the inner-workings of Rowling's world. Disapparating is a magical concept Rowling tailored to fit her own design, and her addition onomatopoeia provides more comprehension.

Parable

Parable: A parable is " a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels"(Dictionary.com). Example: There are many parables in the bible. In the book of Matthew, Jesus is recorded as saying, "The kingdom of heaven is like a man who sowed good seed in his field. But while everyone was sleeping, his enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat, and went away" (Matthew 24-26 NIV). Function: This is an example of a parable in the fact that Jesus is telling a story to illustrate idea of greater meaning. He describes the kingdom of heaven as a seed, taking root in the heart of man. In the parable, the enemy sowed weed seeds among the harvest. Jesus later explains on judgement day, God will separate the weeds from the wheat. Jesus uses a story to explain this idea of the end of the world.

Parody

Parody: A parody is " an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect"(Dictionary.com). Example: Miguel de Cervantes, in his book Don Quixote, writes, ""This is nobel, righteous warfare, for it is wonderfully useful to God to have such an evil race wiped from the face of the earth."" What giants?" Asked Sancho Panza" (Cervantes 79). Function: This is a good example of a parody in the fact that Cervantes is mocking the typical knights of medieval romances. In this scene, Don Quixote has decided to fight "giants," but his sidekick, Sancho, has pointed out that those giants are actually windmills. Cervantes writes a parody, in order to mock the overly noble portrayal of the knights of old. His parody is rather comical, and does a good job in it's objective.

Parody

Parody: A parody is a "mockery by imitation"(Majeski the Magnificent).

Pathetic Fallacy

Pathetic Fallacy: eeeeA pathetic fallacy is "the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature"(Dictionary.com). Example: Robert Browning, in his poem "Porphyria's Lover" writes The sullen wind e eeeeewas soon awake,/ It tore the elm-tops down for spite, /and did its worst to vex the lake" (Browning 1-3). Function: This is an example of a pathetic fallacy because Browning gives the wind a human emotion. He writes " The sullen wind" (Browning 1), describing the wind as brooding or sulky. This is effective because it sets the tone of the setting. This example is not personification because Browning uses a human emotion and not a human characteristic.

Pentameter

Pentameter: A pentameter is " 5 metrical feet per line" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: William Shakespeare, in The Twelfth Night, writes "If music be the food of love, play on"( Shakespeare Ii 1). Function: This is an example of a pentameter in the way that there are 5 metrical feet in the line. " If mu/sic be/ the food/ of love/ play on" (Shakespeare Ii 1).

Personification

Personification The definition of personification is "the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form"(Dictionary.com). Example: L.M. Montgomery, in the book The Green Gables Letters, wrote "The woods are getting ready to sleep — they are not yet asleep but they are e disrobing and are having all sorts of little bedtime conferences and whisperings and good-nights"(Montgomery 36) Function: This is an example of personification in the way that Montgomery describes the woods as "getting ready to sleep" (Montgomery 36). The woods are doing a human action, because trees don't need to sleep. He also describes the trees as having conversations, which is another example of personification because trees cannot talk. This is an effective literary device, because it gives character to the trees. Some of my favorite classic authors, C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien, both wrote trees as characters; therefore, this passage really appealed to me. Personification is effective in fantasy because it adds magic to the setting or characters, making them similar to humans.

Round Character

Round Character: "Round characters are complex and undergo development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader"(Britannica.com). Example: J.K. Rowling, in her book Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, writes ""He accused me of being Dumbledore's man through and through.""How very rude of him.""I told him I was""(Rowling 312). Function: Harry Potter, the main character, is an obvious choice for a round character. Throughout the series, Harry changes in many ways. An important change Harry makes while coming into his own is his opinion of Dumbledore. In this quote, Harry proves his loyalty to Dumbledore, but, after Dumbledore dies and Harry learns about his life story, Harry begins to doubt everything Dumbledore stood for. Harry's change in feelings for his mentor is a perfect example of what makes him a round character.

Sarcasm

Sarcasm: Sarcasm comes from the Greek "to tear flesh" it is a sharp or cutting remark"(Majeski the Magnificent).

Sarcasm

Sarcasm: Sarcasm is "the use of irony to mock or convey contempt"(Dictionary.com). Example: William Shakespeare, in his play Julius Caesar, writes, "But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man"(Shakespeare III, II 81). Function: This is an example of sarcasm in the fact that Brutus is called an honorable man by Antony. Brutus just stabbed Caesar! It is (hopefully) obvious stabbing is not an honorable activity; therefore, calling Brutus honorable is not a way to honor him, but is a use of sarcasm.

Sardonicism

Sardonicism: Sardonicism is "a scornful, cynical, derisive comments directed at oneself or others"( Majeski the Magnificent)

Satire

Satire: A satire is a "fine raillery or corrective ridicule"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: Alexander Pope, in his poem The Rape of the Lock, writes "Or some frail china jar receive a flaw,/Or stain her honor, or her new brocade"(Pope 23). Function: This is an example of satire in the way that Pope mocks the aristocrats on their frivolity and vanity. The character, Belinda, has lost her virginity, and he writes it as similar to a crack in a China Jar. This is ironic.

Satire

Satire: Satire is "the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues"(Dictionary.com). Example: Jonathan Swift, in his book Gullivers Travels, writes "...that for above seventy Moons past there have been two struggling Parties in this Empire, under the Names of Tramecksan and Slamecksan from the high and low Heels on their shoes, by which they distinguish themselves" (Swift 134). Function: This is an example of Satire in the fact that Swift is mocking the different political parties in his home country. He writes the Tramecksan and the Slamecksan as differentiating themselves by the size of the heels on their shoes, which is a rather silly way to identify. Swift doesn't write this story just for nonsense entertainment, but to criticize the seemingly silly and not important ways that people use to divide themselves, especially in politics.

Symbol

Symbol: A symbol is "something used for or regarded as representing something else"(Dictionary.com). A symbol can be any object standing in place of a feeling, memory, idea, person, or anything else. Example: C.S. Lewis, in his book The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, writes ""I am," said Aslan. "But there I have another name. You must learn to know me by that name. This was the very reason why you were brought to Narnia, that by knowing me here for a little, you may know me better there""(Lewis 72). Function: In the entirety of CS Lewis's chronicles of Narnia series, Aslan, the lion king of Narnia, is a symbol for Jesus Christ. Aslan's sacrificial death in The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is a direct parallel to Jesus's death on the cross for humanity. In this quote Aslan directly states that in our world, he has "another name" and that the Pevensies adventures in Narnia were so that by " knowing me (Aslan) here (in Narnia) for a little, you may know me (Jesus Christ) better there (our world)"( Lewis 72). Aslan created Narnia by singing it into being. Similar to God speaking our world into existence. C.S. Lewis created Aslan as a clear symbol of God.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche: A synecdoche is " a figure of speech in which a closely related (concrete) item is substituted for another object or idea" (Majeski the Magnificent). Example: William Shakespeare, in his play Julius Caesar, writes "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" (Shakespeare III, II, 1). Function: This is an example of a synecdoche, because Mark Anthony ( the speaking character) asks for the citizens to give him their ears. In actuality, Anthony wants them to listen to the speech he wants to give; however, he says ears. Anthony does not want the people to cut off their own or each others ears and give them to him. Instead, he wants them to listen. The ear is a concrete item, as people capable of giving attention do have ears, and making it a substitute for their concentration is what makes this a synecdoche.

Tetrameter (P)

Tetrameter: Tetrameter is " 4 metrical feet per line"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: William Blake, in his poem "Milton" wrote "And did those feet in ancient e time,/ Walk upon England's mountains green? (Milton1-2)." Function: This is an example of tetrameter because there are 4 metrical feet per line. "And did/ those feet/ in anci/ent time"(Milton 1).

Diction

The choice of words Example: Charles Dickens, In his book A Tale of Two Cities, opens his novel with this descriptive phrase "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair"(Dickens). Function: to better convey writing

Theme

Theme: Theme is "defined as a main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work, which may be stated directly or indirectly" (LiteraryDevices.net). Example: C.S. Lewis, in his book Till We Have Faces, writes "Holy places are dark places. It is life and strength, not knowledge and words, that we get in them. Holy wisdom is not clear and thin like water, but thick and dark like blood"(Lewis 65). Function: This is an example of a theme, because this quote touches on the central theme of the novel, which is the true meaning of the divine. Orual sister, Psyche, is sacrificed to become the wife of the Gods. Orual travels to the mountain and finds her sister living in a palace Orual cannot see, and she is convinced that Psyche has lost her mind and is being raped: however, Psyche really has become the wife of a God, but Psyche is then cast out of her new home after listening to Orual's advice to disobey the God's laws. Orual opens the book as her "complaint against the Gods"( Lewis 1), and she sees Psyche's punishment and her own sorry life as proof the Gods are cruel.

Trochaic

Trochaic: Trochaic meter is "a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables"(Majeski Magnificent). Example: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in his poem The Song of Hiawatha, writes "Should you ask me, whence these stories?/ Whence these legends and : Trochaic meter is "a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables"(Majeski Magnificent). Example: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in his poem The Song of Hiawatha, writes "Should you ask me, whence these stories?/ Whence these legends and traditions/With the odors of the forest,/With the dew and damp of meadows."(Longfellow 1-4). Function: this is an example of trochaic meter in the way emphasis is on the line, " shoukd you ask me, whence these stories?"(Longfellow 1). Anapestic: eeeeeAnapestic meter is "unstressed, unstressed, and stressed syllables "(Majeski the eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeMagnifice/With the odors of the forest,/With the dew and damp of meadows."( eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeLongfellow 1-4). Function: eeeeeThis is an example of trochaic meter in the way emphasis is on the line, " eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeShould you ask me, whence these stories?"(Longfellow 1). Allp

figurative language

Uses words or expressions with amending that is different from the literal interpretation (your dictionary.com) Example: depression is being colorblind and constantly told how colorful the world is Function: Atticus uses this metaphor to expanding mental health. People with depression are not color blind, but Atticus uses this to paint a picture or relationship to the two.

Verbal Irony

Verbal Irony: Verbal Irony is when "what is expressed is opposite of what is meant"(Majeski the Magnificent). Example: William Shakespeare, in the play Julius Caesar, writes "Tis true this god did shake"(Shakespeare I II). Function: This is an example of Verbal Irony in the fact that Cassius is aware of Julius Caesar's mortal flaws, but he still calls him a God. Caesar was proved mortal when he was stabbed. This is ironic.